Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1706636
R. Larkin
ABSTRACT Soilborne diseases are persistent problems in potato production and alternative management practices are needed, particularly in organic production, where control options are limited. Selected biocontrol organisms, including two naturally occurring hypovirulent strains of Rhizoctonia solani (Rhs1A1 and Bs69) and a commercially available Bacillus subtilis (GB03), were evaluated, both individually and in combination, for control of soilborne diseases of potato under organic production practices over three field seasons in Maine. Varying rainfall conditions over the 3 years significantly affected crop growth, tuber yield, and disease development. However, multiple biocontrol treatments resulted in significant reductions in black scurf and common scab under a variety of environmental conditions, reducing incidence and severity of each by 15–47%. Most biocontrol treatments reduced black scurf, but only specific treatments reduced common scab and silver scurf (by 15–40% and 16–24%, respectively). Combinations including both a hypovirulent strain and GB03 tended to be the most effective treatments overall. Although tuber yield varied greatly by year, Rhs1A1 and GB03 treatments, as well as combinations, increased yield by 11–37% over all three seasons. Use of hypovirulent R. solani, along with other biocontrol organisms, may provide reductions in soilborne diseases and enhanced yield in organic potato production.
{"title":"Biological control of soilborne diseases in organic potato production using hypovirulent strains of Rhizoctonia solani","authors":"R. Larkin","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1706636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1706636","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soilborne diseases are persistent problems in potato production and alternative management practices are needed, particularly in organic production, where control options are limited. Selected biocontrol organisms, including two naturally occurring hypovirulent strains of Rhizoctonia solani (Rhs1A1 and Bs69) and a commercially available Bacillus subtilis (GB03), were evaluated, both individually and in combination, for control of soilborne diseases of potato under organic production practices over three field seasons in Maine. Varying rainfall conditions over the 3 years significantly affected crop growth, tuber yield, and disease development. However, multiple biocontrol treatments resulted in significant reductions in black scurf and common scab under a variety of environmental conditions, reducing incidence and severity of each by 15–47%. Most biocontrol treatments reduced black scurf, but only specific treatments reduced common scab and silver scurf (by 15–40% and 16–24%, respectively). Combinations including both a hypovirulent strain and GB03 tended to be the most effective treatments overall. Although tuber yield varied greatly by year, Rhs1A1 and GB03 treatments, as well as combinations, increased yield by 11–37% over all three seasons. Use of hypovirulent R. solani, along with other biocontrol organisms, may provide reductions in soilborne diseases and enhanced yield in organic potato production.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"36 1","pages":"119 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1706636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42404552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1698464
H. Mahdavi, M. Allahyari, C. Damalas, E. Dunn
ABSTRACT Organic agriculture has received attention in Iran because of the environmental problems that have resulted from the overuse of chemicals in agriculture, but despite the many benefits, the adoption rate of organic farming is still low. This study used an expert consensus Delphi technique in three rounds to identify drivers and barriers for organic rice production in the Guilan Province, Iran. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was used for assessing experts’ consensus. Informing about the benefits of organic rice consumption and obtaining an ID card for eco-labelling of organic rice by governmental regulatory bodies were the most important drivers for organic rice farming. On the other hand, the high cost of inspection and supervision of organic farms by the Iranian Organic Association and the lack of attention to the role of branding in the promotion of organic rice consumption were the main barriers for organic rice farming. In addition, farmers’ risk aversion due to reliance on rice as the only source of annual income and thus farmers’ economic dependence on rice was another important barrier. The findings of this study highlighted the vital role of the government and the agricultural extension agencies in promoting organic rice production in Iran. It is recommended that the government should consider providing direct incentives to organic rice farmers and extension services should support organic farmers to maintain or enhance grain yields.
