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A Deep Learning Biomimetic Milky Way Compass. 深度学习仿生银河罗盘
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100620
Yiting Tao, Michael Lucas, Asanka Perera, Samuel Teague, Timothy McIntyre, Titilayo Ogunwa, Eric Warrant, Javaan Chahl

Moving in straight lines is a behaviour that enables organisms to search for food, move away from threats, and ultimately seek suitable environments in which to survive and reproduce. This study explores a vision-based technique for detecting a change in heading direction using the Milky Way (MW), one of the navigational cues that are known to be used by night-active insects. An algorithm is proposed that combines the YOLOv8m-seg model and normalised second central moments to calculate the MW orientation angle. This method addresses many likely scenarios where segmentation of the MW from the background by image thresholding or edge detection is not applicable, such as when the moon is substantial or when anthropogenic light is present. The proposed YOLOv8m-seg model achieves a segment mAP@0.5 of 84.7% on the validation dataset using our own training dataset of MW images. To explore its potential role in autonomous system applications, we compare night sky imagery and GPS heading data from a field trial in rural South Australia. The comparison results show that for short-term navigation, the segmented MW image can be used as a reliable orientation cue. There is a difference of roughly 5-10° between the proposed method and GT as the path involves left or right 90° turns at certain locations.

直线运动是一种行为,它使生物能够寻找食物、远离威胁并最终寻找合适的生存和繁殖环境。本研究探索了一种基于视觉的技术,利用银河(MW)来检测航向的变化,银河是已知夜行昆虫使用的导航线索之一。本文提出的算法结合了 YOLOv8m-seg 模型和归一化第二中心矩来计算银河的方向角。这种方法可以解决许多可能出现的情况,在这些情况下,通过图像阈值或边缘检测将 MW 从背景中分割出来是不适用的,例如当月亮很大或存在人为光线时。所提出的 YOLOv8m-seg 模型使用我们自己的 MW 图像训练数据集,在验证数据集上实现了 84.7% 的分割 mAP@0.5。为了探索该模型在自主系统应用中的潜在作用,我们比较了夜空图像和在南澳大利亚乡村进行的实地试验中获得的 GPS 航向数据。比较结果表明,对于短期导航,分割后的 MW 图像可用作可靠的方向提示。由于路径在某些位置会出现左右 90° 的转弯,因此所提出的方法与全球定位系统之间存在大约 5-10° 的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Antagonistic Feedback Control of Muscle Length Changes for Efficient Involuntary Posture Stabilization. 肌肉长度变化的拮抗反馈控制,实现高效的非自主姿势稳定。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100618
Masami Iwamoto, Noritoshi Atsumi, Daichi Kato

Simultaneous and cooperative muscle activation results in involuntary posture stabilization in vertebrates. However, the mechanism through which more muscles than joints contribute to this stabilization remains unclear. We developed a computational human body model with 949 muscle action lines and 22 joints and examined muscle activation patterns for stabilizing right upper or lower extremity motions at a neutral body posture (NBP) under gravity using actor-critic reinforcement learning (ACRL). Two feedback control models (FCM), muscle length change (FCM-ML) and joint angle differences, were applied to ACRL with a normalized Gaussian network (ACRL-NGN) or deep deterministic policy gradient. Our findings indicate that among the six control methods, ACRL-NGN with FCM-ML, utilizing solely antagonistic feedback control of muscle length change without relying on synergy pattern control or categorizing muscles as flexors, extensors, agonists, or synergists, achieved the most efficient involuntary NBP stabilization. This finding suggests that vertebrate muscles are fundamentally controlled without categorization of muscles for targeted joint motion and are involuntarily controlled to achieve the NBP, which is the most comfortable posture under gravity. Thus, ACRL-NGN with FCM-ML is suitable for controlling humanoid muscles and enables the development of a comfortable seat design.

