Pub Date : 2023-02-22DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2179062
Sanjay, Anshul Sharma, Hae-Jeung Lee
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized from blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea) berry fruit extracts using a well-known, cost-effective, and environmental friendly hydrothermal process. The material was characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), XPS, and TEM studies. The as-synthesized carbon dots exhibit excellent PL properties, with a quantum yield of ∼35.92%. CQDs vary in size from ∼2 nm to 9 nm. This study established the neuroprotective effects of CQDs against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human microglial cell model. LPS was found to induce cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α) and downregulated enzymatic antioxidants such as nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase, catalase, haem oxygenase (HO)-1, HO-2, and glutathione peroxidase, while CQDs treatment reversed LPS induced cytotoxicity, induced anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor β) and induce enzymatic antioxidants both at transcriptional and translational levels. The study suggested the potential role of CQDs prepared from Lonicera caerulea, as anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, CQDs could be exploited in various biomedical applications such as biosensing, drug delivery and tissue engineering.
{"title":"Honeyberry-derived carbon quantum dots ameliorate LPS-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through Nrf2/HO-1 signalling in HMC3 cells","authors":"Sanjay, Anshul Sharma, Hae-Jeung Lee","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2023.2179062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2023.2179062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b></p><p>Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized from blue honeysuckle (<i>Lonicera caerulea</i>) berry fruit extracts using a well-known, cost-effective, and environmental friendly hydrothermal process. The material was characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), XPS, and TEM studies. The as-synthesized carbon dots exhibit excellent PL properties, with a quantum yield of ∼35.92%. CQDs vary in size from ∼2 nm to 9 nm. This study established the neuroprotective effects of CQDs against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human microglial cell model. LPS was found to induce cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α) and downregulated enzymatic antioxidants such as nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase, catalase, haem oxygenase (HO)-1, HO-2, and glutathione peroxidase, while CQDs treatment reversed LPS induced cytotoxicity, induced anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor β) and induce enzymatic antioxidants both at transcriptional and translational levels. The study suggested the potential role of CQDs prepared from <i>Lonicera caerulea</i>, as anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, CQDs could be exploited in various biomedical applications such as biosensing, drug delivery and tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":8736,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138526999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2060561
Eommolbanin Ebrahimi, Amir Ahmad Khandaghi, F. Valipour, Soraia Babaie, Fatemeh Asghari, Soheila Motaali, E. Abbasi, A. Akbarzadeh, S. Davaran
The reused images have been described as originating from a new study with no reference to the previous studies. We contacted the corresponding authors, and they acknowledged the similarities in the data published. As this error directly impacts the reported results and conclusions, the Editor and Publisher have agreed to retract the article to ensure correction of the scholarly record. The corresponding author has been informed.
{"title":"Statement of Retraction","authors":"Eommolbanin Ebrahimi, Amir Ahmad Khandaghi, F. Valipour, Soraia Babaie, Fatemeh Asghari, Soheila Motaali, E. Abbasi, A. Akbarzadeh, S. Davaran","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2022.2060561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2022.2060561","url":null,"abstract":"The reused images have been described as originating from a new study with no reference to the previous studies. We contacted the corresponding authors, and they acknowledged the similarities in the data published. As this error directly impacts the reported results and conclusions, the Editor and Publisher have agreed to retract the article to ensure correction of the scholarly record. The corresponding author has been informed.","PeriodicalId":8736,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology","volume":"237 1","pages":"110 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72905606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2060559
Eommolbanin Ebrahimi, A. Akbarzadeh, E. Abbasi, Amir Ahmad Khandaghi, Farhad Abasalizadeh, S. Davaran
Figure 5 appears to have been duplicated with Figure 6 from Ebrahimi et al., 2014 (https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401. 2014.968822). Figure 6 appears to have been duplicated with Figure 7 from Ebrahimi et al., 2014 (https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401. 2014.968822) Figure 6 appears to have been duplicated with Figure 11 from Akbarzadeh et al., 2012 (https://doi.org/10.2147/ IJN.S24326) Figure 7 appears to have been duplicated with Figure 8 from Ebrahimi et al., 2014 (https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401. 2014.968822).