{"title":"Drivers and barriers for organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in northern Iran: experts’ consensus using the Delphi method","authors":"H. Mahdavi, M. Allahyari, C. Damalas, E. Dunn","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1698464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1698464","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Organic agriculture has received attention in Iran because of the environmental problems that have resulted from the overuse of chemicals in agriculture, but despite the many benefits, the adoption rate of organic farming is still low. This study used an expert consensus Delphi technique in three rounds to identify drivers and barriers for organic rice production in the Guilan Province, Iran. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was used for assessing experts’ consensus. Informing about the benefits of organic rice consumption and obtaining an ID card for eco-labelling of organic rice by governmental regulatory bodies were the most important drivers for organic rice farming. On the other hand, the high cost of inspection and supervision of organic farms by the Iranian Organic Association and the lack of attention to the role of branding in the promotion of organic rice consumption were the main barriers for organic rice farming. In addition, farmers’ risk aversion due to reliance on rice as the only source of annual income and thus farmers’ economic dependence on rice was another important barrier. The findings of this study highlighted the vital role of the government and the agricultural extension agencies in promoting organic rice production in Iran. It is recommended that the government should consider providing direct incentives to organic rice farmers and extension services should support organic farmers to maintain or enhance grain yields.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"36 1","pages":"106 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1698464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45045923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-17DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2020.1739556
R. Amini, Bahram Choubforoush Khoei, A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab, Y. Raei
ABSTRACT To study the effects of intercropping different sugar beet cultivars with soybean, Moldavian balm and proso millet in an organic production system on the yield and quality of sugar beet, a factorial experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 in West Azarbayjan, Iran. In 2016, the sugar beet-soybean intercropping resulted in the highest Na and α-amino-N concentrations in the sugar beet (2.384 and 2.879 meq. 100 g−1 beet respectively), but in 2017 the concentrations of these compounds were not significantly different between the intercropping patterns. For all intercropping patterns the land equivalent ratio (LER) was greater than one. In 2016, the highest LERT, based on white sugar yield, was obtained in the sugar beet–soybean intercropping system (1.27 for cv. Vaclav), but in 2017 the highest LERT based on white sugar yield, was obtained in sugar beet–Moldavian balm intercropping (1.24 for cv. Vaclav). Among the sugar beet cultivars, Ghazira had the highest sugar concentration and white sugar yield. It was concluded that the sugar beet–Moldavian balm intercropping system could be used in organic production systems to achieve high land productivity.
{"title":"Effects of intercropping sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with millet, soybean and Moldavian balm on yield and quality in an organic production system","authors":"R. Amini, Bahram Choubforoush Khoei, A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab, Y. Raei","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2020.1739556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2020.1739556","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To study the effects of intercropping different sugar beet cultivars with soybean, Moldavian balm and proso millet in an organic production system on the yield and quality of sugar beet, a factorial experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 in West Azarbayjan, Iran. In 2016, the sugar beet-soybean intercropping resulted in the highest Na and α-amino-N concentrations in the sugar beet (2.384 and 2.879 meq. 100 g−1 beet respectively), but in 2017 the concentrations of these compounds were not significantly different between the intercropping patterns. For all intercropping patterns the land equivalent ratio (LER) was greater than one. In 2016, the highest LERT, based on white sugar yield, was obtained in the sugar beet–soybean intercropping system (1.27 for cv. Vaclav), but in 2017 the highest LERT based on white sugar yield, was obtained in sugar beet–Moldavian balm intercropping (1.24 for cv. Vaclav). Among the sugar beet cultivars, Ghazira had the highest sugar concentration and white sugar yield. It was concluded that the sugar beet–Moldavian balm intercropping system could be used in organic production systems to achieve high land productivity.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"36 1","pages":"141 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2020.1739556","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47293726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1685407
M. Monder, A. Pacholczak
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rooting stimulators on the rooting of rose cuttings harvested at different phenological stages of the stock plants and on concentrations of carbohydrates in the shoots and leaves of the rooted cuttings. Shoots from once-blooming, difficult-to-root cultivars Duchesse d’Angoulême, Hurdals, Maiden’s Blush, Mousseuse Rouge were cut at the phenological stages: flower buds closed; all flowers open; immediately after petal shedding; and 7–14 days after petal fall. Single node stem cuttings were treated with rooting preparations containing either 0.4% IBA (Ukorzeniacz Aaqua) or 0.2% NAA (Ukorzeniacz Baqua) or with biostimulants Bio Rhizotonic, Root JuiceTM or Bio Roots. The phenological stage of the stock plant shoots had an important role in the propagation of the cultivars. Effects of IBA, NAA and the biostimulants depended on the phenological stage and the cultivar. Cuttings of all cultivars from shoots with closed flower buds had good rooting ability despite low concentrations of total soluble and reducing sugars in the plant tissue. In Hurdals and Maiden’s Blush, none of rooting stimulators improved the rooting percentage in cuttings from shoots collected at 7–14 days after petal fall, which had a low rooting ability. Concentrations of reducing and total carbohydrates in leaves and shoots of cuttings harvested at 7–14 days after petal fall were not correlated with the rooting parameters. The use of biostimulants can be recommended to stimulate rooting of these once-blooming roses instead of preparations containing IBA or NAA.