在脊椎动物中,肌肉的同步合作激活会导致不自主的姿势稳定。然而,肌肉比关节更能促进这种稳定的机制仍不清楚。我们开发了一个具有 949 条肌肉动作线和 22 个关节的计算人体模型,并利用演员批判强化学习(ACRL)研究了在重力作用下稳定中性身体姿势(NBP)的右上肢或下肢运动的肌肉激活模式。两种反馈控制模型(FCM),即肌肉长度变化(FCM-ML)和关节角度差异,被应用于带有归一化高斯网络(ACRL-NGN)或深度确定性策略梯度的 ACRL。我们的研究结果表明,在六种控制方法中,ACRL-NGN 与 FCM-ML,仅利用肌肉长度变化的拮抗反馈控制,而不依赖协同模式控制或将肌肉分为屈肌、伸肌、激动肌或协同肌,实现了最有效的非自主 NBP 稳定。这一研究结果表明,脊椎动物的肌肉从根本上说是在不对肌肉进行分类的情况下进行控制,以实现有针对性的关节运动,并通过非自主控制实现 NBP,即重力作用下最舒适的姿势。因此,带有 FCM-ML 的 ACRL-NGN 适用于控制类人肌肉,并能开发出舒适的座椅设计。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Surface Morphology and Internal Structure on the Tribological Behaviors of Snake Scales from Dinodon rufozonatum. 表面形态和内部结构对 Dinodon rufozonatum 蛇鳞摩擦学行为的影响
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100617
Ge Shi, Jinhao Wang, Yuehua Dong, Song Hu, Long Zheng, Luquan Ren

Snakes can move freely on land, in lakes, and in other environments. During movement, the scales are in long-term contact with the external environment, providing protection to the body. In this study, we evaluated the mechanical properties and scratching performance of the ventral and dorsal scales from Dinodon rufozonatum, a generalist species that moves on both land and in streams under wet and dry conditions. The results showed that the elastic modulus and hardness of the dry scales were greater than those of the wet scales. The average scale friction coefficient under wet conditions (0.1588) was 9.3% greater than that under dry conditions (0.1453). The scales exhibit brittle damage in dry environments, while in wet environments, ductile damage is observed. This adaptation mechanism allows the scales to protect the body by dissipating energy and reducing stress concentration, ensuring efficient locomotion and durability in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Understanding how this biomaterial adapts to environmental changes can inspire the development of bionic materials.

蛇可以在陆地、湖泊和其他环境中自由移动。在移动过程中,鳞片与外部环境长期接触,为身体提供保护。在这项研究中,我们评估了 Dinodon rufozonatum 腹背鳞片的机械特性和划痕性能,Dinodon rufozonatum 是一种在潮湿和干燥条件下在陆地和溪流中移动的通食性物种。结果表明,干鳞片的弹性模量和硬度均大于湿鳞片。湿润条件下的平均鳞片摩擦系数(0.1588)比干燥条件下的(0.1453)大 9.3%。鳞片在干燥环境中表现出脆性破坏,而在潮湿环境中则表现出韧性破坏。这种适应机制使鳞片能够通过耗散能量和减少应力集中来保护身体,确保在陆地和水生环境中都能高效运动和经久耐用。了解这种生物材料如何适应环境变化,可以为仿生材料的开发提供启发。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Optimization of a Custom-Made Six-Bar Exoskeleton for Pulp Pinch Grasp Rehabilitation in Stroke Patients. 设计和优化用于脑卒中患者捏髓抓握康复的定制六杆外骨骼
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100616
Javier Andrés-Esperanza, José L Iserte-Vilar, Víctor Roda-Casanova

Stroke often causes neuromotor disabilities, impacting index finger function in daily activities. Due to the role of repetitive, even passive, finger movements in neuromuscular re-education and spasticity control, this study aims to design a rehabilitation exoskeleton based on the pulp pinch movement. The exoskeleton uses an underactuated RML topology with a single degree of mobility, customized from 3D scans of the patient's hand. It consists of eight links, incorporating two consecutive four-bar mechanisms and the third inversion of a crank-slider. A two-stage genetic optimization was applied, first to the location of the intermediate joint between the two four-bar mechanisms and later to the remaining dimensions. A targeted genetic optimization process monitored two quality metrics: average mechanical advantage from extension to flexion, and its variability. By analyzing the relationship between these metrics and key parameters at different synthesis stages, the population evaluated is reduced by up to 96.2%, compared to previous studies for the same problem. This custom-fit exoskeleton uses a small linear actuator to deliver a stable 12.45 N force to the fingertip with near-constant mechanical advantage during flexion. It enables repetitive pulp pinch movements in a flaccid finger, improving rehabilitation consistency and facilitating home-based therapy.

