Battery Energy最新文献

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage industries. An understanding of the reaction processes and degradation mechanism in LIBs is crucial for optimizing their performance. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a surface-sensitive tool has been applied in the real-time monitoring of the interfacial processes within lithium batteries. Here, we reviewed the recent progress of the application of in situ AFM for battery characterizations, including LIBs, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries. We summarized advances in the in situ AFM for recording electrode/electrolyte interface, mechanical properties, morphological changes, and surface evolution. Future directions of in situ AFM for the development of lithium batteries were also discussed in this review.

Organic electroactive materials are increasingly recognized as promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc–ion batteries (AZIBs), owing to their structural diversity and renewable nature. Despite this, the electrochemistry of these organic cathodes in AZIBs is still less than optimal, particularly in aspects such as output voltage, cyclability, and rate performance. In this review, we provide an overview of the evolutionary history of organic cathodes in AZIBs and elucidate their charge-storage mechanisms. We then delve into the strategies to overcome the prevailing challenges faced by aqueous Zn−organic batteries, including low achievable capacity and output voltage, poor cycling stability, and rate performance. Design strategies to enhance cell performance include tailoring molecular structure, engineering electrode microstructure, and modulation of electrolyte composition. Finally, we highlight that future research directions should cover performance evaluation under practical conditions and the recycling and reuse of organic electrode materials.

VO₂(B) is considered as a promising anode material for the next-generation sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its accessible raw materials and considerable theoretical capacity. However, the VO₂(B) electrode has inherent defects such as low conductivity and serious volume expansion, which hinder their practical application. Herein, a flower-like VO₂(B)/V₂CT_x (VO@VC) heterojunction was prepared by a simple hydrothermal synthesis method with in situ growth. The flower-like structure composed of thin nanosheets alleviates the volume expansion, as well as the rapid Na⁺ transport pathways are built by the heterojunction structure, resulting in long-term cycling stability and superior rate performance. At a current density of 100 mA g⁻¹, VO@VC anode can maintain a specific capacity of 276 mAh g⁻¹ with an average coulombic efficiency of 98.7% after 100 cycles. Additionally, even at a current density of 2 A g⁻¹, the VO@VC anode still exhibited a capacity of 132.9 mAh g⁻¹ for 1000 cycles. The enhanced reaction kinetics can be attributed to the fast Na⁺ adsorption and storage at interfaces, which has been confirmed by the experimental and theoretical methods. These results demonstrate that the tailored nanoarchitecture design and additional surface engineering are effective strategies for optimizing vanadium-based anode.

Currently, the main drivers for developing Li-ion batteries for efficient energy applications include energy density, cost, calendar life, and safety. The high energy/capacity anodes and cathodes needed for these applications are hindered by challenges like: (1) aging and degradation; (2) improved safety; (3) material costs, and (4) recyclability. The present review begins by summarising the progress made from early Li-metal anode-based batteries to current commercial Li-ion batteries. Then discusses the recent progress made in studying and developing various types of novel materials for both anode and cathode electrodes, as well the various types of electrolytes and separator materials developed specifically for Li-ion battery operation. Battery management, handling, and safety are also discussed at length. Also, as a consequence of the exponential growth in the production of Li-ion batteries over the last 10 years, the review identifies the challenge of dealing with the ever-increasing quantities of spent batteries. The review further identifies the economic value of metals like Co and Ni contained within the batteries and the extremely large numbers of batteries produced to date and the extremely large volumes that are expected to be manufactured in the next 10 years. Thus, highlighting the need to develop effective recycling strategies to reduce the levels of mining for raw materials and prevention of harmful products from entering the environment through landfill disposal.

