Pub Date : 2019-06-18DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1627908
M. Toom, L. Talgre, A. Mäe, S. Tamm, L. Narits, L. Edesi, M. Haljak, E. Lauringson
ABSTRACT The use of cover crops in crop rotations provides a wide range of ecosystem services including protection of the soil from nutrient loss. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of winter cover crop species for Estonian conditions. Field trials with cover crop species winter rye (Secale cereale L), winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa spp. oleifera L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) were carried out during the period 2016–2018 at the Estonian Crop Research Institute. Biomass production, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) accumulation were evaluated. The results under northern European conditions indicated that together with winter rye and winter turnip rape, hairy vetch survived the winters. By the spring, hairy vetch had produced the most biomass and accumulated the highest amount of N, compared with the other species. Winter turnip rape showed the greatest uptake of P, K and Ca in the spring. In both years, forage radish presented the highest biomass and nutrient accumulation in the autumn. After winterkill and decomposition in the spring, the forage radish left holes in the ground, which could be a beneficial characteristic, particularly in no-tillage farming systems. Berseem clover did not produce remarkable biomass in the autumn and was killed by the first frosts and was therefore considered unsuitable as an overwintering cover crop for northern latitudes.
{"title":"Selecting winter cover crop species for northern climatic conditions","authors":"M. Toom, L. Talgre, A. Mäe, S. Tamm, L. Narits, L. Edesi, M. Haljak, E. Lauringson","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1627908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1627908","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The use of cover crops in crop rotations provides a wide range of ecosystem services including protection of the soil from nutrient loss. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of winter cover crop species for Estonian conditions. Field trials with cover crop species winter rye (Secale cereale L), winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa spp. oleifera L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) were carried out during the period 2016–2018 at the Estonian Crop Research Institute. Biomass production, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) accumulation were evaluated. The results under northern European conditions indicated that together with winter rye and winter turnip rape, hairy vetch survived the winters. By the spring, hairy vetch had produced the most biomass and accumulated the highest amount of N, compared with the other species. Winter turnip rape showed the greatest uptake of P, K and Ca in the spring. In both years, forage radish presented the highest biomass and nutrient accumulation in the autumn. After winterkill and decomposition in the spring, the forage radish left holes in the ground, which could be a beneficial characteristic, particularly in no-tillage farming systems. Berseem clover did not produce remarkable biomass in the autumn and was killed by the first frosts and was therefore considered unsuitable as an overwintering cover crop for northern latitudes.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"263 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1627908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49170129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-10DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1625074
I. Domagała-Świątkiewicz, P. Siwek, P. Bucki, K. Rabiasz
ABSTRACT Effects of cover crops on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of the following cash-crops were evaluated in an organic system in a high tunnel. The sequence of crops in the two-year study was: vetch or vetch-rye followed by zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) and then lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) in 2016 and celery (Apium graveolens L.) in 2017. In the plots with cover crops, two mulches (black and transparent polyethylene (PE) film) were used to cover the soil at the end of the first season during the winter period. The differences in the biomass between vetch grown on its own and the vetch-rye mixture were not significant, but the total amount of N accumulated in the biomass of the vetch (252 kg N ha−1) was greater than that of the vetch-rye mixture (174 kg N ha−1). The use of cover crops improved soil properties in the first season (2016), including water stable aggregate index and soil organic matter. In the second season (2017), the use of cover crops combined with PE mulching had a beneficial effect on soil the pH, the water-stable aggregate index, and the availability of Ca, Mg, B and Fe. Covering the soil with black PE mulch during the winter (in both the vetch and the vetch-rye treatments), increased celery yield, compared with the transparent PE mulch and the untreated soil. The use of black PE mulch in the vetch treatment and transparent PE mulch in the vetch-rye treatment reduced soil organic carbon.
