Pub Date : 2021-07-18DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1942985
M. Lyvers, Cagla Senturk, F. A. Thorberg
ABSTRACT Objective Alexithymia has been implicated as a risk factor for problematic substance use and other excessive behaviours including internet addiction . Impulsiveness has also been identified as a likely predisposing factor for excessive behaviours. However, as impulsivity is often elevated in alexithymia, the degree of independence of these factors in relation to excessive internet use is unclear. Method The present study assessed contributions of alexithymia, impulsivity and negative affect to variance in internet addiction symptoms in 116 internet-using female university students. Participants completed the following instruments online: demographics, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, Internet Addiction Test and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21. Results Measures were significantly intercorrelated in expected directions. Hierarchical regression indicated that although both alexithymia and impulsivity were highly significant predictors of internet addiction symptoms after controlling for demographic covariates, the contribution of alexithymia became nonsignificant after adding impulsivity to the model. The final model explained 37% of variance in internet addiction symptoms. Multiple mediation modelling indicated that both impulsivity and negative affect fully mediated the association of alexithymia with internet addiction symptoms. Conclusions Impulsivity and negative affect may account for the link between alexithymia and internet addiction symptoms in young women at university. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Alexithymia and impulsivity have been linked to a variety of addictive behaviors including internet addiction. Alexithymia and impulsivity have been reported to independently predict excessive alcohol use in regression models. Alexithymia may reflect deficient interoception and corresponding poor internal awareness of overconsumption cues in alcohol use. What this topic adds: In female university students, alexithymia, impulsivity, and negative affect were significant positive predictors of internet addiction symptoms in a regression model. Alexithymia was no longer significant after adding impulsivity to the model. Multiple mediation modelling indicated that impulsivity and negative affect fully mediated the association of alexithymia with internet addiction symptoms.
{"title":"Alexithymia, impulsivity and negative mood in relation to internet addiction symptoms in female university students","authors":"M. Lyvers, Cagla Senturk, F. A. Thorberg","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1942985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1942985","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Alexithymia has been implicated as a risk factor for problematic substance use and other excessive behaviours including internet addiction . Impulsiveness has also been identified as a likely predisposing factor for excessive behaviours. However, as impulsivity is often elevated in alexithymia, the degree of independence of these factors in relation to excessive internet use is unclear. Method The present study assessed contributions of alexithymia, impulsivity and negative affect to variance in internet addiction symptoms in 116 internet-using female university students. Participants completed the following instruments online: demographics, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, Internet Addiction Test and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21. Results Measures were significantly intercorrelated in expected directions. Hierarchical regression indicated that although both alexithymia and impulsivity were highly significant predictors of internet addiction symptoms after controlling for demographic covariates, the contribution of alexithymia became nonsignificant after adding impulsivity to the model. The final model explained 37% of variance in internet addiction symptoms. Multiple mediation modelling indicated that both impulsivity and negative affect fully mediated the association of alexithymia with internet addiction symptoms. Conclusions Impulsivity and negative affect may account for the link between alexithymia and internet addiction symptoms in young women at university. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Alexithymia and impulsivity have been linked to a variety of addictive behaviors including internet addiction. Alexithymia and impulsivity have been reported to independently predict excessive alcohol use in regression models. Alexithymia may reflect deficient interoception and corresponding poor internal awareness of overconsumption cues in alcohol use. What this topic adds: In female university students, alexithymia, impulsivity, and negative affect were significant positive predictors of internet addiction symptoms in a regression model. Alexithymia was no longer significant after adding impulsivity to the model. Multiple mediation modelling indicated that impulsivity and negative affect fully mediated the association of alexithymia with internet addiction symptoms.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1942985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44103941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1917307
Matteo Zuccala, Matthew Modini, Maree J. Abbott
