Pub Date : 2017-11-20DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000745
C. Duru, A. Iwu, K. Diwe, Uche R. Oluoha, I. Merenu, C. Aguocha, U. Madubueze, N. P. Kadiri-Eneh, E. U. Ndukwu, I. Ohale, E. Nwaigbo
Background: HIV related Stigma and discrimination is a reflection of fear of the unknown, driven by ignorance and helplessness that results in negative attitude, beliefs and unfair treatment towards those living with HIV. Objective: To assess knowledge of stigmatization, prevalence of reported discrimination and the socio-demographic and care predictors of discrimination among HIV positive patients receiving care in Health Care Institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional analytical design using a simple random sampling technique to select 422 HIV positive patients attending the adult HIV clinics from two public health care institutions in Imo State. Data was collected using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were done with frequencies and summary statistics. Chi square statistics were computed to determine significant relationships and simple binary logistic regression was used to determine predictors of HIV related discrimination. The p-value was set at 0.05 significance level. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 37 ± 6.3 with a male to female ratio of 1:1.7. The overall level of knowledge of stigmatization and discrimination was poor in more than half of the respondents (55.2%). The prevalence of stigmatization and reported discrimination was 33.2% of which, close to two thirds of it occurred among the females (62.9%). The main source of discrimination was from family and relatives (45.0%) with close to half of the respondents having suicidal thoughts after experiencing discrimination (46.4%). The predictors of HIV related discrimination and stigmatization reported in this study were; being within the ages of 26-35 years, (OR 2.16), having at least one or more children (OR: 3.72), residing in their community of origin (2.00), residing in Orlu (OR: 3.77) or Okigwe (OR: 3.29) zones of Imo State, receiving advice to do the HIV test from a health personnel (OR: 2.52) and doing a HIV test and receiving a positive result from a private hospital (OR:2.22) or health centre OR: 2.11). Conclusion: Stigmatization and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS are created by individuals and communities influenced by socio-demographic and care factors which continues to perpetuate the transmission of HIV; and therefore, it remains an important issue of public health concern that must be addressed.
{"title":"Stigmatization and the Predictors of Reported Discrimination among HIV Positive Patients Receiving Care in Hospitals in Imo State, Nigeria","authors":"C. Duru, A. Iwu, K. Diwe, Uche R. Oluoha, I. Merenu, C. Aguocha, U. Madubueze, N. P. Kadiri-Eneh, E. U. Ndukwu, I. Ohale, E. Nwaigbo","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113.1000745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000745","url":null,"abstract":"Background: HIV related Stigma and discrimination is a reflection of fear of the unknown, driven by ignorance and helplessness that results in negative attitude, beliefs and unfair treatment towards those living with HIV. Objective: To assess knowledge of stigmatization, prevalence of reported discrimination and the socio-demographic and care predictors of discrimination among HIV positive patients receiving care in Health Care Institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional analytical design using a simple random sampling technique to select 422 HIV positive patients attending the adult HIV clinics from two public health care institutions in Imo State. Data was collected using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were done with frequencies and summary statistics. Chi square statistics were computed to determine significant relationships and simple binary logistic regression was used to determine predictors of HIV related discrimination. The p-value was set at 0.05 significance level. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 37 ± 6.3 with a male to female ratio of 1:1.7. The overall level of knowledge of stigmatization and discrimination was poor in more than half of the respondents (55.2%). The prevalence of stigmatization and reported discrimination was 33.2% of which, close to two thirds of it occurred among the females (62.9%). The main source of discrimination was from family and relatives (45.0%) with close to half of the respondents having suicidal thoughts after experiencing discrimination (46.4%). The predictors of HIV related discrimination and stigmatization reported in this study were; being within the ages of 26-35 years, (OR 2.16), having at least one or more children (OR: 3.72), residing in their community of origin (2.00), residing in Orlu (OR: 3.77) or Okigwe (OR: 3.29) zones of Imo State, receiving advice to do the HIV test from a health personnel (OR: 2.52) and doing a HIV test and receiving a positive result from a private hospital (OR:2.22) or health centre OR: 2.11). Conclusion: Stigmatization and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS are created by individuals and communities influenced by socio-demographic and care factors which continues to perpetuate the transmission of HIV; and therefore, it remains an important issue of public health concern that must be addressed.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42311566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-17DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000744
B. G. Brhane, E. Nibret, G. Abay
Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) played a critical role in the medical management of HIV infected individuals by restoring the immune function and minimizes HIV related outcomes. But treatment failure minimized these advantages and leads to an increment of morbidity and mortality with poor quality of life in all HIV patients. Objective: The aim at this study was to assess the prevalence of HIV/AIDS treatment failure and its determinants factors of patients on first line HAART at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on 421 participants who had started first line HAART during August 2016 to September 2016. Data were collected from patients’ chart starting from ART commencement and face to face interview using structured questionnaire. CD4 T-cells from whole blood and viral load from separated plasma were analyzed according to protocols. The collected data were enter in to EPI info version 3.5.1 and transfer to and analyzed using SPSS packages version 20. Descriptive statistics, odds ratio, positive and negative predictive values, life table, receiver operating characteristics curves, bi-variate and multiple logistic regression were used to analysis. Independent associations were considered with p<0.05. Result: Among the 421 participants enrolled, 292 (69.4%) were adult and 129 (30.6%) were children. More than half 243 (57.7%) of the participants were females. The adult median age at ART initiation was 38.0 years with inter quartile rage (IQR) 10 and for children 9.8 years with IQR 4.The median duration of treatment failure from initiation of treatment was 87 months (IQR 110-65 months). A total of 45 (10.7%) participants were found to have treatment failure. The median CD4 T-cells at initiation of Anti retroviral therapy were 147 cells/μl (IQR 226-84.5). The median time to detect virological failure was 47 months. Sensitivity of immunologic failure of predicting virological failure was 62.2%. Clinical stage II 374 (88.8%) was the predominant clinical stage. Conclusion: The prevalence of treatment failure in this study was 10.7%. Long duration on treatment, conducting faith healing, immunologic failure, high medication dosage, and ambulatory functional status at baseline and not feeling privacy during consultation and counseling were found to be significant predictors of treatment failure.Therefore early identification of associated factors and monitoring treatment failure has to be strengthened to benefit patients from prevent further complication.
{"title":"HIV/AIDS Treatment Failure and its Determinant Factors among First Line HAART Patients at Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"B. G. Brhane, E. Nibret, G. Abay","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113.1000744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000744","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) played a critical role in the medical management of HIV infected individuals by restoring the immune function and minimizes HIV related outcomes. But treatment failure minimized these advantages and leads to an increment of morbidity and mortality with poor quality of life in all HIV patients. Objective: The aim at this study was to assess the prevalence of HIV/AIDS treatment failure and its determinants factors of patients on first line HAART at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on 421 participants who had started first line HAART during August 2016 to September 2016. Data were collected from patients’ chart starting from ART commencement and face to face interview using structured questionnaire. CD4 T-cells from whole blood and viral load from separated plasma were analyzed according to protocols. The collected data were enter in to EPI info version 3.5.1 and transfer to and analyzed using SPSS packages version 20. Descriptive statistics, odds ratio, positive and negative predictive values, life table, receiver operating characteristics curves, bi-variate and multiple logistic regression were used to analysis. Independent associations were considered with p<0.05. Result: Among the 421 participants enrolled, 292 (69.4%) were adult and 129 (30.6%) were children. More than half 243 (57.7%) of the participants were females. The adult median age at ART initiation was 38.0 years with inter quartile rage (IQR) 10 and for children 9.8 years with IQR 4.The median duration of treatment failure from initiation of treatment was 87 months (IQR 110-65 months). A total of 45 (10.7%) participants were found to have treatment failure. The median CD4 T-cells at initiation of Anti retroviral therapy were 147 cells/μl (IQR 226-84.5). The median time to detect virological failure was 47 months. Sensitivity of immunologic failure of predicting virological failure was 62.2%. Clinical stage II 374 (88.8%) was the predominant clinical stage. Conclusion: The prevalence of treatment failure in this study was 10.7%. Long duration on treatment, conducting faith healing, immunologic failure, high medication dosage, and ambulatory functional status at baseline and not feeling privacy during consultation and counseling were found to be significant predictors of treatment failure.Therefore early identification of associated factors and monitoring treatment failure has to be strengthened to benefit patients from prevent further complication.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2155-6113.1000744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41380070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-07DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113-C1-020
Hyung Ryul Kim
{"title":"Preventive medicinal analysis of Ssireum in Korean art","authors":"Hyung Ryul Kim","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113-C1-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113-C1-020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-07DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113-C1-021
Jonathan C. Cho