摘要在高隧道有机系统中，评价了覆盖作物对土壤理化性质及经济作物产量的影响。在为期两年的研究中，作物顺序是:紫薇或紫薇黑麦，然后是西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo)， 2016年是生菜(Lactuca sativa L)， 2017年是芹菜(Apium graveolens L.)。在覆盖作物的地块，在冬季第一季结束时使用两种地膜(黑色和透明聚乙烯(PE)膜)覆盖土壤。单独生长的野豌豆与混交种的生物量差异不显著，但总氮积累量(252 kg N ha−1)大于混交种(174 kg N ha−1)。覆盖作物在第一季(2016年)改善了土壤性质，包括水稳团聚体指数和土壤有机质。第二季(2017年)覆盖作物与PE复盖对土壤pH、水稳性团聚体指数和Ca、Mg、B、Fe有效性均有显著影响。与透明PE覆盖和未处理的土壤相比，在冬季覆盖黑色PE覆盖土壤(紫薇和紫薇-黑麦处理)，芹菜产量增加。紫薇处理采用黑色聚乙烯地膜，紫薇-黑麦处理采用透明聚乙烯地膜，降低了土壤有机碳。
{"title":"Effect of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and vetch-rye (Secale cereale L.) biculture cover crops and plastic mulching in high tunnel vegetable production under organic management","authors":"I. Domagała-Świątkiewicz, P. Siwek, P. Bucki, K. Rabiasz","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1625074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1625074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Effects of cover crops on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of the following cash-crops were evaluated in an organic system in a high tunnel. The sequence of crops in the two-year study was: vetch or vetch-rye followed by zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) and then lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) in 2016 and celery (Apium graveolens L.) in 2017. In the plots with cover crops, two mulches (black and transparent polyethylene (PE) film) were used to cover the soil at the end of the first season during the winter period. The differences in the biomass between vetch grown on its own and the vetch-rye mixture were not significant, but the total amount of N accumulated in the biomass of the vetch (252 kg N ha−1) was greater than that of the vetch-rye mixture (174 kg N ha−1). The use of cover crops improved soil properties in the first season (2016), including water stable aggregate index and soil organic matter. In the second season (2017), the use of cover crops combined with PE mulching had a beneficial effect on soil the pH, the water-stable aggregate index, and the availability of Ca, Mg, B and Fe. Covering the soil with black PE mulch during the winter (in both the vetch and the vetch-rye treatments), increased celery yield, compared with the transparent PE mulch and the untreated soil. The use of black PE mulch in the vetch treatment and transparent PE mulch in the vetch-rye treatment reduced soil organic carbon.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"248 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1625074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47511851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-16DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1616614
Z. Abbes, I. Trabelsi, M. Kharrat, M. Amri
ABSTRACT Orobanche foetida is a devastating weed parasitising faba bean crops in Tunisia. Several methods have been used for controlling this parasite, but without much success. In this study, the effect of intercropping with fenugreek on O. foetida infestation and faba bean production was studied. Results showed a significant reduction in O. foetida infestation in the susceptible (Badi) and resistant (Najeh) faba bean cultivars when intercropped with fenugreek in field, pot and petri dish experiments. This reduction appeared to be related to reduced seed germination and low numbers of underground Orobanche attachments, which may have been as a result of allelochemicals released by fenugreek roots, though this was not confirmed in this study. Intercropping with fenugreek also resulted in a significant increase in the shoot dry weight and seed yield especially in the resistant cultivar Najeh. These results attest that intercropping with fenugreek can be used in an integrated strategy management to reduce broomrape infestation.
