Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2022.2040589
V. Audu, T. Ruf, W. Vogt-Kaute, C. Emmerling
ABSTRACT Ecological intensification of agroecosystems on marginal land through cultivation of perennial wheat may provide greater belowground biomass than cultivation of annual wheat, and thus improve soil organic carbon (SOC) and consequently benefit soil microbial activity. However, little is known about how organically managed hybridised perennial wheat (Triticum aestivum L. × Thinopyrum spp.) stimulates SOC, microbial biomass and activity in marginal soils. Therefore, the effect of three organically managed cropping systems: i) sole perennial wheat; ii) perennial wheat with clover intercrop; and iii) annual wheat; were investigated at three sites in Germany on marginal soils with different textures (silt loam (SL) with impervious soil layer, clay loam (CL) with 30–35% stone content and sandy soil (SS) with low nutrient content). Soil samples, from each cropping system and site, were taken from A- and B-horizons after 3 years of cultivation and were evaluated for SOC, microbial biomass C and N (MBC, MBN), basal respiration, and C-enzyme activities. In CL and SS soils, perennial wheat with clover intercrop increased SOC in the A-horizon compared with annual wheat and sole perennial wheat. Varied effects were observed in the B-horizon, with sole perennial wheat in CL having higher SOC and MBC than the other two cropping systems. SOC storage stock in the B-horizon of perennial wheat was on average 18% higher relative to annual wheat, revealing a considerable C storage potential. Overall, the study showed that perennial wheat cultivation can improve microbial biomass and activity in marginal soils compared with cultivation of annual wheat.
{"title":"Changes in microbial biomass and activity support ecological intensification of marginal land through cultivation of perennial wheat in organic agriculture","authors":"V. Audu, T. Ruf, W. Vogt-Kaute, C. Emmerling","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2022.2040589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2022.2040589","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ecological intensification of agroecosystems on marginal land through cultivation of perennial wheat may provide greater belowground biomass than cultivation of annual wheat, and thus improve soil organic carbon (SOC) and consequently benefit soil microbial activity. However, little is known about how organically managed hybridised perennial wheat (Triticum aestivum L. × Thinopyrum spp.) stimulates SOC, microbial biomass and activity in marginal soils. Therefore, the effect of three organically managed cropping systems: i) sole perennial wheat; ii) perennial wheat with clover intercrop; and iii) annual wheat; were investigated at three sites in Germany on marginal soils with different textures (silt loam (SL) with impervious soil layer, clay loam (CL) with 30–35% stone content and sandy soil (SS) with low nutrient content). Soil samples, from each cropping system and site, were taken from A- and B-horizons after 3 years of cultivation and were evaluated for SOC, microbial biomass C and N (MBC, MBN), basal respiration, and C-enzyme activities. In CL and SS soils, perennial wheat with clover intercrop increased SOC in the A-horizon compared with annual wheat and sole perennial wheat. Varied effects were observed in the B-horizon, with sole perennial wheat in CL having higher SOC and MBC than the other two cropping systems. SOC storage stock in the B-horizon of perennial wheat was on average 18% higher relative to annual wheat, revealing a considerable C storage potential. Overall, the study showed that perennial wheat cultivation can improve microbial biomass and activity in marginal soils compared with cultivation of annual wheat.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"202 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49329364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2022.2032347
Jenifer Wohlers, P. Stolz, Gudrun Mende
ABSTRACT The decay curves of the delayed luminescence of egg yolks after excitation with white, yellow and blue light were investigated, using fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (FES), and the relationships to the origin of the eggs were examined. FES measurements were done by exciting the sample with light of defined wavelengths, representing the colours white (w), blue (bl) and yellow (ye), and the subsequent photon emission was detected. A total of 147 samples (each sample consisted of 10 eggs) were analysed, which originated from samples collected directly from the farm as well as from retail markets. Classification by partitioning and Tukey HSD tests were used to show differences between the origin of the eggs. It was shown that the induced emission of the conventional eggs was different compared with that of the organic eggs, which was reflected especially in the long-time emission parameters R40-w and R80-ye/bl, with lower values for conventional samples. Classification was possible with the parameters R40-w and R80-ye/bl, allowing correct classifications of 91.8% and 95.9% of the samples, respectively.