中风通常会导致神经运动障碍,影响食指在日常活动中的功能。由于手指重复运动(甚至是被动运动)在神经肌肉再教育和痉挛控制中的作用,本研究旨在设计一种基于捏纸浆运动的康复外骨骼。该外骨骼采用单度活动度的欠驱动 RML 拓扑,根据患者手部的 3D 扫描结果定制。它由八个链接组成,包含两个连续的四杆机构和曲柄滑块的第三个反向机构。首先对两个四杆机构之间的中间关节位置进行了两阶段遗传优化,随后对其余尺寸进行了优化。有针对性的遗传优化过程监控了两个质量指标:从伸展到弯曲的平均机械优势及其可变性。通过分析这些指标与不同合成阶段关键参数之间的关系,与之前针对相同问题的研究相比,评估的群体数量最多减少了 96.2%。这种定制的外骨骼使用小型线性致动器,在屈曲过程中以近乎恒定的机械优势向指尖提供稳定的 12.45 牛顿力。它能让松弛的手指进行重复的捏髓运动,提高康复的一致性,方便家庭治疗。
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引用次数: 0
A Multimodal Multi-Objective Feature Selection Method for Intelligent Rating Models of Unmanned Highway Toll Stations. 无人高速公路收费站智能评级模型的多模式多目标特征选择方法。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100613
Zhaohui Gao, Huan Mo, Zicheng Yan, Qinqin Fan

To facilitate the intelligent classification of unmanned highway toll stations, selecting effective and useful features is pivotal. This process involves achieving a tradeoff between the number of features and the classification accuracy while also reducing the acquisition costs of features. To address these challenges, a multimodal multi-objective feature selection (MMOFS) method is proposed in the current study. In the MMOFS, we utilize a multimodal multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to choose features for the unmanned highway toll station classification model and use the random forest method for classification. The primary contribution of the current study is to propose a feature selection method specifically designed for the classification model of unmanned highway toll stations. Experimental results using actual data from highway toll stations demonstrate that the proposed MMOFS outperforms the other two competitors in terms of PSP, HV, and IGD. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can provide decision-makers with multiple equivalent feature selection schemes. This approach achieves a harmonious balance between the model complexity and the classification accuracy based on actual scenarios, thereby providing guidance for the construction of unmanned highway toll stations.

为促进无人值守高速公路收费站的智能分类,选择有效和有用的特征至关重要。在这一过程中,既要在特征数量和分类精度之间取得平衡,又要降低特征的获取成本。为了应对这些挑战,本研究提出了一种多模式多目标特征选择(MMOFS)方法。在 MMOFS 中,我们利用多模态多目标进化算法为无人高速公路收费站分类模型选择特征,并使用随机森林方法进行分类。本研究的主要贡献在于提出了一种专为高速公路无人收费站分类模型设计的特征选择方法。使用高速公路收费站实际数据的实验结果表明,所提出的 MMOFS 在 PSP、HV 和 IGD 方面优于其他两个竞争者。此外,所提出的算法还能为决策者提供多种等效的特征选择方案。这种方法在模型复杂性和基于实际场景的分类准确性之间实现了和谐平衡,从而为无人高速公路收费站的建设提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Biomimetic Design, Constructions and Devices in Times of Change I. 编委会成员文集系列:变革时代的仿生设计、构造和设备 I.
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100614
Ille C Gebeshuber

In light of recent global crises, including climate change, species extinction, the COVID-19 pandemic, social upheavals and energy supply challenges, this Special Issue of Biomimetics, entitled "Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Biomimetic Design, Constructions and Devices in Times of Change", aims to explore innovative solutions through biomimetics. This collection features research on various biomimetic applications, such as the peptide-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, ergonomic improvements for prolonged sitting, biomimicry industry trends, prosthetic foot functionality and agricultural machinery efficiency. The methods employed include peptide synthesis for diagnostics, simulation software for ergonomic designs, patent analysis for biomimicry trends and engineering discrete element methods for agricultural applications. The findings highlight significant advancements in health diagnostics, ergonomic safety, technological development, prosthetics and sustainable agriculture. The research underscores the potential of biomimetic approaches to address contemporary challenges by leveraging nature-inspired designs and processes. These insights contribute to a broader understanding of how biomimetic principles can lead to adaptive and sustainable solutions in times of change, promoting resilience and innovation across various fields.

鉴于近期的全球危机,包括气候变化、物种灭绝、COVID-19 大流行病、社会动荡和能源供应挑战,本期《生物仿生学》特刊题为 "编委会成员文集系列":本期特刊题为 "编委会成员文集系列:变革时代的仿生设计、构造和装置",旨在通过生物仿生学探索创新解决方案。这本文集收录了有关各种生物仿生应用的研究,如基于肽的 SARS-CoV-2 抗体检测、改善久坐的人体工学、生物仿生行业趋势、义足功能和农业机械效率。采用的方法包括用于诊断的多肽合成、用于人体工程学设计的模拟软件、用于仿生趋势的专利分析以及用于农业应用的工程离散元素方法。研究结果突显了在健康诊断、人体工程学安全、技术开发、假肢和可持续农业方面取得的重大进展。研究强调了生物仿生方法的潜力,通过利用受自然启发的设计和工艺来应对当代挑战。这些见解有助于人们更广泛地了解生物仿生原理如何在变化时期带来适应性和可持续的解决方案,促进各领域的复原力和创新。
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引用次数: 0
MTC-NET: A Multi-Channel Independent Anomaly Detection Method for Network Traffic. MTC-NET:网络流量的多通道独立异常检测方法。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100615
Xiaoyong Zhao, Chengjin Huang, Lei Wang