{"title":"The role of education related to vaccine-preventable sexually transmitted diseases","authors":"Jonathan C. Cho","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113-C1-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113-C1-021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-07DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113-C1-019
V. Sambri
{"title":"How to facilitate and improve screening of sexually-transmitted infections in women population","authors":"V. Sambri","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113-C1-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113-C1-019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49007819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01Epub Date: 2017-10-23DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000737
Steven Samuels, Zainab Alwan, Marceline Egnin, Jessie Jaynes, Terry D Connell, Gregory C Bernard, Toufic Nashar
Despite advancements in our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis, critical virus components for immunity, vaccines trials, and drugs development, challenges remain in the fight against HIV-1. Of great importance is the inhibitory function of microbicidal cell penetrating peptides and bacterial toxins that interfere with production and neutralize infection of HIV-1 particles. We demonstrate that the neutralizing activity of a cationic 18 amino acids peptide, is similar to a broadly neutralizing human antibody, and inhibits production of two HIV-1 strains in human cell lines. Pretreatment of cells with bacterial toxins or toxoids derived from enterotoxigenic E. coli, boost subsequent activity of the peptide against HIV-1, to inhibit simultaneously production and infection. The synthetic peptide crosses the cell membrane into the cytoplasm and nucleus. In vitro analysis of a possible target for this peptide revealed specific binding to recombinant HIV-1 gag p24. This is the first demonstration of a synergy between bacterial toxins and a cell-penetrating peptide against HIV-1.
{"title":"Novel Therapeutic Approach for Inhibition of HIV-1 Using Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Bacterial Toxins.","authors":"Steven Samuels, Zainab Alwan, Marceline Egnin, Jessie Jaynes, Terry D Connell, Gregory C Bernard, Toufic Nashar","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113.1000737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite advancements in our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis, critical virus components for immunity, vaccines trials, and drugs development, challenges remain in the fight against HIV-1. Of great importance is the inhibitory function of microbicidal cell penetrating peptides and bacterial toxins that interfere with production and neutralize infection of HIV-1 particles. We demonstrate that the neutralizing activity of a cationic 18 amino acids peptide, is similar to a broadly neutralizing human antibody, and inhibits production of two HIV-1 strains in human cell lines. Pretreatment of cells with bacterial toxins or toxoids derived from enterotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i>, boost subsequent activity of the peptide against HIV-1, to inhibit simultaneously production and infection. The synthetic peptide crosses the cell membrane into the cytoplasm and nucleus. <i>In vitro</i> analysis of a possible target for this peptide revealed specific binding to recombinant HIV-1 gag p24. This is the first demonstration of a synergy between bacterial toxins and a cell-penetrating peptide against HIV-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2155-6113.1000737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35239064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-29DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000733
W. G. Shiferaw, Assefa A Jegora, L. Lema, B. M. Gebremariam
Background: HIV/AIDS and malnutrition effects are interrelated and exacerbate one another in a vicious cycle. HIV specifically affects nutritional status by increasing energy requirements, reducing food intake and adversely affecting nutrient absorption and metabolism. In spite of the number of People Living with HIV ever enrolled on ART increases significantly in Ethiopia. Nutritional care and other supports which help for the success of treatment received insufficient attention. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of undernutrition status and its determinants among adult HIV/AIDS Clients enrolled on ART at Nigest Elleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital in Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia. Method: Institution based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted using systematic random sampling technique with sample size of 234. From each sampled patient, interview and anthropometric data were collected. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used and the variables which had significant association were identified on the basis of p-value ≤ 0.05 and AOR, with 95% CI. Results: Among adult HIV/AIDS Clients in rolled in ART, 32.5% of them were under nourished (BMI<18.5 Kg/m2). ART patients had no nutritional supports (AOR=2.22), patients who feed less than 3times in a day (AOR=3.29) and had smoking habit (AOR=6.06) were more likely to be under nourished and those patients in WHO Clinical stage 3 (AOR=0.12) were less likely to be under nourished. Conclusion: This study revealed that under nutrition among adult HIV/AIDS Clients in rolled in ART was high prevalent problem in the study area. WHO clinical stage, daily food intake, nutritional support, smoking status was identified as the determinants of under nutrition. Current study identified that there is a need to design and implement nutritional interventions including nutritional support in items or financially together with healthy habit counselling as part of integrated ART service for effective patient treatment outcome.