{"title":"Differentiation of eggs from organic and conventional production systems using fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (FES)","authors":"Jenifer Wohlers, P. Stolz, Gudrun Mende","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2022.2032347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2022.2032347","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The decay curves of the delayed luminescence of egg yolks after excitation with white, yellow and blue light were investigated, using fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (FES), and the relationships to the origin of the eggs were examined. FES measurements were done by exciting the sample with light of defined wavelengths, representing the colours white (w), blue (bl) and yellow (ye), and the subsequent photon emission was detected. A total of 147 samples (each sample consisted of 10 eggs) were analysed, which originated from samples collected directly from the farm as well as from retail markets. Classification by partitioning and Tukey HSD tests were used to show differences between the origin of the eggs. It was shown that the induced emission of the conventional eggs was different compared with that of the organic eggs, which was reflected especially in the long-time emission parameters R40-w and R80-ye/bl, with lower values for conventional samples. Classification was possible with the parameters R40-w and R80-ye/bl, allowing correct classifications of 91.8% and 95.9% of the samples, respectively.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"178 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47863131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-06DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2021.2011783
K. Cherono, Tiluhun S. Workneh
ABSTRACT This study investigated effects of disinfection treatments and storage conditions on the nutrient quality characteristics of tomatoes harvested and transported under typical commercial conditions in South Africa. The experimental treatments included harvest of tomatoes in two seasons, three maturity stages, three transportation conditions (varying distances and road surface profiles), four disinfection treatments (control, hot water, chlorinated or anolyte water in combination with biocontrol) and two storage conditions (cold (11°C) and ambient). For fruit harvested in winter, treatment with hot water (also for summer harvest) or with anolyte water + biocontrol and storage in cold conditions resulted in the highest concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) compared with the other treatments. Fruit transported along the shorter and relatively smoother roads maintained higher AA (summer harvest) and lycopene concentrations compared with fruit transported the longest distance with moderately rough surface profile. The harvesting season and the disinfection treatments had significant effects on the concentrations of sugars. The nutrient characteristics of the tomatoes in the supply chain were shown to be affected not only by environmental and postharvest practices, but also by the road quality, demonstrated for the first time in this study. Cold storage of tomatoes, disinfection with hot water or anolyte water + biocontrol, and transportation planning to minimise the use of rough road surfaces and to use the shortest distances to markets, were recommended as best practices for the industry. Options for improvement of fruit packaging to provide adequate cushioning against physical damage during transportation should be investigated.
{"title":"Nutrient quality characteristics of fresh tomatoes subjected to various transportation and disinfection treatments under commercial conditions in South African supply chains","authors":"K. Cherono, Tiluhun S. Workneh","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2021.2011783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.2011783","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigated effects of disinfection treatments and storage conditions on the nutrient quality characteristics of tomatoes harvested and transported under typical commercial conditions in South Africa. The experimental treatments included harvest of tomatoes in two seasons, three maturity stages, three transportation conditions (varying distances and road surface profiles), four disinfection treatments (control, hot water, chlorinated or anolyte water in combination with biocontrol) and two storage conditions (cold (11°C) and ambient). For fruit harvested in winter, treatment with hot water (also for summer harvest) or with anolyte water + biocontrol and storage in cold conditions resulted in the highest concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) compared with the other treatments. Fruit transported along the shorter and relatively smoother roads maintained higher AA (summer harvest) and lycopene concentrations compared with fruit transported the longest distance with moderately rough surface profile. The harvesting season and the disinfection treatments had significant effects on the concentrations of sugars. The nutrient characteristics of the tomatoes in the supply chain were shown to be affected not only by environmental and postharvest practices, but also by the road quality, demonstrated for the first time in this study. Cold storage of tomatoes, disinfection with hot water or anolyte water + biocontrol, and transportation planning to minimise the use of rough road surfaces and to use the shortest distances to markets, were recommended as best practices for the industry. Options for improvement of fruit packaging to provide adequate cushioning against physical damage during transportation should be investigated.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"124 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43569482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-05DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2021.2010596
J. Ruiz, María Del Carmen Salas Sanjuan
ABSTRACT Plant nutrient deficiencies can reduce crop development and yields and can be especially problematic in high-yielding intensive crop production systems and when organic materials are used as the only source of nutrients. Aqueous extracts used in organic agriculture, such as compost – or vermicompost-tea, often have deficiencies in macro-nutrients and ionic imbalances. However, when organic materials are used as fertilisers, they are often applied in combination with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), which can improve the availability of the nutrients. In this study, PGPB were used as a tool to facilitate the nutrition of horticultural crops without using synthetic fertilisers. Three bacterial species (Azotobacter vinelandii (AV), Bacillus megaterium (BM) and Frateuria aurantia (FA)) were tested as (i) inoculated to an aqueous vermicompost extract and (ii) applied directly by fertigation to the growing medium in two tomato production cycles. The results showed that it was possible to obtain a balanced nutrient solution, with adequate concentrations of the main nutrient ions, from an aqueous and aerated solution made from vermicompost, without the addition of PGPB. In the second trial, the inoculation with PGPB to the growing substrate for tomatoes fertigated with vermicompost tea, resulted in significant increases in the yield and quality of the tomato fruit, increased nutrient assimilation by the plants and increased enzymatic activity in the growing substrate.
