Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2010.11964160
Mwelela. Cele
{"title":"H.I.E Dhlomo's brilliance as a writer, dramatist, poet and politician knew no bounds: A Reappraisal","authors":"Mwelela. Cele","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2010.11964160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"168 1","pages":"53 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2010.11964161
N. Zungu, V. Khumalo
This paper is based on a questionnaire that a team of researchers at the University of KwZulu-Natal (Howard Campus) in collaboration with community activists conducted between February 2007 and May 2008 in six former American Board Mission Stations; namely, Adams, Amahlongwa, Ifafa, Mfume, Umthwalume and Umzumbe in southern KwaZulu-Natal. The research questionnaire sought in the first instance to establish socio-economic profiles of these mission stations. We think such a profile would allow us to answer the following two questions. First, what is to be done with the old infrastructure and memory of the activities of the American Board Mission? Second, how residents of the identified mission stations feel about the possibility of their church structures becoming heritage sites?
{"title":"History and Heritage: Socio-economic profiles of six former American Board Mission Stations in southern KwaZulu-Natal","authors":"N. Zungu, V. Khumalo","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2010.11964161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964161","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is based on a questionnaire that a team of researchers at the University of KwZulu-Natal (Howard Campus) in collaboration with community activists conducted between February 2007 and May 2008 in six former American Board Mission Stations; namely, Adams, Amahlongwa, Ifafa, Mfume, Umthwalume and Umzumbe in southern KwaZulu-Natal. The research questionnaire sought in the first instance to establish socio-economic profiles of these mission stations. We think such a profile would allow us to answer the following two questions. First, what is to be done with the old infrastructure and memory of the activities of the American Board Mission? Second, how residents of the identified mission stations feel about the possibility of their church structures becoming heritage sites?","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"28 1","pages":"60 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2010.11964159
Percy Ngonyama
This is how politician and writer Alan Paton commented on the 1956 closure of the missionary founded Adams College by the government’s Department of Native Affairs (DNA). This very strong denunciation of apartheid, from a Christian-Protestant ‘moralistic’ standpoint, appears in the Foreword of the autobiographical The Jack Grant Story by Jack Grant, the last Principal of Adams College which has a section detailing events leading up to what he described as ‘the liquidation’ of the College. Paton’s sentiments found resonance amongst many ‘liberal’ Christians involved with mission schools. What the administrators of Adams referred to as a ‘take over’ was facilitated by the passing of the Bantu Education Act of 1953. The objectives of the Act and the system of apartheid as a whole were denounced as a ‘perversion’ and misinterpretation of Christianity and Protestantism by the ‘Christian nationalists’ at the helm of the new administration. Grant’s description of the ‘take over’ as ‘The ‘liquidation of Adams College’ was a literal explanation of the event. Operating as an Association, registered under the Companies Act, when it closed down, the College had to transfer its assets and officially cease to exist.
{"title":"“The struggle for survival”: Last years of Adams College, 1953–1956","authors":"Percy Ngonyama","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2010.11964159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964159","url":null,"abstract":"This is how politician and writer Alan Paton commented on the 1956 closure of the missionary founded Adams College by the government’s Department of Native Affairs (DNA). This very strong denunciation of apartheid, from a Christian-Protestant ‘moralistic’ standpoint, appears in the Foreword of the autobiographical The Jack Grant Story by Jack Grant, the last Principal of Adams College which has a section detailing events leading up to what he described as ‘the liquidation’ of the College. Paton’s sentiments found resonance amongst many ‘liberal’ Christians involved with mission schools. What the administrators of Adams referred to as a ‘take over’ was facilitated by the passing of the Bantu Education Act of 1953. The objectives of the Act and the system of apartheid as a whole were denounced as a ‘perversion’ and misinterpretation of Christianity and Protestantism by the ‘Christian nationalists’ at the helm of the new administration. Grant’s description of the ‘take over’ as ‘The ‘liquidation of Adams College’ was a literal explanation of the event. Operating as an Association, registered under the Companies Act, when it closed down, the College had to transfer its assets and officially cease to exist.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"28 1","pages":"36 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2010.11964158
Bridget. Portmann
The Umzumbe mission station is probably one of the most beautiful and inspiring stations belonging to the American Board Mission. It is situated in the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal and surrounded by rolling hills, endlessly stretching for miles in every direction. The mission station was first conceived in 1861 by Elijah and Addie Robbins and later taken over by Henry and Laura Bridgman in 1869. Under their leadership a church, school and dispensary were all built and opened. The station was also run by Amy Bridgman Cowles, Laura Bridgman’s daughter, and her husband George Cowles from 1904. It was this family that have written and passed on the stories of some of the more prominent members of their congregation in Umzumbe. It is in critically evaluating both the author and the subjects of missionary writing that we can learn more about the stereotypes that people faced and their changing nature over the two generations of the three women examined: two of them defying the traditional moulds of patriarchy and the third as the storyteller.