ABSTRACT Objective: Research suggests an association between the fear of death and social anxiety, but the mechanisms through which these constructs are related remain unclear. From a socio-evolutionary perspective, abandonment and rejection are associated with premature death, and appraisals of the importance of social relationships for maintaining survival are influenced by one’s upbringing, reflected in individual differences in attachment patterns. We thus explored whether different attachment dimensions mediated the relationship between death anxiety and social anxiety to differing degrees, according to the value afforded by these dimensions to the importance of relationships for survival. Method: Self-report data on death anxiety, social anxiety, and two dimensions of attachment (anxiety and avoidance) was collected from 93 participants with varying levels of social anxiety. Results: Supporting the hypotheses, there was an indirect effect of death anxiety on social anxiety via attachment anxiety, even when fear of own death and fear of other’s death were analysed separately. No indirect effect via attachment avoidance was observed. Conclusions: These results clarify the mechanisms underpinning the association between social anxiety and the fear of death, and suggest that a socio-evolutionary framework provides utility in better understanding these clinical constructs. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Research demonstrates a hitherto unclear association between the experience of social anxiety and underlying death fears. (2) A socio-evolutionary approach highlights the intimate relationship between abandonment/rejection and premature death during our evolutionary history. (3) Appraisals of the importance of social relationships for maintaining survival ought to be influenced by developmental experiences. What this topic adds: (1) We propose that variation in these appraisals are reflected in the different attachment dimensions (anxiety and avoidance). (2) In support of this, we found that attachment anxiety mediated the relationship between death anxiety and social anxiety, whereas attachment avoidance did not. (3) These results clarify the mechanisms underpinning the connection between social anxiety and underlying death fears and emphasise the utility of socio-evolutionary approaches to clinical syndromes.
{"title":"The role of death fears and attachment processes in social anxiety: a novel hypothesis explored","authors":"Matteo Zuccala, Matthew Modini, Maree J. Abbott","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1917307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1917307","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: Research suggests an association between the fear of death and social anxiety, but the mechanisms through which these constructs are related remain unclear. From a socio-evolutionary perspective, abandonment and rejection are associated with premature death, and appraisals of the importance of social relationships for maintaining survival are influenced by one’s upbringing, reflected in individual differences in attachment patterns. We thus explored whether different attachment dimensions mediated the relationship between death anxiety and social anxiety to differing degrees, according to the value afforded by these dimensions to the importance of relationships for survival. Method: Self-report data on death anxiety, social anxiety, and two dimensions of attachment (anxiety and avoidance) was collected from 93 participants with varying levels of social anxiety. Results: Supporting the hypotheses, there was an indirect effect of death anxiety on social anxiety via attachment anxiety, even when fear of own death and fear of other’s death were analysed separately. No indirect effect via attachment avoidance was observed. Conclusions: These results clarify the mechanisms underpinning the association between social anxiety and the fear of death, and suggest that a socio-evolutionary framework provides utility in better understanding these clinical constructs. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Research demonstrates a hitherto unclear association between the experience of social anxiety and underlying death fears. (2) A socio-evolutionary approach highlights the intimate relationship between abandonment/rejection and premature death during our evolutionary history. (3) Appraisals of the importance of social relationships for maintaining survival ought to be influenced by developmental experiences. What this topic adds: (1) We propose that variation in these appraisals are reflected in the different attachment dimensions (anxiety and avoidance). (2) In support of this, we found that attachment anxiety mediated the relationship between death anxiety and social anxiety, whereas attachment avoidance did not. (3) These results clarify the mechanisms underpinning the connection between social anxiety and underlying death fears and emphasise the utility of socio-evolutionary approaches to clinical syndromes.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1917307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47817036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1908846
H. McDonald, K. Sherman, N. Kasparian
ABSTRACT Objective Growing evidence links mindful awareness to the regulation of emotion, yet little is known about the temporal features of this association. This preliminary prospective study aimed to test the bidirectional relationship between mindful awareness, emotion regulation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum. Method One-hundred forty-nine women completed an online survey at any stage during pregnancy and at 3-6 months postpartum. Psychosocial variables were assessed using validated, self-report measures. Results Bootstrapped mediation analysis demonstrated a bidirectional association between mindful awareness and emotion regulation for anxiety, but not depressive symptoms. Conclusions Results provide partial support for the hypothesized bidirectional relationship, whereby mindful awareness facilitates adaptive regulation of anxiety, but not depressive symptoms, and in turn, emotion regulation enhances the ability for present moment awareness. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Mindfulness and emotion regulation are conceptually and empirically related. (2) Emotion regulation has been proposed as a pathway through which mindfulness exerts influence on mental health. (3) Mindfulness has also been linked with emotion regulation. What this topic adds: (1) Preliminary support for a temporal bidirectional relationship. (2) Preliminary support for a reciprocal relationship in a perinatal context. (3) Reciprocal relationship may not be evidenced in relation to depression.