{"title":"The use of plant growth promoting bacteria for biofertigation; effects on concentrations of nutrients in inoculated aqueous vermicompost extract and on the yield and quality of tomatoes","authors":"J. Ruiz, María Del Carmen Salas Sanjuan","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2021.2010596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.2010596","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Plant nutrient deficiencies can reduce crop development and yields and can be especially problematic in high-yielding intensive crop production systems and when organic materials are used as the only source of nutrients. Aqueous extracts used in organic agriculture, such as compost – or vermicompost-tea, often have deficiencies in macro-nutrients and ionic imbalances. However, when organic materials are used as fertilisers, they are often applied in combination with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), which can improve the availability of the nutrients. In this study, PGPB were used as a tool to facilitate the nutrition of horticultural crops without using synthetic fertilisers. Three bacterial species (Azotobacter vinelandii (AV), Bacillus megaterium (BM) and Frateuria aurantia (FA)) were tested as (i) inoculated to an aqueous vermicompost extract and (ii) applied directly by fertigation to the growing medium in two tomato production cycles. The results showed that it was possible to obtain a balanced nutrient solution, with adequate concentrations of the main nutrient ions, from an aqueous and aerated solution made from vermicompost, without the addition of PGPB. In the second trial, the inoculation with PGPB to the growing substrate for tomatoes fertigated with vermicompost tea, resulted in significant increases in the yield and quality of the tomato fruit, increased nutrient assimilation by the plants and increased enzymatic activity in the growing substrate.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"145 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43696161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2021.2013942
B. Đorđević, D. Pljevljakušić, K. Šavikin, Dubravka Bigović, T. Janković, N. Menković, G. Zdunić
ABSTRACT Agronomic and chemical parameters of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) with respect to the effects of different rates of fertiliser and of net shading were evaluated in a plantation that was in the fifth and sixth year of cultivation. Two commercial organic fertilisers, Fertor and Siforga, were applied at four rates (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 t ha−1), and shading was applied with two types of green polyethylene shading nets, retaining 30% and 50% of sunlight, respectively. Among the pomological characteristics, the clearest difference was observed for the number of clusters, which, in the second year, was significantly increased by both factors. The number of clusters was shown to have the highest correlation with the yield of berries. In the first year, only the higher rates of fertilisation affected the yields, but in the second year, the yields were significantly increased by all of the fertiliser treatments, compared with the control. For metabolic parameters such as dry matter, soluble solids, titratable acidity, sugars and ascorbic acid, the effects of the treatments were inconsistent. Only the highest rates of the fertilisers and the dark net had significant positive effects on the total phenolics. The concentrations of hyperoside in fruit from the shaded shrubs were significantly higher than in the control, with a similar pattern also for isoquercetin, but only for the dark net. Concentrations of the other individual phenolic compounds differed only slightly.
