Battery Energy最新文献

Fluorides are commonly regarded as interfacial additives that enhance the electrochemical stability of solid-state battery electrolytes. In this study, we synthesized lithium borate glassy solid electrolytes and investigated the effect of adding aluminum fluoride (AlF₃) on its stability against lithium metal electrodes. Samples maintained their amorphous nature, with up to 9.20 wt.% of fluorine in the glass. Lithium borate glasses, with and without AlF₃, demonstrated an excellent electrochemical performance, sustaining a stable lithium voltage profile at current densities from 0.01 to 1 mA cm⁻² at 160°C. Notably, the lithium borate glass with the highest lithium ion content achieved the highest relative ionic conductivity and cycled stably for up to 500 h at current densities of 1 mA cm⁻² at 160°C in symmetric LiǀglassǀLi cells. However, the addition of AlF₃ to lithium borate glass significantly compromises its electrochemical stability. In long-term symmetrical cell tests, the AlF₃-containing lithium borate glass exhibited short-circuiting under 0.3 mA cm⁻², revealing unexpectedly poor stability. These findings offer valuable insights for evaluating the impact of fluorine incorporation on the performance of solid-state battery electrolytes.

Lithium batteries constitute a pivotal component in electric vehicles (EVs) owing to their rechargeability and high-power output capabilities. Despite their advantageous features, these batteries encounter longevity challenges, posing disposal complications and an insufficient sustainable supply chain ecosystem to address the growing demand for lithium batteries. One potential solution to address this issue is the implementation of a circular economy model. This study aims to identify and assess the key barriers to optimizing a sustainable supply chain in the lithium-ion battery circular economy using an integrated Gray Multi-Criteria Decision Making approach within the automotive sector. The novelty of this research lies in its application of Gray Possibility Comparison and Gray Possibility of degree to address these uncertainties. By integrating Gray DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) and Gray ANP (Analytic Network Process) methods, this study offers a more flexible and adaptive framework for identifying and analyzing the interrelationships among barriers. The research process involves validating the identified barriers through the Gray Delphi method, followed by the application of Gray DEMATEL to establish the cause-effect relationships among the barriers. Finally, Gray ANP is used to assign weights and prioritize the barriers into primary and secondary categories. The results indicate that the barrier “Lack of supportive policies and standards” holds the highest importance and influence, with a weight of 0.101225.

Silicon-based anodes are among the most appealing possibilities for high-capacity anode materials, considering that they possess a high theoretical capacity. However, the significant volumetric changes during cycling lead to rapid capacity degradation, hindering their commercial application in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This research introduces a novel organic-inorganic cross-linked binder system: sodium alginate-lithium borate-boric acid (Alg-LBO-BA). This three-dimensional network structure effectively buffers the volumetric changes of Si particles, maintaining overall electrode stability. LBO serves as prelithiation agent, compensating for irreversible lithium consumption during SEI formation, and the Si−O−B structure offers a plethora of Lewis acid sites, enhancing lithium-ion transport and interfacial stability. At a current activation of 0.2 A g⁻¹, the optimized silicon anode shows an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 91%. After 200 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹, it retains a reversible capacity of 1631.8 mAh g⁻¹ and achieves 1768.0 mAh g⁻¹ at a high current density of 5 A g⁻¹. This study presents a novel approach to designing organic-inorganic binders for silicon anodes, significantly advancing the development of high-performance silicon anodes.

Two-dimensional (2D) lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have captured a range of interest for the advancement of state-of-the-art optoelectronic devices, highly efficient solar cells, next-generation energy harvesting technologies owing to their hydrophobic nature, layered configuration, and remarkable chemical/environmental stabilities. These 2D LHPs have been categorized into the Dion-Jacobson (DJ) and Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) systems based on their layered configuration respectively. To efficiently classify the RP and DJ phases synthetically and reduce reliance on trial/error method, machine learning (ML) techniques needs to develop. Herein, this work effectively identifies RP and DJ phases of 2D LHPs by implementing various ML models. ML models were trained on 264 experimental data set using 10-fold stratified cross-validation, hyperparameter optimization with Optuna, and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were employed. The stacking classifier efficiently classified RP and DJ phases, demonstrating a minimal variation between the sensitivity and specificity and achieved a high Balance Accuracy (BA) of (0.83) on independent test data set. Our best model tested on 17 hybrid 2D LHPs and three experimental synthesized 2D LHPs aligns well experimental outcomes, a significant advance in cutting edge ML models. Thus, this proposed study has unlocked a new route toward the rational classification of RP and DJ phases of 2D LHPs.

Lithium carbonate, a solid discharge product, is closely associated with the discharge performance of oxygen-involved lithium-carbon dioxide batteries that exacerbates concentration polarization and electrode passivation. Although numerous strategies to enhance battery performance have progressed, the mechanistic understanding of lithium carbonate on oxygen-involved lithium-carbon dioxide batteries is still confusing. Herein, the effects of lithium carbonate over past decades are traced, including the lithium carbonate product morphology, reaction pathway, formation intermediate, and growth mechanism. The lithium carbonate nucleation and growth are crucial factors that influence battery performance. This perspective proposes a brand-new growth mechanism coupling of solution and surface mechanisms based on experimental results and theories, which extends the growth space of the product and enhances the discharge capacity. Developing advanced technologies are expected to reveal complex lithium carbonate formation pathways and spearhead advanced oxygen-involved lithium-carbon dioxide batteries.