{"title":"Intercropping with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) enhanced seed yield and reduced Orobanche foetida infestation in faba bean (Vicia faba)","authors":"Z. Abbes, I. Trabelsi, M. Kharrat, M. Amri","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1616614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1616614","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Orobanche foetida is a devastating weed parasitising faba bean crops in Tunisia. Several methods have been used for controlling this parasite, but without much success. In this study, the effect of intercropping with fenugreek on O. foetida infestation and faba bean production was studied. Results showed a significant reduction in O. foetida infestation in the susceptible (Badi) and resistant (Najeh) faba bean cultivars when intercropped with fenugreek in field, pot and petri dish experiments. This reduction appeared to be related to reduced seed germination and low numbers of underground Orobanche attachments, which may have been as a result of allelochemicals released by fenugreek roots, though this was not confirmed in this study. Intercropping with fenugreek also resulted in a significant increase in the shoot dry weight and seed yield especially in the resistant cultivar Najeh. These results attest that intercropping with fenugreek can be used in an integrated strategy management to reduce broomrape infestation.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"238 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1616614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45752026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1600168
J. Hirzel, D. Donnay, C. Fernández, S. Meier, Octavio Lagos, P. Mejias-Barrera, F. Rodríguez
ABSTRACT Organic production systems have generated new technology and management tools, including the use of different nutrient sources. To support to the selection of appropriate organic N fertilisers, based on their N availability over time, a controlled experiment was carried out in three soils with contrasting physical-chemical properties. Seven organic fertilisers, a control without fertiliser and a reference with a conventional fertiliser were used, all providing a total N dose of 100 mg kg−1 soil. Soils were incubated under aerobic conditions for 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days, to determine the availability of ammonium, nitrate, and available N. This enabled classification of the fertilisers, according to N availability rates for the total incubation period, as fertilisers with low (compost), medium (Fertil, lupin meal and blood meal), or high (sodium nitrate, Purely Grow and Purely Lysine) N availability rates. According to the speed of N delivery, fertilisers were classified as having a rapid (Purely Grow and sodium nitrate), intermediate (Purely Lysine, blood meal and Fertil), or slow (lupin meal and compost) N delivery speed. The results can be used to support decision making in organic production by enabling the selection of N fertilisers according to their N availability rate and to adjust fertiliser applications to the requirements of the crop.
{"title":"Controlled experiment to determine nitrogen availability for seven organic fertilisers in three contrasting soils","authors":"J. Hirzel, D. Donnay, C. Fernández, S. Meier, Octavio Lagos, P. Mejias-Barrera, F. Rodríguez","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1600168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1600168","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Organic production systems have generated new technology and management tools, including the use of different nutrient sources. To support to the selection of appropriate organic N fertilisers, based on their N availability over time, a controlled experiment was carried out in three soils with contrasting physical-chemical properties. Seven organic fertilisers, a control without fertiliser and a reference with a conventional fertiliser were used, all providing a total N dose of 100 mg kg−1 soil. Soils were incubated under aerobic conditions for 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days, to determine the availability of ammonium, nitrate, and available N. This enabled classification of the fertilisers, according to N availability rates for the total incubation period, as fertilisers with low (compost), medium (Fertil, lupin meal and blood meal), or high (sodium nitrate, Purely Grow and Purely Lysine) N availability rates. According to the speed of N delivery, fertilisers were classified as having a rapid (Purely Grow and sodium nitrate), intermediate (Purely Lysine, blood meal and Fertil), or slow (lupin meal and compost) N delivery speed. The results can be used to support decision making in organic production by enabling the selection of N fertilisers according to their N availability rate and to adjust fertiliser applications to the requirements of the crop.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"197 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1600168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48215092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2018.1457982
R. P. Yadav, B. Gupta, P. L. Bhutia, J. K. Bisht, A. Pattanayak
Abstract Himalayan ecosystems are complex, with fragile environment, rugged terrain, unique topography and sensitive to regional and global changes. This region harbours a variety of agricultural practices out of which traditional agroforestry systems are of paramount importance with regard to sustainability and livelihood. In the central Himalayan region, four major traditional agroforestry systems were observed; agrisilviculture (AS), agrihorticulture (AH), agrihortisilviculture (AHS) and agrisilvihorticulture (ASH). System units in each system varied from 8 to 24 and they also differed along the elevation. Likewise, structural components varied in the systems as well as along the elevation. These systems have evolved over long periods of time as farmers have grown the trees and crop combinations for generations. These systems fulfill diverse needs for food, fodder, fruit and timber for the inhabitants of the mountains and provide a backbone to the hill economy and livelihood security for local people.