摘要在种植第五年和第六年的人工林中，评估了不同施肥率和净遮荫效果下的黑果Aronia的农艺和化学参数。两种商业有机肥料Fertor和Siforga以四种速率施用（0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 t ha−1），并使用两种类型的绿色聚乙烯遮荫网进行遮荫，分别保留30%和50%的阳光。在果树学特征中，观察到集群数量的差异最为明显，在第二年，这两个因素都显著增加了集群数量。聚类数量与浆果产量的相关性最高。在第一年，只有较高的施肥率会影响产量，但在第二年，与对照相比，所有施肥处理的产量都显著增加。对于代谢参数，如干物质、可溶性固体、可滴定酸度、糖和抗坏血酸，处理的效果不一致。只有最高施肥率和暗网对总酚类物质有显著的积极影响。遮荫灌木果实中金丝桃苷的浓度显著高于对照，异槲皮素也有类似的模式，但仅限于暗网。其他单独酚类化合物的浓度仅略有不同。
{"title":"Effects of fertiliser application and shading on pomological properties and chemical composition of Aronia melanocarpa fruit in organic production","authors":"B. Đorđević, D. Pljevljakušić, K. Šavikin, Dubravka Bigović, T. Janković, N. Menković, G. Zdunić","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2021.2013942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.2013942","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Agronomic and chemical parameters of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) with respect to the effects of different rates of fertiliser and of net shading were evaluated in a plantation that was in the fifth and sixth year of cultivation. Two commercial organic fertilisers, Fertor and Siforga, were applied at four rates (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 t ha−1), and shading was applied with two types of green polyethylene shading nets, retaining 30% and 50% of sunlight, respectively. Among the pomological characteristics, the clearest difference was observed for the number of clusters, which, in the second year, was significantly increased by both factors. The number of clusters was shown to have the highest correlation with the yield of berries. In the first year, only the higher rates of fertilisation affected the yields, but in the second year, the yields were significantly increased by all of the fertiliser treatments, compared with the control. For metabolic parameters such as dry matter, soluble solids, titratable acidity, sugars and ascorbic acid, the effects of the treatments were inconsistent. Only the highest rates of the fertilisers and the dark net had significant positive effects on the total phenolics. The concentrations of hyperoside in fruit from the shaded shrubs were significantly higher than in the control, with a similar pattern also for isoquercetin, but only for the dark net. Concentrations of the other individual phenolic compounds differed only slightly.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"162 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41677142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2021.2006783
J. Guillemin, Bachar Alrustom, H. Darmency
ABSTRACT Cornflower (Cyanus segetum Hill) used to be very frequent and abundant in winter wheat a few decades ago, but because of agricultural intensification it is now an insignificant weed, even classified as endangered in Western Europe. However, cornflower produces nectar that is a resource for pollinators and crop pest predators and parasitoids. To gain benefit from this resource, it is necessary to manage the presence of cornflowers and to maintain the population at a balance that ensures the beneficial ecosystem services whilst avoiding competition with the arable crops. This paper describes bispecific competition trials between cornflower and winter wheat in small experimental plots. The annual experimental conditions were highly variable, leading to plant densities that were too high or too low to estimate a competition threshold. The results provided relevant information on intraspecific competition among cornflower plants and its effect on the growth, the biomass and the yield of wheat. Conventional and organic farming could gain from growing some weeds like cornflower in the fields to provide ecosystem services for the crops.
{"title":"Estimated effects of cornflower presence on winter wheat","authors":"J. Guillemin, Bachar Alrustom, H. Darmency","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2021.2006783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.2006783","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cornflower (Cyanus segetum Hill) used to be very frequent and abundant in winter wheat a few decades ago, but because of agricultural intensification it is now an insignificant weed, even classified as endangered in Western Europe. However, cornflower produces nectar that is a resource for pollinators and crop pest predators and parasitoids. To gain benefit from this resource, it is necessary to manage the presence of cornflowers and to maintain the population at a balance that ensures the beneficial ecosystem services whilst avoiding competition with the arable crops. This paper describes bispecific competition trials between cornflower and winter wheat in small experimental plots. The annual experimental conditions were highly variable, leading to plant densities that were too high or too low to estimate a competition threshold. The results provided relevant information on intraspecific competition among cornflower plants and its effect on the growth, the biomass and the yield of wheat. Conventional and organic farming could gain from growing some weeds like cornflower in the fields to provide ecosystem services for the crops.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"113 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44812537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2021.1992796
Gabriela Cristina Salgado, E. Ambrosano, F. Rossi, I. Otsuk, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosao, Patricia Patri, C. M. Henrique, Cesar Augusto Santana, T. Muraoka, P. Trivelin
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the productivity and nutrient concentrations of organic cherry tomatoes and leguminous green manures grown in intercropping systems in rotation with maize. The experimental design was a complete randomised block design with five replications and eight treatments, as follows: monocrop of cherry tomato adding residual maize crop residue (straw) as a mulch (control), monocrop of cherry tomato without the addition of maize crop residue (control), cherry tomatoes intercropped with jack bean, sun hemp, dwarf velvet bean, mung bean, white lupin or cowpea bean grown as green manures. In this production system, which was evaluated between 2011 and 2013, maize was cultivated from January to April, and the cherry tomatoes, with or without leguminous green manures, were grown from May/July to November/December. The number and weight of total and marketable fruits of tomatoes were 70% – 88% higher in 2011 than in 2012 and the number of damaged fruits was 12% lower in 2011 than in 2012. In 2011, the weights of total and marketable fruits in the intercropping treatment with white lupin were lower than that in the controls and in the intercropping treatments with dwarf velvet and cowpea bean. The white lupin and sun hemp green manures produced the highest biomass dry weight, followed by the jack bean, cowpea bean, mung bean and dwarf velvet bean. The different treatments had no effect on the yield of the maize.