{"title":"A mediated model of mindful awareness, emotion regulation, and maternal mental health during pregnancy and postpartum","authors":"H. McDonald, K. Sherman, N. Kasparian","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1908846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1908846","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Growing evidence links mindful awareness to the regulation of emotion, yet little is known about the temporal features of this association. This preliminary prospective study aimed to test the bidirectional relationship between mindful awareness, emotion regulation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum. Method One-hundred forty-nine women completed an online survey at any stage during pregnancy and at 3-6 months postpartum. Psychosocial variables were assessed using validated, self-report measures. Results Bootstrapped mediation analysis demonstrated a bidirectional association between mindful awareness and emotion regulation for anxiety, but not depressive symptoms. Conclusions Results provide partial support for the hypothesized bidirectional relationship, whereby mindful awareness facilitates adaptive regulation of anxiety, but not depressive symptoms, and in turn, emotion regulation enhances the ability for present moment awareness. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Mindfulness and emotion regulation are conceptually and empirically related. (2) Emotion regulation has been proposed as a pathway through which mindfulness exerts influence on mental health. (3) Mindfulness has also been linked with emotion regulation. What this topic adds: (1) Preliminary support for a temporal bidirectional relationship. (2) Preliminary support for a reciprocal relationship in a perinatal context. (3) Reciprocal relationship may not be evidenced in relation to depression.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1908846","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45962300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2020.1857459
{"title":"Correction","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2020.1857459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2020.1857459","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2020.1857459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49054957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-23DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1944315
Agata Trzcińska, Katarzyna Sekścińska
ABSTRACT Objective: One of the reasons why people develop a materialistic attitude may be their desire to compensate for economic deprivation. Poor people experience negative emotions as a result of deprivation, and this translates into low self-esteem. It is argued that, as a means of dealing with low self-esteem, people often use material goods, and thus become more materialistic. However, this idea has only previously been tested in studies of adolescents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between financial status (both objective and subjective), self-esteem and materialism. Method: The study was conducted using a representative sample of Polish working adults (N = 1138) recruited from an online panel. Data were analysed through correlation, regression and mediation analyses. Results: The study found no significant relationship between financial status and general materialism. However, relationships between both measures of financial status and two separate dimensions of materialism were observed (positive correlations with centrality, and negative correlations with happiness). Moreover, the study showed self-esteem to be a mediator of the relationship between financial status and the happiness dimension of materialism, and that self-esteem acts as a suppressor of the relationship between financial status and the centrality dimension of materialism. Conclusion: These results show that particular dimensions of materialism may be related to financial status in completely different ways. While poorer people more closely associate material goods with their happiness, richer people consider ownership to be more central in their lives. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic: Previous theoretical considerations indicated that low financial status can promote materialism. Children and teenagers belonging to poorer families exhibit higher levels of materialism than their peers belonging to richer families. Previous research on children and adolescents found that lower affluence was associated with greater materialism, and that this was explained by lower self-esteem among the poorer participants. What this topic adds: Among adults, financial status (both objective and subjective) does not correlate with general materialism but is significantly related to two of the three dimensions of materialism (happiness and centrality). Financial status (both objective and subjective) correlates negatively with happiness dimension of materialism and positively with centrality dimension of materialism. Self-esteem is a mediator of the relationship between financial status and the happiness dimension of materialism, and a suppressor of the relationship between financial status and the centrality dimension of materialism.