In recent years, deep learning-based approaches, particularly those leveraging the Transformer architecture, have garnered widespread attention for network traffic anomaly detection. However, when dealing with noisy data sets, directly inputting network traffic sequences into Transformer networks often significantly degrades detection performance due to interference and noise across dimensions. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-channel network traffic anomaly detection model, MTC-Net, which reduces computational complexity and enhances the model's ability to capture long-distance dependencies. This is achieved by decomposing network traffic sequences into multiple unidimensional time sequences and introducing a patch-based strategy that enables each sub-sequence to retain local semantic information. A backbone network combining Transformer and CNN is employed to capture complex patterns, with information from all channels being fused at the final classification header in order to achieve modelling and detection of complex network traffic patterns. The experimental results demonstrate that MTC-Net outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in several evaluation metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, on four publicly available data sets: KDD Cup 99, NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and CIC-IDS2017.

近年来,基于深度学习的方法,尤其是那些利用 Transformer 架构的方法,在网络流量异常检测方面获得了广泛关注。然而,在处理高噪声数据集时,由于跨维度的干扰和噪声,将网络流量序列直接输入 Transformer 网络往往会大大降低检测性能。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的多通道网络流量异常检测模型 MTC-Net,它降低了计算复杂度,并增强了模型捕捉长距离依赖关系的能力。具体做法是将网络流量序列分解为多个单维时间序列,并引入基于补丁的策略,使每个子序列都能保留本地语义信息。结合 Transformer 和 CNN 的骨干网络用于捕捉复杂模式,在最终分类头融合来自所有通道的信息,以实现复杂网络流量模式的建模和检测。实验结果表明,在四个公开数据集上,MTC-Net 在准确度、精确度、召回率和 F1 分数等多个评估指标上都优于现有的先进方法:这些数据集包括:KDD Cup 99、NSL-KDD、UNSW-NB15 和 CIC-IDS2017。
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引用次数: 0
Autonomous Robot Task Execution in Flexible Manufacturing: Integrating PDDL and Behavior Trees in ARIAC 2023. 柔性制造中的自主机器人任务执行:在 ARIAC 2023 中整合 PDDL 和行为树。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100612
Ruikai Liu, Guangxi Wan, Maowei Jiang, Haojie Chen, Peng Zeng

The Agile Robotics for Industrial Automation Competition (ARIAC) was established to advance flexible manufacturing, aiming to increase the agility of robotic assembly systems in unstructured and dynamic industrial environments. ARIAC 2023 introduced eight agility challenges involving faulty parts, flipped parts, faulty grippers, robot malfunctions, sensor blackouts, high-priority orders, insufficient parts, and human safety. Given the unpredictability of these scenarios, it is impractical to develop a specific strategy for each possible situation. To address these issues, this paper presents a hierarchical framework for autonomous robotic task generation and execution in dynamic scenarios. The framework is divided into a task level and an execution level. Initially, an immediate task management strategy is adopted at the task level, which reasonably decomposes dynamic tasks and allocates short-term tasks to the floor robot and ceiling robot. Later, at the execution level, each robot is designed with an agent architecture that combines PDDL planning with the quick response of behavior trees. Finally, the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed framework were thoroughly validated in ARIAC 2023.

工业自动化敏捷机器人竞赛(ARIAC)旨在推进柔性制造,提高机器人装配系统在非结构化和动态工业环境中的敏捷性。ARIAC 2023 引入了八项敏捷性挑战,涉及故障部件、翻转部件、故障抓手、机器人故障、传感器停电、高优先级订单、部件不足和人类安全。鉴于这些情况的不可预测性,为每种可能的情况制定特定的策略是不切实际的。为了解决这些问题,本文提出了一个在动态场景中生成和执行自主机器人任务的分层框架。该框架分为任务层和执行层。首先,在任务层采用即时任务管理策略,合理分解动态任务,并将短期任务分配给地面机器人和天花板机器人。随后,在执行层面,每个机器人都设计了一个代理架构,将 PDDL 规划与行为树的快速响应相结合。最后,所提框架的有效性和实用性在 ARIAC 2023 中得到了充分验证。
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引用次数: 0
Fully Interpretable Deep Learning Model Using IR Thermal Images for Possible Breast Cancer Cases. 利用红外热成像建立完全可解释的深度学习模型,用于分析可能的乳腺癌病例。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100609
Yerken Mirasbekov, Nurduman Aidossov, Aigerim Mashekova, Vasilios Zarikas, Yong Zhao, Eddie Yin Kwee Ng, Anna Midlenko