{"title":"Yield and nutrient concentrations of organic cherry tomatoes and legumes grown in intercropping systems in rotation with maize","authors":"Gabriela Cristina Salgado, E. Ambrosano, F. Rossi, I. Otsuk, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosao, Patricia Patri, C. M. Henrique, Cesar Augusto Santana, T. Muraoka, P. Trivelin","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2021.1992796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.1992796","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study evaluated the productivity and nutrient concentrations of organic cherry tomatoes and leguminous green manures grown in intercropping systems in rotation with maize. The experimental design was a complete randomised block design with five replications and eight treatments, as follows: monocrop of cherry tomato adding residual maize crop residue (straw) as a mulch (control), monocrop of cherry tomato without the addition of maize crop residue (control), cherry tomatoes intercropped with jack bean, sun hemp, dwarf velvet bean, mung bean, white lupin or cowpea bean grown as green manures. In this production system, which was evaluated between 2011 and 2013, maize was cultivated from January to April, and the cherry tomatoes, with or without leguminous green manures, were grown from May/July to November/December. The number and weight of total and marketable fruits of tomatoes were 70% – 88% higher in 2011 than in 2012 and the number of damaged fruits was 12% lower in 2011 than in 2012. In 2011, the weights of total and marketable fruits in the intercropping treatment with white lupin were lower than that in the controls and in the intercropping treatments with dwarf velvet and cowpea bean. The white lupin and sun hemp green manures produced the highest biomass dry weight, followed by the jack bean, cowpea bean, mung bean and dwarf velvet bean. The different treatments had no effect on the yield of the maize.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"94 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45743380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2021.1991845
B. Sun, T. Overbury, D. Hopkins
ABSTRACT Soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were determined and the soil structure evaluated for four annual courses in a rotation (Year 1, fattening, non-nose-ringed pigs at a stocking density of one pig produced per 150–200 m2 depending on seasonal conditions; Years 2 and 3, spring wheat; Year 4, reseeded grass-clover) for organically accredited pig production on a shallow calcareous soil in southwest England. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and organic decomposition rates were highest when pigs were present, consistent with recent inputs of feed and nutrient redistributed in dung and urine. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and organic decomposition rates declined over the subsequent courses. The overall production system was sustained by inputs of pig feed one year in four, with nutrients being carried over to subsequent years. The pigs caused significant physical damage leading to soil disaggregation, but the soil structure recovered over the following 2 years. The high concentrations of inorganic nitrogen, particularly nitrate at high concentration ‘hot-spots’ around feeders and housings, and the poor soil structure caused by the pigs represented a significant risk of loss of nutrients and soil. At this site, vertical movement of disaggregated soil and nutrients through cracks and fissures in the underlying limestone may have been an additional route of loss alongside denitrification, volatilisation, erosion and run-off.