摘要本研究旨在评价生根刺激剂对砧木不同物候期采收的月季插枝生根及生根插枝茎叶碳水化合物浓度的影响。一次开花、难根的品种Duchesse d 'Angoulême、Hurdals、Maiden’s Blush、Mousseuse Rouge的枝条在物候阶段被剪断:花蕾闭合;百花皆开;花瓣脱落后立即脱落的;花瓣掉落后7-14天。单节茎扦插用含0.4% IBA (Ukorzeniacz Aaqua)或0.2% NAA (Ukorzeniacz Baqua)的生根制剂或生物刺激剂Bio rhizzotonic、Root JuiceTM或Bio Roots处理。砧木枝条物候期对品种繁殖有重要影响。IBA、NAA和生物刺激剂的作用因不同的物候期和品种而异。尽管植株组织中总可溶性糖和还原糖含量较低，但所有品种花蕾闭合的枝条均具有良好的生根能力。两种生根刺激剂均不能提高花瓣落后7 ~ 14天采枝插条的生根率，生根能力较低。花瓣落后7 ~ 14 d采收的插枝叶片和枝条中还原性碳水化合物和总碳水化合物浓度与生根参数不相关。可以推荐使用生物刺激剂来刺激这些曾经开花的玫瑰的生根，而不是含有IBA或NAA的制剂。
{"title":"Rhizogenesis and concentration of carbohydrates in cuttings harvested at different phenological stages of once-blooming rose shrubs and treated with rooting stimulants","authors":"M. Monder, A. Pacholczak","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1685407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1685407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rooting stimulators on the rooting of rose cuttings harvested at different phenological stages of the stock plants and on concentrations of carbohydrates in the shoots and leaves of the rooted cuttings. Shoots from once-blooming, difficult-to-root cultivars Duchesse d’Angoulême, Hurdals, Maiden’s Blush, Mousseuse Rouge were cut at the phenological stages: flower buds closed; all flowers open; immediately after petal shedding; and 7–14 days after petal fall. Single node stem cuttings were treated with rooting preparations containing either 0.4% IBA (Ukorzeniacz Aaqua) or 0.2% NAA (Ukorzeniacz Baqua) or with biostimulants Bio Rhizotonic, Root JuiceTM or Bio Roots. The phenological stage of the stock plant shoots had an important role in the propagation of the cultivars. Effects of IBA, NAA and the biostimulants depended on the phenological stage and the cultivar. Cuttings of all cultivars from shoots with closed flower buds had good rooting ability despite low concentrations of total soluble and reducing sugars in the plant tissue. In Hurdals and Maiden’s Blush, none of rooting stimulators improved the rooting percentage in cuttings from shoots collected at 7–14 days after petal fall, which had a low rooting ability. Concentrations of reducing and total carbohydrates in leaves and shoots of cuttings harvested at 7–14 days after petal fall were not correlated with the rooting parameters. The use of biostimulants can be recommended to stimulate rooting of these once-blooming roses instead of preparations containing IBA or NAA.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"36 1","pages":"53 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1685407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44896074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1649193
Y. Sharma, J. Fagan, J. Schaefer
ABSTRACT Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb, used by various pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. For most species, seed-based multiplication is effective and convenient, but for rosemary, seed germination is a problem due to the mucilaginous seed coat, and sometimes the germination is no more than 10–20% resulting in non-uniform crop establishment. This investigation was carried out to improve seed germination by using low-cost organic seed priming techniques. Eleven pre-sowing seed treatments were tested, based on locally available resources, including: soaking seeds in water (cold and hot), bovine urine (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% concentration), bovine dung slurry, buttermilk, compost tea and Agnihotra ash, and comparing with an untreated control. All the pre-sowing seed treatments increased the percentage of seed germination in rosemary compared with the control, except buttermilk, which had an adverse effect. Among the different treatments, seed germination was significantly increased to 46.7% for seeds treated with bovine dung slurry and to 42.0% for seeds treated with bovine urine5.0%, compared with those in the control where the germination was 9.7%. The bovine dung slurry treatment also recorded uniform and early germination (9 days for initiation and completion at 43 days) resulting in a significantly higher rate of germination (1.4) than the control. The number of leaves, the root length and the seedling vigour were also recorded to be the highest for seeds treated with bovine dung slurry, followed by bovine urine5.0%.
