Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.862
E. Nartey, R. Tetteh, F. Anto, B. Sarfo, W. Kudzi, R. Adanu
Background: The chronic nature of HIV infection requires lifelong Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) to continuously suppress HIV viral replication, reducing morbidity and mortality. Management of co-morbidities is one of the major challenges associated with the multi-drug regimens used for HIV therapy. Hypertension as a co-morbidity in Persons Living with HIV (PLHIV) has become an important public health challenge and importantly influence patient management and service delivery at HIV clinics. This study determined the prevalence of hypertension among patients attending HIV clinic at the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) and also explored the nature of the relationship between HIV/ART and hypertension in order to help identify individuals who could benefit from interventions to prevent or delay the onset of complications of hypertension and thereby improve the overall quality of life of PLHIV Methods: A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit study participants based on the routine clinic attendance sample frame. A questionnaire adapted from WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk-factor surveillance was modified and used for the collection of study participants' data. The prevalence of hypertension was estimated among study participants. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, metabolic and HIV/ART-related factors associated with hypertension were determined by logistic regression modelling using the purposeful selection of covariates method. Results: A total of 311 PLHIV were recruited as study participants. The present study revealed that the prevalence of hypertension in patients attending HIV clinic at KBTH was 36.7% and the factors associated with hypertension were increasing age, positive family history of hypertension, minimal exercising, current BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2, total cholesterol level ≥5.17 mmol/L, exposure to ART and increasing duration of ART exposure. Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of hypertension among patients attending HIV clinic at KBTH which is associated with exposure to Antiretroviral Therapy and increasing duration of this exposure. Blood pressure monitoring should move from being routine at the HIV clinic to more purposeful screening of patients for hypertension. Patients should be encouraged to have regular blood pressure measurements at home and not only when they visit HIV clinic.
{"title":"Hypertension and Associated Factors among Patients on HIV Antiretroviral Therapy at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital","authors":"E. Nartey, R. Tetteh, F. Anto, B. Sarfo, W. Kudzi, R. Adanu","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.862","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The chronic nature of HIV infection requires lifelong Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) to continuously suppress HIV viral replication, reducing morbidity and mortality. Management of co-morbidities is one of the major challenges associated with the multi-drug regimens used for HIV therapy. Hypertension as a co-morbidity in Persons Living with HIV (PLHIV) has become an important public health challenge and importantly influence patient management and service delivery at HIV clinics. This study determined the prevalence of hypertension among patients attending HIV clinic at the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) and also explored the nature of the relationship between HIV/ART and hypertension in order to help identify individuals who could benefit from interventions to prevent or delay the onset of complications of hypertension and thereby improve the overall quality of life of PLHIV Methods: A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit study participants based on the routine clinic attendance sample frame. A questionnaire adapted from WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk-factor surveillance was modified and used for the collection of study participants' data. The prevalence of hypertension was estimated among study participants. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, metabolic and HIV/ART-related factors associated with hypertension were determined by logistic regression modelling using the purposeful selection of covariates method. Results: A total of 311 PLHIV were recruited as study participants. The present study revealed that the prevalence of hypertension in patients attending HIV clinic at KBTH was 36.7% and the factors associated with hypertension were increasing age, positive family history of hypertension, minimal exercising, current BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2, total cholesterol level ≥5.17 mmol/L, exposure to ART and increasing duration of ART exposure. Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of hypertension among patients attending HIV clinic at KBTH which is associated with exposure to Antiretroviral Therapy and increasing duration of this exposure. Blood pressure monitoring should move from being routine at the HIV clinic to more purposeful screening of patients for hypertension. Patients should be encouraged to have regular blood pressure measurements at home and not only when they visit HIV clinic.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70046900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.831
E. Stewart
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes HIV infection. The abbreviation “HIV” can refer to the virus or to HIV infection. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. HIV attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult for the body to fight off infections and certain cancer Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. This article deals with the Key facts related to the Disease.