{"title":"Sustainable agroforestry systems and their structural components as livelihood options along elevation gradient in central Himalaya","authors":"R. P. Yadav, B. Gupta, P. L. Bhutia, J. K. Bisht, A. Pattanayak","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2018.1457982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2018.1457982","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Himalayan ecosystems are complex, with fragile environment, rugged terrain, unique topography and sensitive to regional and global changes. This region harbours a variety of agricultural practices out of which traditional agroforestry systems are of paramount importance with regard to sustainability and livelihood. In the central Himalayan region, four major traditional agroforestry systems were observed; agrisilviculture (AS), agrihorticulture (AH), agrihortisilviculture (AHS) and agrisilvihorticulture (ASH). System units in each system varied from 8 to 24 and they also differed along the elevation. Likewise, structural components varied in the systems as well as along the elevation. These systems have evolved over long periods of time as farmers have grown the trees and crop combinations for generations. These systems fulfill diverse needs for food, fodder, fruit and timber for the inhabitants of the mountains and provide a backbone to the hill economy and livelihood security for local people.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"73 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2018.1457982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45320130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1590234
R. López, Juana Hallat, A. Castro, A. Miras, P. Burgos
ABSTRACT Sources of heavy metal pollution in vegetables can be varied. The focus of this study was to determine the factors affecting trace metal pollution in soils and vegetables that are grown on community urban and periurban organic farms in Spain. The results showed that soil and dust deposition affected plant composition more than other anthropogenic sources, such as traffic loads. Lettuce and broad bean samples collected from one urban farm showed high concentrations of crustal metals Fe, Ca, Mn and Cr, which was thought be due to Saharan dust deposition. The build-up of soil Cu concentration, due to the use of Cu-based fungicide over a long term, was observed on the farm where vegetables had been grown over a long period of time. On the same farm, concentrations of Pb in the soil and the vegetables were noted to be at levels that could pose a risk to human health and/or the environment and this was concluded to be due to the random and uncontrolled disposal of demolition waste containing lead-based white paints. The increased risks for consumers due to these different sources of pollution acting simultaneously demonstrated the need for careful selection of urban soils intended for agricultural use. Soil organic matter counteracted Pb availability, hence organic management and intensive use of organic amendments were recommended for urban farms. Abbreviation: SOM- Soil organic matter
{"title":"Heavy metal pollution in soils and urban-grown organic vegetables in the province of Sevilla, Spain","authors":"R. López, Juana Hallat, A. Castro, A. Miras, P. Burgos","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1590234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1590234","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sources of heavy metal pollution in vegetables can be varied. The focus of this study was to determine the factors affecting trace metal pollution in soils and vegetables that are grown on community urban and periurban organic farms in Spain. The results showed that soil and dust deposition affected plant composition more than other anthropogenic sources, such as traffic loads. Lettuce and broad bean samples collected from one urban farm showed high concentrations of crustal metals Fe, Ca, Mn and Cr, which was thought be due to Saharan dust deposition. The build-up of soil Cu concentration, due to the use of Cu-based fungicide over a long term, was observed on the farm where vegetables had been grown over a long period of time. On the same farm, concentrations of Pb in the soil and the vegetables were noted to be at levels that could pose a risk to human health and/or the environment and this was concluded to be due to the random and uncontrolled disposal of demolition waste containing lead-based white paints. The increased risks for consumers due to these different sources of pollution acting simultaneously demonstrated the need for careful selection of urban soils intended for agricultural use. Soil organic matter counteracted Pb availability, hence organic management and intensive use of organic amendments were recommended for urban farms. Abbreviation: SOM- Soil organic matter","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"219 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1590234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48083814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1584866
N. Georgieva, V. Kosev, G. Naydenova, D. Mitev
ABSTRACT Creation of plant associations with maximum stability of yields in the regional ecological conditions for which they have been designed is key in modern agriculture. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the environment on productivity and stability of six grass associations (red fescue, pure stand; red fescue and birdsfoot trefoil; red fescue, tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil; red fescue and Kentucky bluegrass; red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and alfalfa; red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and birdsfoot trefoil) in four locations (mountain slope with eastern, western, northern and south-eastern facing direction). Methods of dispersion, regression and nonparametric analysis were used to evaluate the stability of the mixtures. According to the productivity during the 13-year study period and the calculated stability parameters, the triple mixture of red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and alfalfa was the highest yielding mixture, but this mixture also manifested itself as unstable. The lower yielding mixed sward of red fescue and Kentucky bluegrass and the pure stand of red fescue were also distinguished by low adaptive ability. In the conditions of the Middle Balkan Mountains, the mixture of red fescue, tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil was characterised to have the most favourable combination of productivity and ecological stability, and was considered suitable for growing in a wide range of environmental conditions. As a whole, the swards on the mountain slopes with eastern and south-eastern exposure were more productive but had low stability compared to those grown on western and northern exposure.