{"title":"Defying the Moulds of Patriarchy: Nomambotwe Khawula of Umzumbe in Natal, 1860 – 1927","authors":"Bridget. Portmann","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2010.11964158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964158","url":null,"abstract":"The Umzumbe mission station is probably one of the most beautiful and inspiring stations belonging to the American Board Mission. It is situated in the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal and surrounded by rolling hills, endlessly stretching for miles in every direction. The mission station was first conceived in 1861 by Elijah and Addie Robbins and later taken over by Henry and Laura Bridgman in 1869. Under their leadership a church, school and dispensary were all built and opened. The station was also run by Amy Bridgman Cowles, Laura Bridgman’s daughter, and her husband George Cowles from 1904. It was this family that have written and passed on the stories of some of the more prominent members of their congregation in Umzumbe. It is in critically evaluating both the author and the subjects of missionary writing that we can learn more about the stereotypes that people faced and their changing nature over the two generations of the three women examined: two of them defying the traditional moulds of patriarchy and the third as the storyteller.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"28 1","pages":"23 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of P. S. Thompson, Incident at Trewirgie: First Shots of The Zulu Rebellion 1906 (Pietermaritzburg: 2005) 78 pp. ISBN 0-620-34547-0","authors":"M. Hadebe","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2009.11964154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964154","url":null,"abstract":"INCIDENT AT TREWIRGIE: FIRST SHOTS OF THE ZULU REBELLION 1906 (Pietermaritzburg: 2005) 78 pp. ISBN 0-620-34547-0","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"27 1","pages":"83 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2009.11964151
Anne Folke Henningsen
Abstract The overall context of this article is the interaction between black African rulers, the white Christian missionaries, and the white colonial authorities in late nineteenth century South Africa, as a rapidly changing society increasingly privileged the white population.1 Many black rulers tried to strengthen their positions in troubled and contested regions by calling on the help of Christian missionaries who in their turn saw these requests from black African rulers as golden opportunities for gaining access to peoples otherwise only reached with great difficulty. Thus, mutually beneficial relationships were possible even if, ultimately, the different parties had different agendas and desires. The analyses in this article deal with the triangular relations between the colonial powers, the mission society and black rulers, and tease out the strategies, motives and practices of the three parties.
{"title":"Chief Zibi Sidinane: Negotiating Moravian Christianity and Settlements in “Nomansland”","authors":"Anne Folke Henningsen","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2009.11964151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964151","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The overall context of this article is the interaction between black African rulers, the white Christian missionaries, and the white colonial authorities in late nineteenth century South Africa, as a rapidly changing society increasingly privileged the white population.1 Many black rulers tried to strengthen their positions in troubled and contested regions by calling on the help of Christian missionaries who in their turn saw these requests from black African rulers as golden opportunities for gaining access to peoples otherwise only reached with great difficulty. Thus, mutually beneficial relationships were possible even if, ultimately, the different parties had different agendas and desires. The analyses in this article deal with the triangular relations between the colonial powers, the mission society and black rulers, and tease out the strategies, motives and practices of the three parties.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"27 1","pages":"22 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2009.11964153
J. Sithole
Abstract This article challenges the widespread tendency to label and dismiss all manner of violent conflicts involving rural African communities as “faction fights”, “tribal disturbances” or “native unrest” primarily because such a generalisation perpetuates a stereotypical belief that there is an inherent propensity towards mindless violence among African people. By tracing the long roots of conflicts in the Umzinto district it illustrates that tensions brewed for long periods of time before they deteriorated into violence, and that violence was often the last resort, chosen when people had explored and exhausted all avenues for the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Careful examination of the political and economic contexts in which tensions surfaced and degenerated into violence also reveals that there were non-African players who contributed to the outbreak of violent conflicts.