{"title":"Soil carbon and nutrient variations in an arable-ley rotation with organic pig production","authors":"B. Sun, T. Overbury, D. Hopkins","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2021.1991845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.1991845","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were determined and the soil structure evaluated for four annual courses in a rotation (Year 1, fattening, non-nose-ringed pigs at a stocking density of one pig produced per 150–200 m2 depending on seasonal conditions; Years 2 and 3, spring wheat; Year 4, reseeded grass-clover) for organically accredited pig production on a shallow calcareous soil in southwest England. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and organic decomposition rates were highest when pigs were present, consistent with recent inputs of feed and nutrient redistributed in dung and urine. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and organic decomposition rates declined over the subsequent courses. The overall production system was sustained by inputs of pig feed one year in four, with nutrients being carried over to subsequent years. The pigs caused significant physical damage leading to soil disaggregation, but the soil structure recovered over the following 2 years. The high concentrations of inorganic nitrogen, particularly nitrate at high concentration ‘hot-spots’ around feeders and housings, and the poor soil structure caused by the pigs represented a significant risk of loss of nutrients and soil. At this site, vertical movement of disaggregated soil and nutrients through cracks and fissures in the underlying limestone may have been an additional route of loss alongside denitrification, volatilisation, erosion and run-off.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"61 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47260288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2021.1966506
Evandro Francisco Ferreira da Silva Souza, L. O. Medici, Marcello A. D. Gentile, M. Hassanpouraghdam, Daniela F. Carvalho, Leonardo Duarte Batista da Silva
ABSTRACT Plant residues are often composted prior to use as organic amendments or fertilisers, but in this study a new approach, referred here to as greenponics, was evaluated, using undecomposed plant biomass as the growing substrate and fertiliser. Cherry tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum) cv. Perinha Água Branca, were grown in 8 L pots filled with 600 g of air-dried bahia-grass clippings (Paspalum notatum). Soil (750 g) was placed in the centre of the pot, into which the tomato seedling was transplanted, and on the top (1250 g) to retain the moisture in the grass. At 63 days after transplanting, an additional 300 g of grass clippings were applied to each pot. Three treatments were applied as microbial inoculants to support the mineralisation of nutrients from the grass; a control (tap water) and two types of dairy cattle wastewater, applied raw or after treatment in a constructed wetland system. For each treatment, nine doses of 150 mL of water/wastewater were applied manually during the experiment. The control and the raw wastewater treatment produced 937 and 913 g marketable fruit plant−1, respectively, yields similar to those reported in the literature for organic cultivation of the same cultivar. Application of the treated wastewater resulted in lower yields (811 g plant−1), indicating that the grass clippings did not necessarily require the microbial inoculant to release nutrients for the growth of the tomatoes. Greenponics with grass clippings as the only source of fertiliser could be recommended as a potential alternative for growing cherry tomatoes in pots.
植物残体通常在用作有机改进剂或肥料之前进行堆肥，但在本研究中，研究人员评估了一种新的方法，即利用未分解的植物生物量作为生长基质和肥料。圣女果(Solanum lycopersicum)Perinha Água Branca，生长在8 L的花盆中，装满600 g风干的巴伊亚草剪枝(Paspalum notatum)。土壤(750克)放在花盆的中心，西红柿幼苗被移栽进去，土壤(1250克)放在顶部，以保持草中的水分。在移栽后的第63天，每盆再加300克剪下的草屑。三种处理分别作为微生物接种剂，以支持草中营养物质的矿化;一种对照(自来水)和两种奶牛废水，在人工湿地系统中使用未经处理或处理后的废水。在实验过程中，每次处理手动施加9个剂量的150 mL水/废水。对照和原废水处理分别产生937和913 g可销售的果实，产量与文献报道的有机栽培相同。施用处理过的废水导致产量较低(811克植物−1)，这表明割草并不一定需要微生物接种剂来释放西红柿生长所需的营养物质。以草屑为唯一肥料来源的绿色栽培可以推荐作为盆栽种植圣女果的潜在替代方案。
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Pub Date : 2021-09-03DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2021.1971110
A. Verma, P. Kumar, M. L. Soni, Navraten Pawar, Upendra Pradhan, S. Tanwar, Shrawan Kumar
ABSTRACT Litterfall production, decomposition and nutrient release was investigated for three prominent agroforestry tree species, Prosopis cineraria, Tecomella undulata and Hardwickia binata, grown in the arid western region of India. The highest litterfall was recorded for H. binata (9.44 Mg ha−l y−1) followed by P. cineraria (8.94 Mg ha−l y−1) and T. undulata (3.74 Mg ha−l y−1). It took 15, 12 and 9 months for decomposition of 90% of the litter of H. binata, P. cineraria and T. undulata, respectively. Regression analysis showed that rainfall and air temperature had significant impacts on the decomposition process. Soil moisture and soil microbial biomass carbon showed high correlations (R2 > 0.70, p < 0.01) with litter decay. The rate of release of N (k N = 0.0014, surface (0–15 cm); k N = 0.0015, sub-surface (15–30 cm)) and K (k K = 0.0041, surface; k K = 0.0047, sub-surface) was highest from P. cineraria, whereas release rates of P were statistically equivalent for all species. N release from the decomposing litter increased initially, but then decreased as decomposition progressed. Concentrations of P, K and Mg in the litter decreased throughout the decomposition, with some fluctuations in P and Mg for P. cineraria and H. binata at the later stage. Ca release did not follow any specific trend. P. cineraria, with considerable amounts of litterfall, the highest nutrient inputs to the soil and the most rapid release of nutrients during the decomposition, was concluded to facilitate greater fertility build-up of the soil compared with the other two species.