{"title":"Influence of organic pre-sowing seed treatments on germination and growth of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)","authors":"Y. Sharma, J. Fagan, J. Schaefer","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1649193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1649193","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb, used by various pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. For most species, seed-based multiplication is effective and convenient, but for rosemary, seed germination is a problem due to the mucilaginous seed coat, and sometimes the germination is no more than 10–20% resulting in non-uniform crop establishment. This investigation was carried out to improve seed germination by using low-cost organic seed priming techniques. Eleven pre-sowing seed treatments were tested, based on locally available resources, including: soaking seeds in water (cold and hot), bovine urine (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% concentration), bovine dung slurry, buttermilk, compost tea and Agnihotra ash, and comparing with an untreated control. All the pre-sowing seed treatments increased the percentage of seed germination in rosemary compared with the control, except buttermilk, which had an adverse effect. Among the different treatments, seed germination was significantly increased to 46.7% for seeds treated with bovine dung slurry and to 42.0% for seeds treated with bovine urine5.0%, compared with those in the control where the germination was 9.7%. The bovine dung slurry treatment also recorded uniform and early germination (9 days for initiation and completion at 43 days) resulting in a significantly higher rate of germination (1.4) than the control. The number of leaves, the root length and the seedling vigour were also recorded to be the highest for seeds treated with bovine dung slurry, followed by bovine urine5.0%.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"36 1","pages":"35 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1649193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44921187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1644668
Alain Morau, H. Piepho, J. Fritz
ABSTRACT Natural substances are extensively used as biostimulants in agriculture. Notably, horn-manure preparation (HMP) is fermented cow manure sprayed at low concentrations onto biodynamically cultivated fields. The present study investigated the effect of HMP on the growth of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) cultivated in a bioassay (randomized block design, n = 20). Seedlings were cultivated in a water medium. Treatments of a drop of HMP suspension (1 µl or 0.1 µl) or of water (Control) were added to the medium. Long-term series of trials, with two different HMPs, were conducted over 18 and 9 months with 76 and 38 trials, respectively. In the first series, the effect of a 1 µl drop of HMP suspension on root growth was significant overall (−2.4%, p = 0.004, Tukey-Kramer-test) and in 35.5% of the individual trials (p < 0.05). However, the effects fluctuated strongly between the trials (from −25.7% to +19.1%). The effect of a 0.1 µl drop was similar, but lower in magnitude. The results of the second series were analogous. Comparison of statistical models provided significant evidence of a growth-stabilising effect. An additional series of 22 negative control trials indicated an acceptable false positive rate. It was concluded that HMP, at low doses, significantly influenced root growth at early stages, with a stabilising pattern of action. Further development of the bioassay should improve its power and stability over time. A stabilising effect may induce an increased resilience of the agricultural system.
{"title":"Growth responses of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) to biodynamic cow manure preparation in a bioassay","authors":"Alain Morau, H. Piepho, J. Fritz","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1644668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1644668","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Natural substances are extensively used as biostimulants in agriculture. Notably, horn-manure preparation (HMP) is fermented cow manure sprayed at low concentrations onto biodynamically cultivated fields. The present study investigated the effect of HMP on the growth of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) cultivated in a bioassay (randomized block design, n = 20). Seedlings were cultivated in a water medium. Treatments of a drop of HMP suspension (1 µl or 0.1 µl) or of water (Control) were added to the medium. Long-term series of trials, with two different HMPs, were conducted over 18 and 9 months with 76 and 38 trials, respectively. In the first series, the effect of a 1 µl drop of HMP suspension on root growth was significant overall (−2.4%, p = 0.004, Tukey-Kramer-test) and in 35.5% of the individual trials (p < 0.05). However, the effects fluctuated strongly between the trials (from −25.7% to +19.1%). The effect of a 0.1 µl drop was similar, but lower in magnitude. The results of the second series were analogous. Comparison of statistical models provided significant evidence of a growth-stabilising effect. An additional series of 22 negative control trials indicated an acceptable false positive rate. It was concluded that HMP, at low doses, significantly influenced root growth at early stages, with a stabilising pattern of action. Further development of the bioassay should improve its power and stability over time. A stabilising effect may induce an increased resilience of the agricultural system.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"36 1","pages":"16 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1644668","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47811096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1671220
E. Ebrahimi, R. Ghorbani, Peter von Fragstein und Niemsdorff
ABSTRACT This study investigated different methods of applying vermicompost (VC), with the aims of improving yield in organic tomato production and decrease the amount of fertiliser required. Three methods of placement (application) of the VC were used in the field trial: a) VC placed in a row on the soil surface with incorporation behind the planting lines (R), b) broadcast in the field (B), and c) in the transplant hole under the root plug of the transplant (U). As a second factor, VC was applied at three different rates of application (3, 6 and 9 t ha−1 for R and B, and 2, 4 and 6 t ha−1 for U). In both years, the different rates and placement methods had no significant effect on the fresh yield of tomatoes. However, in 2015, the treatment with the higher rate and the U placement of the VC increased the dry matter (DM) yield of the plants by up to 48% (8.4 t ha−1). Evidently, treatments with the U method had 23 % higher nitrogen (N) uptake (156 kg ha−1) compared with the treatments where VC was broadcast in the field (121 kg ha−1). In 2015, the N use efficiency was significantly higher for the U method (102%) compared with the R and B methods (38 and 34%, respectively) and the phosphorous and potassium use efficiency followed a similar pattern. The study demonstrated that the U placement method for VC increased DM yields, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency in organic tomato production.