背景:艾滋病毒/艾滋病和营养不良的影响是相互关联的，并在恶性循环中相互加剧。艾滋病毒通过增加能量需求、减少食物摄入和对营养吸收和代谢产生不利影响，具体影响营养状况。尽管参加抗逆转录病毒治疗的艾滋病毒感染者人数在埃塞俄比亚显著增加。营养护理和其他有助于治疗成功的支持没有得到足够的重视。本研究的目的是评估埃塞俄比亚南部胡萨纳镇Nigest Elleni Mohammed纪念医院接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的成年艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者中营养不良状况的流行程度及其决定因素。方法:采用系统随机抽样技术进行基于机构的横断面定量研究，样本量为234人。从每个抽样患者中收集访谈和人体测量数据。采用双因素和多因素logistic回归分析，以p值≤0.05和AOR为基础，确定有显著相关性的变量，CI为95%。结果:在接受ART治疗的成年HIV/AIDS患者中，32.5%的人营养不良(BMI<18.5 Kg/m2)。ART患者无营养支持(AOR=2.22)、每日进食少于3次(AOR=3.29)、有吸烟习惯(AOR=6.06)的营养不良发生率较高，who临床3期(AOR=0.12)的营养不良发生率较低。结论:本研究揭示了在研究地区接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的成年艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者营养不良的高发问题。世卫组织将临床分期、每日食物摄入量、营养支持、吸烟状况确定为营养不良的决定因素。目前的研究确定，有必要设计和实施营养干预措施，包括在物品或财务上提供营养支持，同时提供健康习惯咨询，作为抗逆转录病毒治疗综合服务的一部分，以实现有效的患者治疗结果。
{"title":"Under Nutrition Status and Its Determinants among Adult HIV and AIDSClients Enrolled on Antiretroviral Therapy at Nigest Elleni MohammedMemorial Hospital, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"W. G. Shiferaw, Assefa A Jegora, L. Lema, B. M. Gebremariam","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113.1000733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000733","url":null,"abstract":"Background: HIV/AIDS and malnutrition effects are interrelated and exacerbate one another in a vicious cycle. HIV specifically affects nutritional status by increasing energy requirements, reducing food intake and adversely affecting nutrient absorption and metabolism. In spite of the number of People Living with HIV ever enrolled on ART increases significantly in Ethiopia. Nutritional care and other supports which help for the success of treatment received insufficient attention. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of undernutrition status and its determinants among adult HIV/AIDS Clients enrolled on ART at Nigest Elleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital in Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia. Method: Institution based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted using systematic random sampling technique with sample size of 234. From each sampled patient, interview and anthropometric data were collected. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used and the variables which had significant association were identified on the basis of p-value ≤ 0.05 and AOR, with 95% CI. Results: Among adult HIV/AIDS Clients in rolled in ART, 32.5% of them were under nourished (BMI<18.5 Kg/m2). ART patients had no nutritional supports (AOR=2.22), patients who feed less than 3times in a day (AOR=3.29) and had smoking habit (AOR=6.06) were more likely to be under nourished and those patients in WHO Clinical stage 3 (AOR=0.12) were less likely to be under nourished. Conclusion: This study revealed that under nutrition among adult HIV/AIDS Clients in rolled in ART was high prevalent problem in the study area. WHO clinical stage, daily food intake, nutritional support, smoking status was identified as the determinants of under nutrition. Current study identified that there is a need to design and implement nutritional interventions including nutritional support in items or financially together with healthy habit counselling as part of integrated ART service for effective patient treatment outcome.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42066981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-28DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000732
Sampson E. Akwafuo, A. Shattock, Armin R. Mikler
Using FWSS in Nigeria as a case study, this research develops a novel risk equation for estimating new infections among FWSS, their clients and communities. It uses a hybrid SUDT and SIT structural model. It considers number of contacts, number of protected and unprotected sexual acts, population and other existing values as base inputs. Simulation of the model was done using python programming. The model also estimates the impacts of these interventions on the clients of the sex workers, their female partners and the general population. The levels of the program implementation, needed on each scenario, to achieve the required number of averted new infections are also modelled. This model can be used to estimate the risk of a population set to a sexually transmitted disease. Public health workers can use the model to prepare a fit for- purpose intervention program for specific community members.