Breast cancer remains a global health problem requiring effective diagnostic methods for early detection, in order to achieve the World Health Organization's ultimate goal of breast self-examination. A literature review indicates the urgency of improving diagnostic methods and identifies thermography as a promising, cost-effective, non-invasive, adjunctive, and complementary detection method. This research explores the potential of using machine learning techniques, specifically Bayesian networks combined with convolutional neural networks, to improve possible breast cancer diagnosis at early stages. Explainable artificial intelligence aims to clarify the reasoning behind any output of artificial neural network-based models. The proposed integration adds interpretability of the diagnosis, which is particularly significant for a medical diagnosis. We constructed two diagnostic expert models: Model A and Model B. In this research, Model A, combining thermal images after the explainable artificial intelligence process together with medical records, achieved an accuracy of 84.07%, while model B, which also includes a convolutional neural network prediction, achieved an accuracy of 90.93%. These results demonstrate the potential of explainable artificial intelligence to improve possible breast cancer diagnosis, with very high accuracy.

乳腺癌仍然是一个全球性的健康问题,需要有效的诊断方法进行早期检测,以实现世界卫生组织提出的乳房自我检查的最终目标。文献综述表明,改进诊断方法迫在眉睫,热成像技术是一种前景广阔、经济有效、非侵入性、辅助性和补充性的检测方法。这项研究探索了使用机器学习技术(特别是贝叶斯网络与卷积神经网络相结合)改善早期乳腺癌诊断的可能性。可解释人工智能旨在阐明基于人工神经网络模型的任何输出背后的推理。建议的整合增加了诊断的可解释性,这对医学诊断尤为重要。我们构建了两个专家诊断模型:在这项研究中,模型 A 结合了经过可解释人工智能处理的热图像和医疗记录,准确率达到 84.07%,而模型 B 也包括卷积神经网络预测,准确率达到 90.93%。这些结果证明了可解释人工智能在提高乳腺癌诊断准确率方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Bionic Optimization Design and Fatigue Life Prediction of a Honeycomb-Structured Wheel Hub. 蜂窝结构轮毂的仿生优化设计与疲劳寿命预测
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100611
Na Liu, Xujie Liu, Yueming Jiang, Peng Liu, Yuanyuan Gao, Hang Ding, Yujun Zhao

The wheel hub is an important component of the wheel, and a good hub design can significantly improve vehicle handling, stability, and braking performance, ensuring safe driving. This article optimized the hub structure through morphological aspects, where reducing the hub weight contributed to enhanced fuel efficiency and overall vehicle performance. By referencing honeycombed structures, a bionic hub design is numerically simulated using finite element analysis and response surface optimization. The results showed that under the optimization of the response surface analytical model, the maximum stress of the optimized bionic hub was 109.34 MPa, compared to 119.77 MPa for the standard hub, representing an 8.7% reduction in maximum stress. The standard hub weighs 34.02 kg, while the optimized hub weight was reduced to 29.89 kg, a decrease of 12.13%. A fatigue analysis on the optimized hub indicated that at a stress of 109.34 MPa, the minimum load cycles were 4.217 × 105 at the connection point with the half-shaft, meeting the fatigue life requirements for commercial vehicle hubs outlined in the national standard GB/T 5334-2021.

轮毂是车轮的重要组成部分,良好的轮毂设计能显著提高车辆的操控性、稳定性和制动性能,确保行车安全。本文通过形态学方面对轮毂结构进行了优化,其中减轻轮毂重量有助于提高燃油效率和车辆整体性能。参考蜂窝状结构,利用有限元分析和响应面优化对仿生轮毂设计进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在响应面分析模型的优化下,优化仿生轮毂的最大应力为 109.34 兆帕,而标准轮毂的最大应力为 119.77 兆帕,最大应力降低了 8.7%。标准轮毂重 34.02 千克,而优化后的轮毂重量减少到 29.89 千克,减少了 12.13%。对优化轮毂进行的疲劳分析表明,在应力为 109.34 兆帕时,与半轴连接点的最小载荷循环次数为 4.217 × 105,满足国家标准 GB/T 5334-2021 中对商用车轮毂疲劳寿命的要求。
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引用次数: 0
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