{"title":"Financial status and materialism – The mediating role of self-esteem","authors":"Agata Trzcińska, Katarzyna Sekścińska","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1944315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1944315","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: One of the reasons why people develop a materialistic attitude may be their desire to compensate for economic deprivation. Poor people experience negative emotions as a result of deprivation, and this translates into low self-esteem. It is argued that, as a means of dealing with low self-esteem, people often use material goods, and thus become more materialistic. However, this idea has only previously been tested in studies of adolescents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between financial status (both objective and subjective), self-esteem and materialism. Method: The study was conducted using a representative sample of Polish working adults (N = 1138) recruited from an online panel. Data were analysed through correlation, regression and mediation analyses. Results: The study found no significant relationship between financial status and general materialism. However, relationships between both measures of financial status and two separate dimensions of materialism were observed (positive correlations with centrality, and negative correlations with happiness). Moreover, the study showed self-esteem to be a mediator of the relationship between financial status and the happiness dimension of materialism, and that self-esteem acts as a suppressor of the relationship between financial status and the centrality dimension of materialism. Conclusion: These results show that particular dimensions of materialism may be related to financial status in completely different ways. While poorer people more closely associate material goods with their happiness, richer people consider ownership to be more central in their lives. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic: Previous theoretical considerations indicated that low financial status can promote materialism. Children and teenagers belonging to poorer families exhibit higher levels of materialism than their peers belonging to richer families. Previous research on children and adolescents found that lower affluence was associated with greater materialism, and that this was explained by lower self-esteem among the poorer participants. What this topic adds: Among adults, financial status (both objective and subjective) does not correlate with general materialism but is significantly related to two of the three dimensions of materialism (happiness and centrality). Financial status (both objective and subjective) correlates negatively with happiness dimension of materialism and positively with centrality dimension of materialism. Self-esteem is a mediator of the relationship between financial status and the happiness dimension of materialism, and a suppressor of the relationship between financial status and the centrality dimension of materialism.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1944315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49549080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-10DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1936637
Allison Peck, M. Hutchinson, S. Provost
ABSTRACT Objective Review and synthesise Australian and New Zealand research on correlates and predictors of child to parent violence. Method Ten electronic databases were searched for relevant empirical studies. An integrative review methodology was adopted, with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool used to assess methodological quality. Results Twenty-one relevant studies met the inclusion criteria. Assessment of methodological quality revealed a moderate level of bias resulting from small sample sizes and a lack of representative sampling, missing outcome data, definitional variations, and inconsistencies in categorising variables across studies. The primary factors identified as correlates were prolonged or early childhood exposure to adult intimate partner violence and adversity, a childhood behavioural pattern of aggressive behaviour, mental health or emotional or behavioural disorders, other criminality and negative peer associations. Conclusion Extracting and understanding developmental pathways in the Australian and New Zealand context that contribute towards child to parent violence was limited by the amount and quality of research. Thus, highlighting the need for further research in this field. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: A small amount of research has been conducted in Australia and New Zealand relating to child to parent violence. The factors contributing to a young person engaging in child to parent violence are complex and interrelated. Exposure to adult intimate partner violence in childhood is a known correlate of child to parent violence. What this topic adds: This is the first integrative review of Australian and New Zealand evidence on child to parent violence. While childhood behavioural and emotional disorders were identified as correlates for young people engaging in violence towards parents, this research evidence is not strong. This review reveals a need to examine further the developmental pathways towards child to parent violence, identifying points of intervention best suited to service engagement.