摘要本研究调查了不同的施用蚯蚓堆肥的方法，旨在提高有机番茄的产量，减少所需的肥料量。在田间试验中使用了三种放置（施用）VC的方法：a）将VC在土壤表面成排放置，并在种植系（R）后面掺入，b）在田间广播（b），以及c）在移植植物根塞下的移植孔中（U）。作为第二个因素，VC以三种不同的施用率施用（R和B分别为3、6和9 t ha−1，U分别为2、4和6 t ha−2）。在这两年中，不同的种植率和种植方法对番茄的新鲜产量没有显著影响。然而，在2015年，更高的处理率和VC的U型放置使植物的干物质（DM）产量增加了48%（8.4 t ha−1）。显然，与在田间施用VC的处理（121 kg ha−1）相比，U法处理的氮（N）吸收量（156 kg ha−2）高23%。2015年，U法的氮利用效率（102%）明显高于R法和B法（分别为38%和34%），磷和钾的利用效率也遵循类似的模式。研究表明，在有机番茄生产中，施用VC的U形位法提高了DM产量、养分吸收和养分利用效率。
{"title":"Effects of vermicompost placement on nutrient use efficiency and yield of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)","authors":"E. Ebrahimi, R. Ghorbani, Peter von Fragstein und Niemsdorff","doi":"10.1080/01448765.2019.1671220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1671220","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigated different methods of applying vermicompost (VC), with the aims of improving yield in organic tomato production and decrease the amount of fertiliser required. Three methods of placement (application) of the VC were used in the field trial: a) VC placed in a row on the soil surface with incorporation behind the planting lines (R), b) broadcast in the field (B), and c) in the transplant hole under the root plug of the transplant (U). As a second factor, VC was applied at three different rates of application (3, 6 and 9 t ha−1 for R and B, and 2, 4 and 6 t ha−1 for U). In both years, the different rates and placement methods had no significant effect on the fresh yield of tomatoes. However, in 2015, the treatment with the higher rate and the U placement of the VC increased the dry matter (DM) yield of the plants by up to 48% (8.4 t ha−1). Evidently, treatments with the U method had 23 % higher nitrogen (N) uptake (156 kg ha−1) compared with the treatments where VC was broadcast in the field (121 kg ha−1). In 2015, the N use efficiency was significantly higher for the U method (102%) compared with the R and B methods (38 and 34%, respectively) and the phosphorous and potassium use efficiency followed a similar pattern. The study demonstrated that the U placement method for VC increased DM yields, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency in organic tomato production.","PeriodicalId":8904,"journal":{"name":"Biological Agriculture & Horticulture","volume":"36 1","pages":"44 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01448765.2019.1671220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46108872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1636717
N. Cannon, D. Kamalongo, J. Conway
ABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted from April 2015 to September 2016 at the Royal Agricultural University, UK to explore the impact of drilling pattern and species mixtures on weed growth and forage yield. The bi-crops of spring field bean (Vicia faba) cv. Maris Bead and Fuego with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Paragon were evaluated at four drilling patterns in a randomized complete block design with four replicates and compared against their respective sole crops. Weed DM was 59% higher in the sole cropping systems than the bi-cropping systems. The sole cropping systems outperformed the bi-cropping systems for wheat (in 2016 only) and for bean forage DM yield. However, the bi-cropping systems produced higher total forage DM yields than sole cropping systems. Weed DM was higher in broadcast than in alternate rows systems. Bean forage DM was 74% higher in treatments with alternate rows than in the broadcast treatment. Wheat forage DM was not affected by the drilling patterns. Maris Bead had higher forage DM than Fuego (in 2016 only). It was concluded that bi-cropping can increase land productivity per unit area over sole cropping, whilst improving forage DM yield and providing low cost integrated weed management. Alternate row drilling can improve bi-cropping productivity over the broadcast practice. Abbreviations: LER - Land Equivalent Ratio
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Pub Date : 2019-09-13DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1662661
M. Lennartsson