{"title":"Ecological assessment of grass associations in the Balkan Mountains conditions","authors":"N. Georgieva, V. Kosev, G. Naydenova, D. Mitev","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1584866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1584866","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Creation of plant associations with maximum stability of yields in the regional ecological conditions for which they have been designed is key in modern agriculture. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the environment on productivity and stability of six grass associations (red fescue, pure stand; red fescue and birdsfoot trefoil; red fescue, tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil; red fescue and Kentucky bluegrass; red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and alfalfa; red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and birdsfoot trefoil) in four locations (mountain slope with eastern, western, northern and south-eastern facing direction). Methods of dispersion, regression and nonparametric analysis were used to evaluate the stability of the mixtures. According to the productivity during the 13-year study period and the calculated stability parameters, the triple mixture of red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and alfalfa was the highest yielding mixture, but this mixture also manifested itself as unstable. The lower yielding mixed sward of red fescue and Kentucky bluegrass and the pure stand of red fescue were also distinguished by low adaptive ability. In the conditions of the Middle Balkan Mountains, the mixture of red fescue, tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil was characterised to have the most favourable combination of productivity and ecological stability, and was considered suitable for growing in a wide range of environmental conditions. As a whole, the swards on the mountain slopes with eastern and south-eastern exposure were more productive but had low stability compared to those grown on western and northern exposure.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"187 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1584866","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48484781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-26DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1580615
Jenifer Wohlers, P. Stolz
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the ability of fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (FES) to differentiate milk samples from different origins. Three different farming systems were chosen: D-samples originating from low-input biodynamic farms (cows fed on hay or pasture); O-samples from intermediate-input organic farms (cows fed mainly on grass silage); and C-samples from high-input conventional farms (indoor housing, cows fed on maize and grass silage). Milk samples were collected every second month between July 2015 and June 2016 from 12 farms (four farms per system), and a total of 70 samples were obtained. Fat-, protein- and urea-concentrations, somatic-cell count and fatty acid levels (FA) were determined. FES-measurements were performed by exciting the sample with light of different wavelengths and detecting delayed luminescence. Differences between farming systems in each season were checked by ANOVA. Factors of season, system and breed were evaluated in a linear regression model. By linear-discriminant analysis, variables contributing to correct classification were analysed. Milk FAs, especially the concentration of omega-3 (n3) and omega-6 (n6) FAs, were different between farming systems, while conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and C18:1t11 (tVA)-concentration was mainly influenced by season (pasture). FES-parameters showed slight seasonal variations, but strong farming-system impacts. Differentiation between the three farming systems was possible for 81% of the samples by using FAs as variables. FES-parameters discriminated up to 86% of the samples, and, in combination, 93% of the samples were classified correctly. These results indicated that FES-results contributed to correct discrimination and that FES-results may be linked with qualities different to the FA profile.