{"title":"Young people who engage in child to parent violence: an integrative review of correlates and developmental pathways","authors":"Allison Peck, M. Hutchinson, S. Provost","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1936637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1936637","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Review and synthesise Australian and New Zealand research on correlates and predictors of child to parent violence. Method Ten electronic databases were searched for relevant empirical studies. An integrative review methodology was adopted, with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool used to assess methodological quality. Results Twenty-one relevant studies met the inclusion criteria. Assessment of methodological quality revealed a moderate level of bias resulting from small sample sizes and a lack of representative sampling, missing outcome data, definitional variations, and inconsistencies in categorising variables across studies. The primary factors identified as correlates were prolonged or early childhood exposure to adult intimate partner violence and adversity, a childhood behavioural pattern of aggressive behaviour, mental health or emotional or behavioural disorders, other criminality and negative peer associations. Conclusion Extracting and understanding developmental pathways in the Australian and New Zealand context that contribute towards child to parent violence was limited by the amount and quality of research. Thus, highlighting the need for further research in this field. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: A small amount of research has been conducted in Australia and New Zealand relating to child to parent violence. The factors contributing to a young person engaging in child to parent violence are complex and interrelated. Exposure to adult intimate partner violence in childhood is a known correlate of child to parent violence. What this topic adds: This is the first integrative review of Australian and New Zealand evidence on child to parent violence. While childhood behavioural and emotional disorders were identified as correlates for young people engaging in violence towards parents, this research evidence is not strong. This review reveals a need to examine further the developmental pathways towards child to parent violence, identifying points of intervention best suited to service engagement.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1936637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48045907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1934118
S. McLean, J. Mcintosh
ABSTRACT Objective: COVID-19 restrictions precipitated rapid work practice changes for family and mental health practitioners, including care via telehealth and secondary exposures to COVID-19 induced violence in client. This descriptive study aimed to examine stress and health among practitioners during COVID-19 restrictions. Method: Participants, recruited via professional networks, were 320 maternal and child health (MCH), child and youth mental health (CYMH) and adult mental health (AMH) practitioners from Victoria, Australia. Participants reported family violence among cases, workplace stress, and mental and physical health problems during COVID-19 restrictions, via an online survey. Results: Rising family violence incidence, including emotional abuse and serious threats against a woman (>25%), child emotional abuse/neglect, and child exposure to family violence were reported. Higher violence was reported by CYMH and AMH than MCH practitioners. We found increases in practitioner stress due to workplace practice changes and exposure to family violence. Highest stress was among CYMH and AHM practitioners. Participants reported worsening mental (63.2%) and physical (51.2%) health. Negative affect was higher among CYMH than MCH participants. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate pressure on family and mental health workforces during COVID-19. Provision of training and support to manage secondary stress from exposures to trauma and changing workplace practices is indicated. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Family and mental health practitioners’ mental health is below normative levels due to exposure to secondary traumatic stress exposure and associated compassion fatigue. (2) Periods of natural and community disaster elevate pressure and distress among mental health professionals and contribute to risk for workforce attrition and among client families are also associated with increased risks for intimate partner violence due to financial pressures and inadequate and confined housing. (3) Concerns about family violence during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions have arisen from publicly available reports of increases in emergency department domestic violence-related injuries and urgent applications to the Family Courts, but research data pertaining to levels of family violence during COVID-19 are scarce. What this study adds: (1) Family and mental health practitioners, especially those in child/youth and adult mental health sectors, reported increased proportions of caseloads in which incidents of family violence occurred during stage-3 COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in Victoria, Australia, contributing to exposure of practitioners to secondary trauma. (2) Practitioners reported higher workplace stress (due to changed work practices and family violence) during COVID-19 restrictions and greater stress was related to greater negative affect, sleep problems, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. (3) Urgent attention to training and s