Potassium batteries are very appealing for stationary applications and domestic use, offering a promising alternative to lithium-ion systems. To improve their safety and environmental impact, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on bioderived materials can be employed. In this work, a series of biobased membranes are developed by crosslinking pre-oxidized Kraft lignin as bio-based component and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) as functional linker with 200, 500, and 1000 g mol⁻¹ molecular weight. The influence of PEGDGE chain length on the physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of GPEs for potassium batteries is investigated. These membranes exhibit thermal stability above 240°C and tunable glass transition temperatures depending on the PEGDGE molecular weight. Their mechanical properties are determined by rheology measurements in dry and swollen states, evidencing a slight decrease of elastic modulus (G′) by increasing PEGDGE chain length. An approximately one-order-of-magnitude lower G′ value is observed in swollen membranes versus their dry counterpart. Upon successful activation of the lignin-based membranes by swelling in the liquid electrolyte embedding potassium salts, these GPEs are tested in potassium metal cell prototypes. These systems exhibit ionic conductivity of ~10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at ambient temperature. Interestingly, battery devices equipped with the GPE based on PEGDGE 1000 g mol⁻¹ withstand current densities as high as 1.5 mA cm⁻² during operation. Moreover, the same devices reach specific capacities of 130 mAh g^‒1 at 0.05 A g⁻¹ in the first 100 cycles and long-term operation for over 2500 cycles, representing outstanding achievements as bio-sourced systems for potassium batteries.

Sodium-layered oxides are a promising category of cathodes for sodium-ion batteries with high energy densities. The solid-state method is the typical approach to synthesizing these oxides because of its simple procedure and low cost. Although the reaction conditions have usually been understated, the effect of reagents has often been overlooked. Thus, fundamental insight into the chemical reagents is required to perform well. Here we report in situ structural and electrochemical methods of studying the effect of using different reagents. The materials have a composite structure containing layered NaMnO₂ and Li₂MnO₃ components, where oxygen anionic redox can be triggered at high voltage by forming Na–O–Li configurations. The samples synthesized via MnCO₃-based precursors form the Li₂MnO₃ phase at evaluated temperature and perform better than those through MnO₂-based precursors. This work demonstrates that the reagents also impact the structure and performance of sodium-layered oxides, which provides new insight into developing high-energy cathode material.

Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have found an unprecedented place among portable electronic devices owing to their attractive properties such as high energy density, single cell voltage, long shelf-life, etc., their application in electric vehicles still requires further improvements in terms of power density, better safety, and fast-charging ability (i.e., 15 min charging) for long driving range. The challenges of fast charging of LIBs have limitations such as low lithium-ion transport in the bulk and solid electrode/electrolyte interfaces, which are mainly influenced by the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Therefore, electrolyte engineering plays a key role in enhancing the fast-charging capability of LIBs. Here, we synthesize a novel propionic acid-based viologen that contains a 4,4′-bipyridinium unit and a terminal carboxylic acid group with positive charges that confine PF₆^‒ anions and accelerate the migration of lithium ions due to electrostatic repulsion, thus increasing the overall rate capability. The LiFePO₄/Li cells with 0.25% of viologen added to the electrolyte show a discharge capacity of 110 mAh g^‒1 at 6C with 95% of capacity retention even after 500 cycles. The added viologen not only enhances the electrochemical properties, but also significantly reduces the self-extinguishing time.

The increasing amounts of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (EOL LIBs) require novel and safe solutions allowing for the minimisation of health and environmental hazards. Arguably, the best approach to the problem of EOL LIBs is recycling and recovery of the metals contained within the cells. This allows the diversion of the EOL battery cells from the environment and the recovery of precious metals that can be reused in the manufacturing of new products, allowing the reduction of the requirements of virgin materials from the mining industry. The most significant hindrance to the recycling process of EOL LIBs is their unstable chemical nature and significant safety hazards related to opening the air-tight casings. To minimise these issues, the end-of-life cells must be stabilised in one of the few available ways. This review aims at a comprehensive presentation of the studied chemical methods of EOL LIB cell discharge and stabilisation. The advantages and disadvantages of the method and its variations are discussed based on the literature published to date. The literature review found that a significant number of authors make use of chemical stabilisation techniques without proper comprehension of the associated risks. Many authors focus solely on the cheapest and fastest way to stop a cell from producing an electrical charge without extra thought given to the downstream recycling processes of safety hazards related to the proposed stabilisation method. Only a few studies highlighted the risks and problems associated with chemical stabilisation techniques.

Employing functional additives can facilitate the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which has emerged as a promising strategy to improve the electrochemical properties of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Typical SEI containing inorganic components, such as lithium fluoride (LiF) and lithium nitride (LiN_xO_y and Li₃N), have been confirmed to construct an ideal SEI for LMBs. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel molecule named BTFN to act as an SEI-forming additive containing fluorine and nitro groups. The strong electron-withdrawing effect greatly reduces the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, facilitating its preferential decomposition during the SEI-forming process. An SEI with rich LiF, LiN_xO_y, and Li₃N forms after its preferential and complete decomposition, greatly enhancing stabilization and uniformity. The lifespan of symmetric LMBs with BTFN significantly increases more than 12 times under the same conditions; the Li/SPE/LFP full batteries cycle more than four times the contrast batteries with a capacity retention of 99.7%. This work provides some experiences and opinions for exploring complex SEI-forming additives.