{"title":"Differentiation between milk from low-input biodynamic, intermediate-input organic and high-input conventional farming systems using fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (FES) and fatty acids","authors":"Jenifer Wohlers, P. Stolz","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1580615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1580615","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study evaluated the ability of fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (FES) to differentiate milk samples from different origins. Three different farming systems were chosen: D-samples originating from low-input biodynamic farms (cows fed on hay or pasture); O-samples from intermediate-input organic farms (cows fed mainly on grass silage); and C-samples from high-input conventional farms (indoor housing, cows fed on maize and grass silage). Milk samples were collected every second month between July 2015 and June 2016 from 12 farms (four farms per system), and a total of 70 samples were obtained. Fat-, protein- and urea-concentrations, somatic-cell count and fatty acid levels (FA) were determined. FES-measurements were performed by exciting the sample with light of different wavelengths and detecting delayed luminescence. Differences between farming systems in each season were checked by ANOVA. Factors of season, system and breed were evaluated in a linear regression model. By linear-discriminant analysis, variables contributing to correct classification were analysed. Milk FAs, especially the concentration of omega-3 (n3) and omega-6 (n6) FAs, were different between farming systems, while conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and C18:1t11 (tVA)-concentration was mainly influenced by season (pasture). FES-parameters showed slight seasonal variations, but strong farming-system impacts. Differentiation between the three farming systems was possible for 81% of the samples by using FAs as variables. FES-parameters discriminated up to 86% of the samples, and, in combination, 93% of the samples were classified correctly. These results indicated that FES-results contributed to correct discrimination and that FES-results may be linked with qualities different to the FA profile.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"172 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1580615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47155215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-18DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1577757
Rahmatullah Hashimi, M. Komatsuzaki, T. Mineta, S. Kaneda, N. Kaneko
ABSTRACT Deep-inversion tillage for weed control and residue incorporation can have a detrimental effect on agroecosystems. Despite the potential for no-tillage (NT) organic farming to improve soil quality, the yield response of NT can vary. This study compared the effects of NT and conventional rotary tillage (CT), leafmould application (LM+) and no leafmould (LM–), clipped-weed mulch application (CM+) and no weed mulch (CM–) on eggplant yield and crop residue (Solanum melongena L.) and on soil chemical and physical properties under standard organic farming conditions. In both years, NT CM+ resulted in higher yield and crop residue than in NT CM–. Soil bulk density was 34 and 32% lower in 2014 and 2015, respectively, in NT compared with CT. In both years, CM+ had a significant impact on the water content in the surface-layer in both tillage systems. Soil organic carbon and active carbon concentrations, at 0–2.5 cm depth, were 85 and 20% higher in NT than in CT. In October, NO3-N, exchangeable Mg2+, Ca2+ (in 0–2.5 cm only) and available P (in 0–2.5 cm only) were higher in NT than in CT in soil layers 0–2.5 cm and 2.5–7.5 cm. CM+ resulted in increased soil inorganic nitrogen in NT plots during the growing season. The results suggested that NT with CM+ application can be a valuable conservation practice for increasing yield and soil carbon in organic farming by reducing tillage intensity.