{"title":"Statement of Retraction","authors":"Eommolbanin Ebrahimi, A. Akbarzadeh, E. Abbasi, Amir Ahmad Khandaghi, Farhad Abasalizadeh, S. Davaran","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2022.2060559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2022.2060559","url":null,"abstract":"Figure 5 appears to have been duplicated with Figure 6 from Ebrahimi et al., 2014 (https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401. 2014.968822). Figure 6 appears to have been duplicated with Figure 7 from Ebrahimi et al., 2014 (https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401. 2014.968822) Figure 6 appears to have been duplicated with Figure 11 from Akbarzadeh et al., 2012 (https://doi.org/10.2147/ IJN.S24326) Figure 7 appears to have been duplicated with Figure 8 from Ebrahimi et al., 2014 (https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401. 2014.968822).","PeriodicalId":8736,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"109 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78788246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2149931
Shushanik Kazaryan, Lilit Farsiyan, Juleta Tumoyan, Gayane Kirakosyan, Naira Ayvazyan, Hrachik Gasparyan, Sona Buloyan, Lilit Arshakyan, Ara Kirakosyan, Ashkhen Hovhannisyan
The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) requires a study of their safety. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of oxidative stress markers and histopathological changes in the experimental model of sarcoma S-180 of outbred mice caused by biogenic AgNPs. AgNPs were synthesized using 50% ethanol extract of Ocimum araratum leaves that was standardized for rosmarinic acid content. The effects of AgNPs were tested on chemiluminescence (ChL), malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in healthy and experimental model of sarcoma S-180 mice. It was shown that, under the influence of AgNPs, the intensity of ChL decreased, in contrast with control groups (with the exception of the hepatocytes of animals with transplanted sarcoma). The presence of AgNPs leads to the decrease of MDA in the tissues of healthy mice and to a slight increase of MDA content in the tumour and kidney tissues. AgNPs neutralize the activity of SOD in kidney tissue samples in animals with transplanted sarcoma, and in tumour tissue, they reduce SOD activity by three times. The results of the histological analysis indicate that AgNPs not only cause the destruction of tumour tissue but also lead to structural changes in hepatocytes and nephrons, which can affect the function of these organs. AgNPs are potential agents for antitumor therapy. Future studies are needed using biocompatible non-toxic NPs that meet the requirement for these drugs.
{"title":"Oxidative stress and histopathological changes in several organs of mice injected with biogenic silver nanoparticles.","authors":"Shushanik Kazaryan, Lilit Farsiyan, Juleta Tumoyan, Gayane Kirakosyan, Naira Ayvazyan, Hrachik Gasparyan, Sona Buloyan, Lilit Arshakyan, Ara Kirakosyan, Ashkhen Hovhannisyan","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2022.2149931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2022.2149931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) requires a study of their safety. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of oxidative stress markers and histopathological changes in the experimental model of sarcoma S-180 of outbred mice caused by biogenic AgNPs. AgNPs were synthesized using 50% ethanol extract of <i>Ocimum araratum</i> leaves that was standardized for rosmarinic acid content. The effects of AgNPs were tested on chemiluminescence (ChL), malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in healthy and experimental model of sarcoma S-180 mice. It was shown that, under the influence of AgNPs, the intensity of ChL decreased, in contrast with control groups (with the exception of the hepatocytes of animals with transplanted sarcoma). The presence of AgNPs leads to the decrease of MDA in the tissues of healthy mice and to a slight increase of MDA content in the tumour and kidney tissues. AgNPs neutralize the activity of SOD in kidney tissue samples in animals with transplanted sarcoma, and in tumour tissue, they reduce SOD activity by three times. The results of the histological analysis indicate that AgNPs not only cause the destruction of tumour tissue but also lead to structural changes in hepatocytes and nephrons, which can affect the function of these organs. AgNPs are potential agents for antitumor therapy. Future studies are needed using biocompatible non-toxic NPs that meet the requirement for these drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8736,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"331-342"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10343413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2078340
Bushra Shal, Safa Amanat, A. Khan, You Jeong Lee, H. Ali, F. Din, Youmie Park, Salman Khan
Abstract We investigated the effect of green tea extract PEGylated gold nanoparticles (P-AuNPs) making use of its targeted and sustained drug delivery against cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis. AuNPs were synthesized by reduction reaction of gold salts with green tea extract following the concept of green synthesis. Mostly spherical-shaped P-AuNPs were synthesized with an average size of 14.3 ± 3.3 nm. Pre-treatment with P-AuNPs (1, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) before CYP (150 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge suggested its uroprotective properties. P-AuNPs significantly reversed all pain-like behaviours and toxicities produced by CYP resulting in a decreased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, and creatinine level. P-AuNPs increased anti-oxidant system by increasing the level of reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and reduced nitric oxide production in bladder tissue. Additionally, it attenuated hypokalaemia and hyponatremia, along with a decrease in Evans blue content in bladder tissue and peritoneal cavity. CYP-induced bladder tissue damage observed by macroscopic and histological findings were remarkably attenuated by P-AuNPs, along with reduced fibrosis of collagen fibre in bladder smooth muscles shown by Masson’s trichrome staining. Additionally, alterations in hematological parameters and clinical scoring were also prevented by P-AuNPs suggesting its uroprotective effect.