{"title":"Land Disputes, Social Identities and the State in The Izimpi Zemibango in the Umzinto District, 1930–1935","authors":"J. Sithole","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2009.11964153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964153","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article challenges the widespread tendency to label and dismiss all manner of violent conflicts involving rural African communities as “faction fights”, “tribal disturbances” or “native unrest” primarily because such a generalisation perpetuates a stereotypical belief that there is an inherent propensity towards mindless violence among African people. By tracing the long roots of conflicts in the Umzinto district it illustrates that tensions brewed for long periods of time before they deteriorated into violence, and that violence was often the last resort, chosen when people had explored and exhausted all avenues for the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Careful examination of the political and economic contexts in which tensions surfaced and degenerated into violence also reveals that there were non-African players who contributed to the outbreak of violent conflicts.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"27 1","pages":"60 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2009.11964152
Harri Mäki
Abstract The introduction and augmentation of water supply and sanitary reform were amongst the primary municipal issues in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in South Africa. The most important parts of Durban's early water supply and sanitation infrastructure were built during the tenure of John Fletcher as a town engineer in 1889–1918. This article concentrates on the building of this infrastructure and the role and ideas of Fletcher during his tenure. The article goes through the augmenting of the water supply systems, the construction of Durban's waterborne sewerage system and the related sanitary and drainage issues. Attention is also paid to the development of Fletcher's ideas about water consumption and water metering. There are also some references here to the connection of racial issues and infrastructure building, but this has purposely been kept as a side issue, as the proper examination of this connection would require an article of its own. The purpose of the article is not to raise John Fletcher on a pedestal, but to focus on him as an official whose relatively long tenure may be used as a frame for illuminating processes such as urbanization and the development of city infrastructure, and the role of the municipal engineer in these processes.
{"title":"John Fletcher and The Development of Water Supply and Sanitation in Durban, 1889–1918","authors":"Harri Mäki","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2009.11964152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964152","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The introduction and augmentation of water supply and sanitary reform were amongst the primary municipal issues in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in South Africa. The most important parts of Durban's early water supply and sanitation infrastructure were built during the tenure of John Fletcher as a town engineer in 1889–1918. This article concentrates on the building of this infrastructure and the role and ideas of Fletcher during his tenure. The article goes through the augmenting of the water supply systems, the construction of Durban's waterborne sewerage system and the related sanitary and drainage issues. Attention is also paid to the development of Fletcher's ideas about water consumption and water metering. There are also some references here to the connection of racial issues and infrastructure building, but this has purposely been kept as a side issue, as the proper examination of this connection would require an article of its own. The purpose of the article is not to raise John Fletcher on a pedestal, but to focus on him as an official whose relatively long tenure may be used as a frame for illuminating processes such as urbanization and the development of city infrastructure, and the role of the municipal engineer in these processes.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"27 1","pages":"43 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2009.11964150
Nokuthula Cele
Abstract This article examines the establishment of the KwaMachi chieftaincy in Harding, on the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal in the early nineteenth century. This province is often associated with popular notions of ethnic history that see all Africans living in KwaZulu-Natal as AmaZulu. This universal outlook not only fails to acknowledge the significance of the history of pre-Shakan communities, it also does not take into consideration borderland communities whose history has been shifting in time, and who should be understood in terms of their unique history. Analysis of the processes of community building in what became KwaZulu-Natal shows that it is often difficult to categorize people along a single ethnic line. People of various backgrounds in the region influenced the development of their own communities as well as the definition of “Zuluness”. Locating KwaMachi within this context, I argue on the basis of archival and oral research that official and rigid distinctions are not completely dominant due to ongoing interaction through migrations, creation and shifting of colonial boundaries, and marriages and other alliances, all of which clouded and undermined ethnic homogenization. Such distinctions rarely have been incorporated into the subject literature. The construction of Zulu identity in the KwaZulu-Natal province was thus not a fixed practice; it underwent various processes defined by social and political dynamics emerging at different times in history.
{"title":"The Historiography of The Kwamachi People: A Frontier Community between Amazulu and Amampondo in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"Nokuthula Cele","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2009.11964150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964150","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the establishment of the KwaMachi chieftaincy in Harding, on the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal in the early nineteenth century. This province is often associated with popular notions of ethnic history that see all Africans living in KwaZulu-Natal as AmaZulu. This universal outlook not only fails to acknowledge the significance of the history of pre-Shakan communities, it also does not take into consideration borderland communities whose history has been shifting in time, and who should be understood in terms of their unique history. Analysis of the processes of community building in what became KwaZulu-Natal shows that it is often difficult to categorize people along a single ethnic line. People of various backgrounds in the region influenced the development of their own communities as well as the definition of “Zuluness”. Locating KwaMachi within this context, I argue on the basis of archival and oral research that official and rigid distinctions are not completely dominant due to ongoing interaction through migrations, creation and shifting of colonial boundaries, and marriages and other alliances, all of which clouded and undermined ethnic homogenization. Such distinctions rarely have been incorporated into the subject literature. The construction of Zulu identity in the KwaZulu-Natal province was thus not a fixed practice; it underwent various processes defined by social and political dynamics emerging at different times in history.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"27 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1080/02590123.2009.11964155
D. Govinden
{"title":"Review of Allison Drew, Between Empire and Revolution: A Life of Sidney Bunting 1873–1936 (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2007; Pretoria: Unisa Press). 294 pp. ISBN 9781851968930","authors":"D. Govinden","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2009.11964155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"27 1","pages":"85 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2009.11964155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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