Owing to the specific merits of low cost, abundant sources, and high physicochemical stability, carbonaceous materials are promising anode candidates for K⁺/Na⁺ storage, whereas their limited specific capacity and unfavorable rate capability remain challenging for future applications. Herein, the sulfur implantation in N-coordinated hard carbon hollow spheres (SN-CHS) has been realized for evoking a surface-driven capacitive process, which greatly improves K⁺/Na⁺ storage performance. Specifically, the SN-CHS electrodes deliver a high specific capacity of 480.5/460.9 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹, preferred rate performance of 316.8/237.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 A g⁻¹, and high-rate cycling stability of 87.9%/87.2% capacity retention after 2500/1500 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹ for K⁺/Na⁺ storage, respectively. The underlying ion storage mechanisms are studied by systematical experimental data combined with theoretical simulation results, where the multiple active sites, improved electronic conductivity, and fast ion absorption/diffusion kinetics are major contributors. More importantly, the potassium ion hybrid capacitor consisting of SN-CHS anode and activated carbon cathode deliver an outstanding energy/power density (189.8 Wh kg⁻¹ at 213.5 W kg⁻¹ and 9495 W kg⁻¹ with 53.9 Wh kg⁻¹ retained) and remarkable cycling stability. This contribution not only flourishes the prospective synthesis strategies for advanced hard carbons but also facilitates the upgrading of next-generation stationary power applications.

Back Cover: In article number BTE2.20230017, Dong-Wan Kim and co-workers provided cover image implicitly represents the three essential elements (high activity, excellent stability, and low cost) to be pursued in the development of acidic OER catalysts. For the commercialization of water electrolysis, not only balanced development of activity and stability but also, researching cost-effective catalytic materials is crucial.

Front Cover: In article number BTE2.20230021, Lianghao Yu and co-workers have shown that in the future, MXene will be utilized as a negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries applied in wind, solar, and power grids. The molten salt F-free etching method is highly secure and enables the preparation of MXene negative electrodes on a significant scale, which aligns with the concept of sustainable development. In the image, a bullet train powered by MXen-based materials is traveling under the blue sky and white clouds, transporting passengers between green plants. On both sides of the bullet train are various energy storage devices, indicating the widespread use of MXene material obtained via molten salt F-free etching method as a negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries, as well as its safety and environmental friendliness.

The development of cost-effective and durable electrocatalysts possesses a broad spectrum of applications in sustainable energy systems. Herein, a hierarchical composite of Co-based bi-ligand zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF-67) with highly conducting 2D MXene as highly efficient noble metal free electrocatalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), complete water splitting, along with zinc-air battery (ZAB) has been studied. ZIF-67 is reported as an efficient electrocatalyst due to its porous structures, high surface area and atomically dispersed active metal centres while low conductivity and structural instability have been addressed by pyrolysis. In this work, structural disintegration due to temperature effect has been handled by using bi-ligand linkers in ZIF (b-ZIF-67) which controls its sharp morphology and uniform mesoporous structure. This b-ZIF-67 has been supported on highly conducting 2D MXene material which exposes ample accessible active sites to accelerate the electroactivity of the synthesized catalyst. The resultant b-CZIF-67/MXene catalyst exhibits superior onset of 0.91 and 0.93 V in acidic and alkaline medium respectively for ORR. At the current density of 10 mA/cm² catalyst shows a very low overpotential of 0.170 mV and 1.47 V for HER and OER, respectively. The excellent specific charge storage of 550.6 mAh/g was displayed by the homemade ZAB pouch.

P2-type Na_0.67Ni_0.33Mn_0.67O₂ is a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries with features of high specific capacity and air resistance, whereas its cycling stability and rate performance are dissatisfactory suffering from the disastrous P2-O2 phase transition and Na⁺/vacancy ordering during sodium-ion de/intercalation, which makes it an obstruction for future practical applications. Herein, a delicate multicomponent modulation strategy is proposed to tackle these two issues simultaneously, in which Li⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ are introduced to replace the Ni²⁺ and Mn⁴⁺, respectively, whereas the Na⁺ content is also designed according to the principle of charge balance. Consequently, the designed cathode (Na_0.72Ni_0.28Li_0.05Mn_0.57Ti_0.10O₂) can deliver an enchanting cycling stability of 80% at 1 C after 200 cycles along with a considerable rate performance of 82.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 C. In situ X-ray diffraction measurement demonstrates the destructive P2-O2 phase transition is suppressed and converted into a P2-Z phase transition with superior reversibility as well as smooth charge/discharge curves with better Na⁺/vacancy disordering. In addition, the full cell matched with hard carbon anode delivers an excellent energy density of 263.4 Wh kg⁻¹ at 37.3 W kg⁻¹, exhibiting great practicality. Our work presents a mean to rationally design the component of layered oxide cathode and achieve fabulous performance for sodium ion batteries.