{"title":"The mental and physical health of family mental health practitioners during COVID-19: relationships with family violence and workplace practices","authors":"S. McLean, J. Mcintosh","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1934118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1934118","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: COVID-19 restrictions precipitated rapid work practice changes for family and mental health practitioners, including care via telehealth and secondary exposures to COVID-19 induced violence in client. This descriptive study aimed to examine stress and health among practitioners during COVID-19 restrictions. Method: Participants, recruited via professional networks, were 320 maternal and child health (MCH), child and youth mental health (CYMH) and adult mental health (AMH) practitioners from Victoria, Australia. Participants reported family violence among cases, workplace stress, and mental and physical health problems during COVID-19 restrictions, via an online survey. Results: Rising family violence incidence, including emotional abuse and serious threats against a woman (>25%), child emotional abuse/neglect, and child exposure to family violence were reported. Higher violence was reported by CYMH and AMH than MCH practitioners. We found increases in practitioner stress due to workplace practice changes and exposure to family violence. Highest stress was among CYMH and AHM practitioners. Participants reported worsening mental (63.2%) and physical (51.2%) health. Negative affect was higher among CYMH than MCH participants. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate pressure on family and mental health workforces during COVID-19. Provision of training and support to manage secondary stress from exposures to trauma and changing workplace practices is indicated. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Family and mental health practitioners’ mental health is below normative levels due to exposure to secondary traumatic stress exposure and associated compassion fatigue. (2) Periods of natural and community disaster elevate pressure and distress among mental health professionals and contribute to risk for workforce attrition and among client families are also associated with increased risks for intimate partner violence due to financial pressures and inadequate and confined housing. (3) Concerns about family violence during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions have arisen from publicly available reports of increases in emergency department domestic violence-related injuries and urgent applications to the Family Courts, but research data pertaining to levels of family violence during COVID-19 are scarce. What this study adds: (1) Family and mental health practitioners, especially those in child/youth and adult mental health sectors, reported increased proportions of caseloads in which incidents of family violence occurred during stage-3 COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in Victoria, Australia, contributing to exposure of practitioners to secondary trauma. (2) Practitioners reported higher workplace stress (due to changed work practices and family violence) during COVID-19 restrictions and greater stress was related to greater negative affect, sleep problems, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. (3) Urgent attention to training and s","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1934118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45798071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-23DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1922069
Samantha J. Newell, A. Chur-Hansen, Peter Strelan
ABSTRACT Objective Psychological literacy has become influential as a concept to promote the value of a psychology degree to potential students and employers, particularly in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. This influence is based upon an assumption that the concept of psychological literacy is valid. The objective of this paper is to examine relevant literature, identifying possible issues in providing evidence of validity for the construct. Method Messick’s unified validity framework was utilised to evaluate threats to the overall construct validity of psychological literacy. Broad literature such as empirical and case studies, reports, and opinion papers were included as sources for analysis. A content analysis was conducted to determine the level of consensus for proposed psychological literacy attributes. Results There was limited consensus for most attributes in the examined literature, which compromises construct validity according to Messick’s framework. However, five terms were cited in most papers. Consolidating these terms provides a conceptualisation of psychological literacy as the ability to apply scientific principles to psychology concepts in work and personal contexts. Conclusion Possible solutions to resolve construct validity threats are offered. Refining the concept requires further exploration of perceptions among key stakeholders such as psychology teachers, students, and employers. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: A substantial body of literature has been published that discusses the construct of psychological literacy, but limited research (n=7) has measured the construct. A systematic narrative review of psychological literacy detailed concerns over multiple conceptualisations in studies that measured the construct. These prior findings revealed a need to evaluate the validity of the construct. What this topic adds: This paper addresses the need for a construct validity assessment as identified in a previous systematic review. The validity assessment includes broader literature that was not included in the previous systematic review of measurement studies. A roadmap for future research is provided, identifying areas that must be addressed for the construct of psychological literacy to have validity.