{"title":"Potential applications of PEGylated green gold nanoparticles in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis","authors":"Bushra Shal, Safa Amanat, A. Khan, You Jeong Lee, H. Ali, F. Din, Youmie Park, Salman Khan","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2022.2078340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2022.2078340","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We investigated the effect of green tea extract PEGylated gold nanoparticles (P-AuNPs) making use of its targeted and sustained drug delivery against cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis. AuNPs were synthesized by reduction reaction of gold salts with green tea extract following the concept of green synthesis. Mostly spherical-shaped P-AuNPs were synthesized with an average size of 14.3 ± 3.3 nm. Pre-treatment with P-AuNPs (1, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) before CYP (150 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge suggested its uroprotective properties. P-AuNPs significantly reversed all pain-like behaviours and toxicities produced by CYP resulting in a decreased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, and creatinine level. P-AuNPs increased anti-oxidant system by increasing the level of reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and reduced nitric oxide production in bladder tissue. Additionally, it attenuated hypokalaemia and hyponatremia, along with a decrease in Evans blue content in bladder tissue and peritoneal cavity. CYP-induced bladder tissue damage observed by macroscopic and histological findings were remarkably attenuated by P-AuNPs, along with reduced fibrosis of collagen fibre in bladder smooth muscles shown by Masson’s trichrome staining. Additionally, alterations in hematological parameters and clinical scoring were also prevented by P-AuNPs suggesting its uroprotective effect.","PeriodicalId":8736,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology","volume":"59 1","pages":"130 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76307555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2149543
Suman Suman, Lacy Loveleen, Meena Bhandari, Asad Syed, Ali H Bahkali, Romila Manchanda, Surendra Nimesh
In this study, Cannabis sativa roots extract has been employed for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The appearance of reddish-brown colour followed by absorption peak of AgNPs at 408 nm through UV-vis spectrophotometry suggested biosynthesis of AgNPs. The size of the particles ranged from 90-113 nm, confirmed using DLS and TEM along with zeta potential of -25.3 mV. The FTIR provided information regarding the phytochemical capping. The study was further elaborated for determining AgNPs antibacterial, antioxidant, and cellular toxicity using MIC, DPPH, MTT, and haemolytic assays, respectively. The AgNPs were significantly effective against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), as compared to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). AgNPs also exhibited remarkable antioxidant potential wherein 58.01 ± 0.09% free radical scavenging was observed at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. AgNPs revealed lower cytotoxicity where cell viability was observed to be 52.38 ± 0.6% at a very high concentration of 500 µg/ml in HEK 293 cells. Further, very low toxicity was seen in RBCs i.e. 6.47 ± 0.04% at a high concentration of 200 µg/ml. Thus, the current study beholds anticipation that Cannabis sativa ethanolic root extract-mediated AgNPs may play a vital role in therapeutic.