摘要对印度西部干旱地区3种主要农林业树种Prosopis cineraria、Tecomella波动和Hardwickia binata凋落物的生成、分解和养分释放进行了研究。落叶量最大的是双生木(9.44 Mg ha - 1y - 1)，其次是灰孢木(8.94 Mg ha - 1y - 1)和波柳木(3.74 Mg ha - 1y - 1)。褐飞蛾、灰灰飞蛾和波状飞蛾的90%凋落物分解时间分别为15、12和9个月。回归分析表明，降雨和气温对分解过程有显著影响。土壤水分和土壤微生物生物量碳与凋落物腐烂呈高度相关(R2 > 0.70, p < 0.01)。N的释放率(k N = 0.0014，表面(0-15 cm);k N = 0.0015，次表层(15-30 cm))和k (k k = 0.0041，表层;k k = 0.0047(亚表层)最高，而P的释放率在所有物种中具有统计学意义。凋落物N释放量先增加后减少。凋落物中P、K、Mg的浓度在整个分解过程中均呈下降趋势，在后期有一定的波动。Ca的发布没有遵循任何特定的趋势。结论认为，与其他两种植物相比，灰霉的凋落物量相当大，对土壤的养分输入最多，分解过程中养分释放最快，有利于土壤肥力的积累。
{"title":"Litter production and litter dynamics in different agroforestry systems in the arid western region of India","authors":"A. Verma, P. Kumar, M. L. Soni, Navraten Pawar, Upendra Pradhan, S. Tanwar, Shrawan Kumar","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2021.1971110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.1971110","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Litterfall production, decomposition and nutrient release was investigated for three prominent agroforestry tree species, Prosopis cineraria, Tecomella undulata and Hardwickia binata, grown in the arid western region of India. The highest litterfall was recorded for H. binata (9.44 Mg ha−l y−1) followed by P. cineraria (8.94 Mg ha−l y−1) and T. undulata (3.74 Mg ha−l y−1). It took 15, 12 and 9 months for decomposition of 90% of the litter of H. binata, P. cineraria and T. undulata, respectively. Regression analysis showed that rainfall and air temperature had significant impacts on the decomposition process. Soil moisture and soil microbial biomass carbon showed high correlations (R2 > 0.70, p < 0.01) with litter decay. The rate of release of N (k N = 0.0014, surface (0–15 cm); k N = 0.0015, sub-surface (15–30 cm)) and K (k K = 0.0041, surface; k K = 0.0047, sub-surface) was highest from P. cineraria, whereas release rates of P were statistically equivalent for all species. N release from the decomposing litter increased initially, but then decreased as decomposition progressed. Concentrations of P, K and Mg in the litter decreased throughout the decomposition, with some fluctuations in P and Mg for P. cineraria and H. binata at the later stage. Ca release did not follow any specific trend. P. cineraria, with considerable amounts of litterfall, the highest nutrient inputs to the soil and the most rapid release of nutrients during the decomposition, was concluded to facilitate greater fertility build-up of the soil compared with the other two species.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"38 1","pages":"40 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46734678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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