{"title":"A construct validity analysis of the concept of psychological literacy","authors":"Samantha J. Newell, A. Chur-Hansen, Peter Strelan","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1922069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1922069","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Psychological literacy has become influential as a concept to promote the value of a psychology degree to potential students and employers, particularly in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. This influence is based upon an assumption that the concept of psychological literacy is valid. The objective of this paper is to examine relevant literature, identifying possible issues in providing evidence of validity for the construct. Method Messick’s unified validity framework was utilised to evaluate threats to the overall construct validity of psychological literacy. Broad literature such as empirical and case studies, reports, and opinion papers were included as sources for analysis. A content analysis was conducted to determine the level of consensus for proposed psychological literacy attributes. Results There was limited consensus for most attributes in the examined literature, which compromises construct validity according to Messick’s framework. However, five terms were cited in most papers. Consolidating these terms provides a conceptualisation of psychological literacy as the ability to apply scientific principles to psychology concepts in work and personal contexts. Conclusion Possible solutions to resolve construct validity threats are offered. Refining the concept requires further exploration of perceptions among key stakeholders such as psychology teachers, students, and employers. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: A substantial body of literature has been published that discusses the construct of psychological literacy, but limited research (n=7) has measured the construct. A systematic narrative review of psychological literacy detailed concerns over multiple conceptualisations in studies that measured the construct. These prior findings revealed a need to evaluate the validity of the construct. What this topic adds: This paper addresses the need for a construct validity assessment as identified in a previous systematic review. The validity assessment includes broader literature that was not included in the previous systematic review of measurement studies. A roadmap for future research is provided, identifying areas that must be addressed for the construct of psychological literacy to have validity.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1922069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42099294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-05DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1900747
Tabitha Frew, C. Watsford, Iain Walker
ABSTRACT Objective: To appraise the methodological quality of studies on the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities for children presenting with gender dysphoria, including diagnosis and management. Study design: A systematic review of 15 articles on psychiatric comorbidities for children diagnosed with gender dysphoria between the ages of two – 12 years. Data sources: A systematic literature search of Medline, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science for English-only studies published from 1980 to 2019, supplemented by other sources. Of 736 studies, 721 were removed following title, abstract or full-text review. Results: Ten studies were retrospectively-oriented clinical case series or observational studies. There were few randomised, controlled trials. Over 80% of the data came from gender clinics in the United States and the Netherlands. Funding or conflicts of interest were often not declared. Mood and anxiety disorders were the most common psychiatric conditions studied. There was little research on complex comorbidities. One quarter of studies made a diagnosis by a comprehensive psychological assessment. A wide range of psychological tests was used for screening or diagnostic purposes. Over half of the studies diagnosed gender dysphoria using evidence-based criteria. A quarter of the studies mentioned treating serious psychopathology prior to addressing gender dysphoria. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Children with gender dysphoria are likely to experience profound psychological and physical difficulties. Gender clinics around the world have different ways of assessing and treating children with gender dysphoria. Children often rely on caregivers and health professionals to make treatment decisions on their behalf. What this topic adds: Children with gender dysphoria often experience a range of psychiatric comorbidities, with a high prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders, trauma, eating disorders and autism spectrum conditions, suicidality and self-harm. It is vitally important to consider psychiatric comorbidities when prioritising and sequencing treatments for children with gender dysphoria. The development of international treatment guidelines would provide greater consistency across diagnosis, treatment and ongoing management.
摘要目的：评估儿童性别焦虑症精神合并症患病率研究的方法学质量，包括诊断和治疗。研究设计：对15篇关于2至12岁被诊断为性别焦虑症儿童的精神病合并症的文章进行系统综述。数据来源：对Medline、PsychINFO、CINAHL、Scopus和Web of Science 1980年至2019年发表的纯英语研究进行系统的文献检索，并辅以其他来源。在736项研究中，721项在标题、摘要或全文审查后被删除。结果：10项研究为回顾性临床病例系列或观察性研究。很少有随机对照试验。超过80%的数据来自美国和荷兰的性别诊所。资金或利益冲突往往没有申报。情绪和焦虑障碍是研究中最常见的精神疾病。关于复杂合并症的研究很少。四分之一的研究通过全面的心理评估做出了诊断。广泛的心理测试被用于筛查或诊断目的。超过一半的研究使用循证标准诊断性别焦虑症。四分之一的研究提到在解决性别焦虑之前治疗严重的精神病理学。关键点关于这个话题已经知道的是：患有性别焦虑症的儿童可能会经历深刻的心理和身体困难。世界各地的性别诊所有不同的方法来评估和治疗患有性别焦虑症的儿童。儿童通常依靠照顾者和卫生专业人员代表他们做出治疗决定。本主题补充道：患有性别焦虑症的儿童通常会经历一系列精神合并症，情绪和焦虑障碍、创伤、饮食障碍和自闭症谱系疾病、自杀和自残的患病率很高。在对患有性别焦虑症的儿童进行优先治疗和排序时，考虑精神合并症至关重要。国际治疗指南的制定将在诊断、治疗和持续管理方面提供更大的一致性。
{"title":"Gender dysphoria and psychiatric comorbidities in childhood: a systematic review","authors":"Tabitha Frew, C. Watsford, Iain Walker","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1900747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1900747","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: To appraise the methodological quality of studies on the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities for children presenting with gender dysphoria, including diagnosis and management. Study design: A systematic review of 15 articles on psychiatric comorbidities for children diagnosed with gender dysphoria between the ages of two – 12 years. Data sources: A systematic literature search of Medline, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science for English-only studies published from 1980 to 2019, supplemented by other sources. Of 736 studies, 721 were removed following title, abstract or full-text review. Results: Ten studies were retrospectively-oriented clinical case series or observational studies. There were few randomised, controlled trials. Over 80% of the data came from gender clinics in the United States and the Netherlands. Funding or conflicts of interest were often not declared. Mood and anxiety disorders were the most common psychiatric conditions studied. There was little research on complex comorbidities. One quarter of studies made a diagnosis by a comprehensive psychological assessment. A wide range of psychological tests was used for screening or diagnostic purposes. Over half of the studies diagnosed gender dysphoria using evidence-based criteria. A quarter of the studies mentioned treating serious psychopathology prior to addressing gender dysphoria. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Children with gender dysphoria are likely to experience profound psychological and physical difficulties. Gender clinics around the world have different ways of assessing and treating children with gender dysphoria. Children often rely on caregivers and health professionals to make treatment decisions on their behalf. What this topic adds: Children with gender dysphoria often experience a range of psychiatric comorbidities, with a high prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders, trauma, eating disorders and autism spectrum conditions, suicidality and self-harm. It is vitally important to consider psychiatric comorbidities when prioritising and sequencing treatments for children with gender dysphoria. The development of international treatment guidelines would provide greater consistency across diagnosis, treatment and ongoing management.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1900747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42576502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-05DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1918534
O. Holmes, B. Findlay, R. Cook
ABSTRACT Objective: The study of spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism has been hindered by assumptions about their organisation, where naturalism has been treated as a lack of spirituality, and agnosticism as a construct “in-between” spirituality and naturalism. The psychology of worldviews encourages conceptualisations of these belief systems as distinct constructs. The aim of this study was to develop conceptual definition and psychometric measurement for spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism. Method: The current project used exploratory factor analysis (N = 412) to develop a measure for spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism. Confirmatory factor analyses were then used in two further samples (N = 1056; 873) to refine and validate the measure. Results: The final inventory measured spirituality (and mysticism), naturalism, and agnosticism with 35-items across 8-factors. The measure showed good model fit and evidence of construct validity. Conclusions: Findings provide insight into the structural relationships between mysticism, spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism. This study also provides a new tool for investigating these worldview constructs comprehensively. Rather than considered as mutually exclusive categories or linear positions on a unidimensional spectrum, they can be treated as distinct individual difference variables with both overlapping and diverse impacts. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Worldviews are systems of belief about fundamental aspects of reality. (2) Spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism are three distinct worldviews. (3) Naturalism and agnosticism have been overlooked in psychological research due to assumptions about their structure. What this topic adds: (1) Conceptual differentiation of spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism as distinct worldviews in psychology. (2) Psychometric scale development to measure spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism.
{"title":"Worldview psychology and the representation of spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism: conceptualisation and psychometric measurement","authors":"O. Holmes, B. Findlay, R. Cook","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1918534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1918534","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: The study of spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism has been hindered by assumptions about their organisation, where naturalism has been treated as a lack of spirituality, and agnosticism as a construct “in-between” spirituality and naturalism. The psychology of worldviews encourages conceptualisations of these belief systems as distinct constructs. The aim of this study was to develop conceptual definition and psychometric measurement for spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism. Method: The current project used exploratory factor analysis (N = 412) to develop a measure for spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism. Confirmatory factor analyses were then used in two further samples (N = 1056; 873) to refine and validate the measure. Results: The final inventory measured spirituality (and mysticism), naturalism, and agnosticism with 35-items across 8-factors. The measure showed good model fit and evidence of construct validity. Conclusions: Findings provide insight into the structural relationships between mysticism, spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism. This study also provides a new tool for investigating these worldview constructs comprehensively. Rather than considered as mutually exclusive categories or linear positions on a unidimensional spectrum, they can be treated as distinct individual difference variables with both overlapping and diverse impacts. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Worldviews are systems of belief about fundamental aspects of reality. (2) Spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism are three distinct worldviews. (3) Naturalism and agnosticism have been overlooked in psychological research due to assumptions about their structure. What this topic adds: (1) Conceptual differentiation of spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism as distinct worldviews in psychology. (2) Psychometric scale development to measure spirituality, naturalism, and agnosticism.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049530.2021.1918534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47579034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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