{"title":"Modelling HIV Intervention among Most-at-Risk/Key Population: Case Study of FWSS in Nigeria","authors":"Sampson E. Akwafuo, A. Shattock, Armin R. Mikler","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113.1000732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000732","url":null,"abstract":"Using FWSS in Nigeria as a case study, this research develops a novel risk equation for estimating new infections among FWSS, their clients and communities. It uses a hybrid SUDT and SIT structural model. It considers number of contacts, number of protected and unprotected sexual acts, population and other existing values as base inputs. Simulation of the model was done using python programming. The model also estimates the impacts of these interventions on the clients of the sex workers, their female partners and the general population. The levels of the program implementation, needed on each scenario, to achieve the required number of averted new infections are also modelled. This model can be used to estimate the risk of a population set to a sexually transmitted disease. Public health workers can use the model to prepare a fit for- purpose intervention program for specific community members.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44705162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000731
S. Erb, E. Letang, T. Glass, A. Natamatungiro, D. Mnzava, H. Mapesi, M. Haschke, U. Duthaler, B. Berger, L. Muri, J. Bader, C. Marzolini, L. Elzi, T. Klimkait, W. Langewitz, M. Battegay
Background: Adherence assessment in HIV-infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential. The assessment tool should be reliable and easy to apply in routine clinical practice. The goal of this study was to evaluate a pictogram-enhanced visual analog scale (VAS) suitable for illiterate patients to assess self-reported adherence in ART-treated HIV-infected individuals in a resource-limited setting. Methods: Adherence of 299 HIV-infected individuals on ART for ≥ 6 months attending an HIV-clinic in rural Tanzania was prospectively assessed 1-3 months (visit V1) and 6-9 months (V2) after a healthcare provider training in patient-centered communication by various measures: 1) 1-10 pictogram-combined Likert VAS, 2) standardized questionnaire, 3) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ART-compounds and 4) plasma HIV-RNA. Results: 94% of the study population had no formal or only primary education. Individuals with non-adherence were detected in 17.2% by VAS (score ≤ 9) and in 10.7% by questionnaire (≥ 1 missed ART-dose/4weeks) at V1. The detection rate declined to a lesser extent with VAS (11.7%, p=0.06) compared to the questionnaire (5.7%, p=0.016) at V2. VAS strongly correlated with the questionnaire (kappa>0.50, p<0.0001). Test agreements between TDM and VAS (kappa ≤ 0.200) and between HIV-RNA and VAS (kappa ≤ 0.220) were weak to fair, but slighly superior compared to the questionnaire (kappa ≤ 0.180 and ≤ 0.060, respectively). Conclusion: The VAS is a valuable tool for assessing self-reported adherence in illiterate HIV-infected individuals. It is inexpensive, rapid, and easier to apply than the questionnaire. Its use should be considered in resource-limited countries where more complex measures may not be feasible.
背景:艾滋病毒感染者接受抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的依从性评估是必要的。评估工具应可靠，便于临床常规应用。本研究的目的是评估一种象形文字增强视觉模拟量表(VAS)，该量表适用于文盲患者，以评估在资源有限的环境中接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的艾滋病毒感染者自我报告的依从性。方法:在坦桑尼亚农村hiv诊所就诊的299名hiv感染者接受ART治疗≥6个月的依从性，在医疗保健提供者接受以患者为中心的沟通培训后1-3个月(访问V1)和6-9个月(V2)，通过各种措施进行前瞻性评估:1)1-10象形图联合Likert VAS, 2)标准化问卷调查，3)ART化合物治疗药物监测(TDM)和4)血浆HIV-RNA。结果:94%的研究人群没有接受过正规教育或只接受过初等教育。在V1阶段，17.2%的人通过VAS(评分≤9)和10.7%的人通过问卷(≥1次/4周)检测到不依从性。VAS的检出率(11.7%，p=0.06)比问卷的检出率(5.7%，p=0.016)下降幅度较小。VAS与问卷有较强相关性(kappa>0.50, p<0.0001)。TDM与VAS (kappa≤0.200)、HIV-RNA与VAS (kappa≤0.220)的测试一致性从弱到一般，但略优于问卷(kappa≤0.180、≤0.060)。结论:VAS是评估文盲hiv感染者自我报告依从性的一种有价值的工具。它比问卷调查更便宜、快捷、更容易应用。应考虑在资源有限的国家使用它，因为这些国家可能无法采取更复杂的措施。
{"title":"A Simple Visual Analog Scale is a Valuable Tool to Assess Self-ReportedAdherence in HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Treatment in aResource-Limited Setting","authors":"S. Erb, E. Letang, T. Glass, A. Natamatungiro, D. Mnzava, H. Mapesi, M. Haschke, U. Duthaler, B. Berger, L. Muri, J. Bader, C. Marzolini, L. Elzi, T. Klimkait, W. Langewitz, M. Battegay","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113.1000731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000731","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adherence assessment in HIV-infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential. The assessment tool should be reliable and easy to apply in routine clinical practice. The goal of this study was to evaluate a pictogram-enhanced visual analog scale (VAS) suitable for illiterate patients to assess self-reported adherence in ART-treated HIV-infected individuals in a resource-limited setting. Methods: Adherence of 299 HIV-infected individuals on ART for ≥ 6 months attending an HIV-clinic in rural Tanzania was prospectively assessed 1-3 months (visit V1) and 6-9 months (V2) after a healthcare provider training in patient-centered