It is with great sadness that I write to announce the death of Dr David Hodges, Founding Editor of Biological Agriculture & Horticulture. David Hodges was born in 1934 and spent his early childhood years in places close to London and then in Devon, England. Hodges studied Zoology at Exeter University, where he met his wife Ursula (nee Rumley). After graduating in 1957, Hodges moved to London to undertake research for a PhD at the Institute of Urology of London. Just at the point of submitting his thesis in 1960 Hodges was drafted in for national service at the Royal Army Medical Corps, hence the completion of his PhD had to be delayed until 1962. According to Hodges himself, one of the most valuable things he learnt from his time with the army was the futility of war and he became a pacifist not long afterwards (Hodges 1988). Ursula and David Hodges were married in 1958, and in 1962, after Hodges’ national service, they moved to Ashford in Kent, England, where he took up a lecturing post at Wye College, the School of Agriculture of the University of London. Hodges’ role at Wye College was initially intended to be mainly associated with research into the physiology of laying hens and he spent a number of years investigating calcium metabolism and digestive function in battery hens. Hodges’ research experience in intensive poultry production opened his eyes to what was happening in industrial food production, and this, together with reading Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, soon began to change his whole outlook. Hodges was convinced that the industrial approach to agriculture was morally wrong and that in practice it would create more problems than it would solve (Conford 2011a, 2011b). He developed a strong interest in all matters related to organic agriculture and, although his work at Wye College was mainly teaching and to undertake research in the field of animal physiology, being in a School of Agriculture gave him the necessary justification to become involved in the wider aspects of organic farming. In the years that followed, Hodges came to have a very a prominent role in the organic agriculture movement in Britain. Indeed, with his specific interest in the scientific exploration of organic agriculture and pursuit for developing the scientific case for organic farming, the remarkable work of Dr David Hodges was the subject of an agricultural history paper written by Conford (2011a). Hodges acknowledged that, academically, his work in organic farming had not always been an easy task and it had often been an uphill struggle to convince those with whom he worked that the organic option was something worth looking into. Even in the face of considerable evidence of the BIOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE 2019, VOL. 35, NO. 4, 215–218 https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2019.1662661
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Pub Date : 2019-07-23DOI: 10.1080/01448765.2019.1641839
G. Campanelli, E. Testani, S. Canali, C. Ciaccia, F. Leteo, A. Trinchera
ABSTRACT In a two-year field experiment undertaken in Central Italy, different agro-ecological service crops (ASCs), terminated by the no-till roller crimper technology before organic melon production (Cucumis melo L.), were evaluated by assessing soil-plant N dynamics, weed management and crop performance, and by comparing with a tilled control without ASC. The ASCs (Poaceae, i.e. rye, barley, wheat, spelt and their mixture), were characterised in terms of aboveground biomass, N uptake, C : N ratio and degradation rate. During the melon growth cycle, soil mineral N (SMN), weed density and biomass were measured and the design of trial included weeded and unweeded plots. The yield and concentrations of soluble solids of the melon was measured. The ASC mulches differed in their N supply capacity and degradation rate. Rye and spelt were the best in terms of weed control, with approximately 80% lower weed density and weed biomass for either rye or spelt compared with the control. Wheat was the least effective against weeds, but it enhanced SMN. Melon yields were similar in plots with spelt and rye, weeded and unweeded treatments, but were reduced in the unweeded control (−58.5%) and barley treatment (−41.2%), compared with the respective weeded treatments. The low melon yield in the plots with rye suggested a negative allelopathic rye-melon interaction. The results highlighted that the ASCs were able to regulate, to different extents, the agro-ecosystem interactions.
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