{"title":"Potential for no-tillage and clipped-weed mulching to improve soil quality and yield in organic eggplant production","authors":"Rahmatullah Hashimi, M. Komatsuzaki, T. Mineta, S. Kaneda, N. Kaneko","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1577757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1577757","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Deep-inversion tillage for weed control and residue incorporation can have a detrimental effect on agroecosystems. Despite the potential for no-tillage (NT) organic farming to improve soil quality, the yield response of NT can vary. This study compared the effects of NT and conventional rotary tillage (CT), leafmould application (LM+) and no leafmould (LM–), clipped-weed mulch application (CM+) and no weed mulch (CM–) on eggplant yield and crop residue (Solanum melongena L.) and on soil chemical and physical properties under standard organic farming conditions. In both years, NT CM+ resulted in higher yield and crop residue than in NT CM–. Soil bulk density was 34 and 32% lower in 2014 and 2015, respectively, in NT compared with CT. In both years, CM+ had a significant impact on the water content in the surface-layer in both tillage systems. Soil organic carbon and active carbon concentrations, at 0–2.5 cm depth, were 85 and 20% higher in NT than in CT. In October, NO3-N, exchangeable Mg2+, Ca2+ (in 0–2.5 cm only) and available P (in 0–2.5 cm only) were higher in NT than in CT in soil layers 0–2.5 cm and 2.5–7.5 cm. CM+ resulted in increased soil inorganic nitrogen in NT plots during the growing season. The results suggested that NT with CM+ application can be a valuable conservation practice for increasing yield and soil carbon in organic farming by reducing tillage intensity.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"158 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1577757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48173319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2018.1455607
Christina M. Bavougian, Elizabeth Sarno, S. Knezevic, C. Shapiro
Abstract Mechanical cover crop (CC) termination can reduce tillage in organic rotations, but research is needed to develop recommendations for producers in the upper Midwest, U.S.A. Field studies were conducted near Concord, NE, U.S.A., in 2008–2009 and 2009–2010. This study compared no-till [roller/crimper (CRIMP) and broadcast propane flame (FLAME)] and spring disk (DISK) termination of legume, grass, and broadleaf CCs and their effects on a subsequent maize or soybean crop. Before sowing the grain, overwintering CC species were terminated; frost-killed (FROST) CCs were also disked in the spring. Weeds were controlled via cultivation in the tilled systems (DISK and FROST); CC residue was left as a surface mulch in the no-till systems (CRIMP and FLAME). Termination method/tillage regime had greater influence than CC species on grain yield and quality, with tilled treatments performing better than CRIMP and FLAME, likely due to early season weed pressure and low stand establishment in the no-till treatments. Maize yield for the DISK system was on average 6.8 Mg ha−1 in both trials, while FLAME and CRIMP produced 57–78% less. Soybean yields for DISK were 3.3 and 2.0 Mg ha−1; CRIMP and FLAME produced 21–33% less in 2009 and 56% less in 2010. The CCs best suited to no-till systems were winter rye (superior biomass) and hairy vetch (successful mechanical termination). FLAME performed as well as CRIMP. The results suggested that no-till CC termination should be employed within a comprehensive weed management system to minimise yield losses due to weeds and CC regrowth.
{"title":"Cover crop species and termination method effects on organic maize and soybean","authors":"Christina M. Bavougian, Elizabeth Sarno, S. Knezevic, C. Shapiro","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2018.1455607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2018.1455607","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mechanical cover crop (CC) termination can reduce tillage in organic rotations, but research is needed to develop recommendations for producers in the upper Midwest, U.S.A. Field studies were conducted near Concord, NE, U.S.A., in 2008–2009 and 2009–2010. This study compared no-till [roller/crimper (CRIMP) and broadcast propane flame (FLAME)] and spring disk (DISK) termination of legume, grass, and broadleaf CCs and their effects on a subsequent maize or soybean crop. Before sowing the grain, overwintering CC species were terminated; frost-killed (FROST) CCs were also disked in the spring. Weeds were controlled via cultivation in the tilled systems (DISK and FROST); CC residue was left as a surface mulch in the no-till systems (CRIMP and FLAME). Termination method/tillage regime had greater influence than CC species on grain yield and quality, with tilled treatments performing better than CRIMP and FLAME, likely due to early season weed pressure and low stand establishment in the no-till treatments. Maize yield for the DISK system was on average 6.8 Mg ha−1 in both trials, while FLAME and CRIMP produced 57–78% less. Soybean yields for DISK were 3.3 and 2.0 Mg ha−1; CRIMP and FLAME produced 21–33% less in 2009 and 56% less in 2010. The CCs best suited to no-till systems were winter rye (superior biomass) and hairy vetch (successful mechanical termination). FLAME performed as well as CRIMP. The results suggested that no-till CC termination should be employed within a comprehensive weed management system to minimise yield losses due to weeds and CC regrowth.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"35 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2018.1455607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43321831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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