communication by various measures: 1) 1-10 pictogram-combined Likert VAS, 2) standardized questionnaire, 3) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ART-compounds and 4) plasma HIV-RNA. Results: 94% of the study population had no formal or only primary education. Individuals with non-adherence were detected in 17.2% by VAS (score ≤ 9) and in 10.7% by questionnaire (≥ 1 missed ART-dose/4weeks) at V1. The detection rate declined to a lesser extent with VAS (11.7%, p=0.06) compared to the questionnaire (5.7%, p=0.016) at V2. VAS strongly correlated with the questionnaire (kappa>0.50, p<0.0001). Test agreements between TDM and VAS (kappa ≤ 0.200) and between HIV-RNA and VAS (kappa ≤ 0.220) were weak to fair, but slighly superior compared to the questionnaire (kappa ≤ 0.180 and ≤ 0.060, respectively). Conclusion: The VAS is a valuable tool for assessing self-reported adherence in illiterate HIV-infected individuals. It is inexpensive, rapid, and easier to apply than the questionnaire. Its use should be considered in resource-limited countries where more complex measures may not be feasible.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2155-6113.1000731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47005898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-20DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000729
M. A. Wani, R. Sankar
Since 1981, AIDS remains one of the alarming issues in public health. It kills more than 39 million people globally. In this silent killer disease, patients not only suffer physiologically and economically but psychologically too. Their psychological well-being, mental health and quality of life also affected. The cardinal objective behind the present research was to investigate the effect of social support on quality of life of AIDS patients. Further, the study strived to find the level of social support and quality of life among male and female; married and unmarried AIDS patients. This study consisted sample of 60 AIDS patients with equal number of male and female patients selected through purposive sampling technique. Quality of Life was measured by Quality of Life Scale and for assessment of Social Support among patients Enriched Social Support Inventory was applied. For statistical analysis Mean, t-Test, Pearson Correlation and One Way ANOVA was applied by using SPSS 16.0 version. The findings show that male and married AIDS patients have a better level of quality of life than female and unmarried AIDS patients; they also receive more social support than female and unmarried patients. The results also revealed that two demographical variables gender and marital status are negatively significant correlated with Social Support and Quality of Life. Concurrently Social Support was found positively significant correlated with quality of life. On the basis of the findings in the present study we may conclude that gender, marital status as well as Social support are influential variables in quality of life. All these three variables have their impact on quality of life.
{"title":"Impact of Social Support on Quality of Life among AIDS Patients in Kashmir Province of Jammu and Kashmir, India","authors":"M. A. Wani, R. Sankar","doi":"10.4172/2155-6113.1000729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000729","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1981, AIDS remains one of the alarming issues in public health. It kills more than 39 million people globally. In this silent killer disease, patients not only suffer physiologically and economically but psychologically too. Their psychological well-being, mental health and quality of life also affected. The cardinal objective behind the present research was to investigate the effect of social support on quality of life of AIDS patients. Further, the study strived to find the level of social support and quality of life among male and female; married and unmarried AIDS patients. This study consisted sample of 60 AIDS patients with equal number of male and female patients selected through purposive sampling technique. Quality of Life was measured by Quality of Life Scale and for assessment of Social Support among patients Enriched Social Support Inventory was applied. For statistical analysis Mean, t-Test, Pearson Correlation and One Way ANOVA was applied by using SPSS 16.0 version. The findings show that male and married AIDS patients have a better level of quality of life than female and unmarried AIDS patients; they also receive more social support than female and unmarried patients. The results also revealed that two demographical variables gender and marital status are negatively significant correlated with Social Support and Quality of Life. Concurrently Social Support was found positively significant correlated with quality of life. On the basis of the findings in the present study we may conclude that gender, marital status as well as Social support are influential variables in quality of life. All these three variables have their impact on quality of life.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42606493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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