{"title":"Antibacterial, antioxidant, and haemolytic potential of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using roots extract of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> plant.","authors":"Suman Suman, Lacy Loveleen, Meena Bhandari, Asad Syed, Ali H Bahkali, Romila Manchanda, Surendra Nimesh","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2022.2149543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2022.2149543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, <i>Cannabis sativa</i> roots extract has been employed for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The appearance of reddish-brown colour followed by absorption peak of AgNPs at 408 nm through UV-vis spectrophotometry suggested biosynthesis of AgNPs. The size of the particles ranged from 90-113 nm, confirmed using DLS and TEM along with zeta potential of -25.3 mV. The FTIR provided information regarding the phytochemical capping. The study was further elaborated for determining AgNPs antibacterial, antioxidant, and cellular toxicity using MIC, DPPH, MTT, and haemolytic assays, respectively. The AgNPs were significantly effective against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (Gram-positive), as compared to that of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (Gram-negative). AgNPs also exhibited remarkable antioxidant potential wherein 58.01 ± 0.09% free radical scavenging was observed at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. AgNPs revealed lower cytotoxicity where cell viability was observed to be 52.38 ± 0.6% at a very high concentration of 500 µg/ml in HEK 293 cells. Further, very low toxicity was seen in RBCs i.e. 6.47 ± 0.04% at a high concentration of 200 µg/ml. Thus, the current study beholds anticipation that <i>Cannabis sativa</i> ethanolic root extract-mediated AgNPs may play a vital role in therapeutic.</p>","PeriodicalId":8736,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"343-351"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10356772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2131354
Ze Mi, Yunshu Zhang, Zhichao Feng, Jiahao Liu, Jianmin Wu, Hongpei Tan, Xiaoqian Ma, Zhenguo Liu, Pengfei Rong
Aim: PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with CTLA-4 inhibitors are being tested in a number of ongoing clinical trials. As a result, it is critical to fully comprehend the toxicity characteristics of adverse events in combination therapy. This study aims to extensively compare the incidences and ORs of treatment-related adverse events between two combination strategies.
Methods: The eligible articles were searched from PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 1 May 2021, investigating PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitor-based combined clinical therapies. The mean incidences and pooled ORs of all-grade and grade 3 or higher adverse events were calculated by random-effects model using Stata 12.1. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with I2 statistics and Chi square-based Q statistic. The overall risk of bias was assessed by Review Manager 5.3.
Results: A total of 26 eligible studies of 3607 patients were selected; 2852 patients developed at least one all-grade adverse event. PD-L1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitors regimen (incidence 0.67, 95% CI: 0.57-0.77) had marked advantage over PD-1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitors regimen (incidence 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86-0.93).
Conclusion: PD-L1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitors shows better safety in treatment-related adverse events than PD-1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitors.
{"title":"Treatment-related adverse events of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with CTLA-4 inhibitors in clinical trials: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Ze Mi, Yunshu Zhang, Zhichao Feng, Jiahao Liu, Jianmin Wu, Hongpei Tan, Xiaoqian Ma, Zhenguo Liu, Pengfei Rong","doi":"10.1080/21691401.2022.2131354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2022.2131354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with CTLA-4 inhibitors are being tested in a number of ongoing clinical trials. As a result, it is critical to fully comprehend the toxicity characteristics of adverse events in combination therapy. This study aims to extensively compare the incidences and ORs of treatment-related adverse events between two combination strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The eligible articles were searched from PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 1 May 2021, investigating PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitor-based combined clinical therapies. The mean incidences and pooled ORs of all-grade and grade 3 or higher adverse events were calculated by random-effects model using <i>Stata 12.1</i>. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with I<sup>2</sup> statistics and Chi square-based Q statistic. The overall risk of bias was assessed by <i>Review Manager 5.3</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 26 eligible studies of 3607 patients were selected; 2852 patients developed at least one all-grade adverse event. PD-L1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitors regimen (incidence 0.67, 95% CI: 0.57-0.77) had marked advantage over PD-1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitors regimen (incidence 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86-0.93).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PD-L1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitors shows better safety in treatment-related adverse events than PD-1 inhibitors plus CTLA-4 inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8736,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"301-309"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10446303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}