{"title":"Editorial Note on HIV Stigma in the World","authors":"E. Stewart","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.831","url":null,"abstract":"HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes HIV infection. The abbreviation “HIV” can refer to the virus or to HIV infection. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. HIV attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult for the body to fight off infections and certain cancer Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. This article deals with the Key facts related to the Disease.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.847
E. Stewart
{"title":"Editorial Note on Microbiome's Role in HIV and Ageing","authors":"E. Stewart","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.847","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.867
V. R. Rao
{"title":"Taking Advantage of HIV Advancements for COVID-19","authors":"V. R. Rao","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.867","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"60 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70046607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.863
Pratap Singh
{"title":"In Forensic Interviews with Children: Visual Aids","authors":"Pratap Singh","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.863","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70046946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.851
V. Chamcha
{"title":"A Brief Report on HIV and Aging Act","authors":"V. Chamcha","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.851","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) deplete CD4+ T cell in human and weaken the immune system, this makes HIV positive patients more susceptible to parasitic and other opportunistic infection. Intestinal parasitic infection plays vital role in the prognosis of people living with HIV/AIDS. This study was aimed to determine the magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection and its determinant among people living HIV/AIDS. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2020 to April 2020. A total of 223 study participants were recruited using simple random sampling. A Pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and other risk factor data. A stool sample was collected to detect parasitic infection using wet mount, formol-ether concentration and Modified ziehl-neelsen technique. The whole blood sample was collected to determine CD4+ T cell count using BD FACSCount™ System. Data was entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of 223 participants 166 (74.4%) were males. The mean age of the study participants was 37.9 years old with the majority being found in the age group 26-49 years (64.1%). The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was found to be 38.1%. The prevalence was significantly higher in males (23.7%) than in females (p≤0.002). The most predominant parasite detected was G. lamblia (40%) followed by E. histolytica (32.9%). The prevalence of opportunistic infection was 2.24%. The detected opportunistic parasites were S. stercoloaris, Cryptosporidium spps and I. beli. Sex, residence and low CD4+ T cell counts were significantly associated with the prevalence intestinal parasitic infection among HIV/ AIDS patients. Conclusion: The finding showed intestinal parasitic infections being a major health problem in HIV patients. Low-level CD4 T cell is a risk factor for the high prevalence of parasitic infection. The high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection indicates the need of routine investigation of the infection that will aid for rapid therapeutic management.
{"title":"Prevalence of Opportunistic and other Intestinal Parasites Infections and its Associated Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients attending at Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia","authors":"Habtye Bisetegn, Melaku Dires, Tigist Muluneh, M. Kassa, Mastewal Bazezew, Lubaba Seid","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.845","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) deplete CD4+ T cell in human and weaken the immune system, this makes HIV positive patients more susceptible to parasitic and other opportunistic infection. Intestinal parasitic infection plays vital role in the prognosis of people living with HIV/AIDS. This study was aimed to determine the magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection and its determinant among people living HIV/AIDS. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2020 to April 2020. A total of 223 study participants were recruited using simple random sampling. A Pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and other risk factor data. A stool sample was collected to detect parasitic infection using wet mount, formol-ether concentration and Modified ziehl-neelsen technique. The whole blood sample was collected to determine CD4+ T cell count using BD FACSCount™ System. Data was entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of 223 participants 166 (74.4%) were males. The mean age of the study participants was 37.9 years old with the majority being found in the age group 26-49 years (64.1%). The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was found to be 38.1%. The prevalence was significantly higher in males (23.7%) than in females (p≤0.002). The most predominant parasite detected was G. lamblia (40%) followed by E. histolytica (32.9%). The prevalence of opportunistic infection was 2.24%. The detected opportunistic parasites were S. stercoloaris, Cryptosporidium spps and I. beli. Sex, residence and low CD4+ T cell counts were significantly associated with the prevalence intestinal parasitic infection among HIV/ AIDS patients. Conclusion: The finding showed intestinal parasitic infections being a major health problem in HIV patients. Low-level CD4 T cell is a risk factor for the high prevalence of parasitic infection. The high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection indicates the need of routine investigation of the infection that will aid for rapid therapeutic management.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-16DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.14.382895
C. Mavian, Roxana M. Coman, Xinrui Zhang, S. Pomeroy, D. Ostrov, B. Dunn, J. Sleasman, M. Goodenow
Therapeutic pressure by protease inhibitors (PIs) contributes to accumulation of mutations in the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) leading to development of drug resistance with subsequent therapy failure. Current PIs target the active site of PR in a competitive manner. Identification of molecules that exploit non-active site mechanisms of inhibition is essential to overcome resistance to current PIs. Potential non-active site HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitors (PI) were identified by in silico screening of almost 140,000 molecules targeting the hinge region of PR. Inhibitory activity of best docking compounds was tested in an in vitro PR inhibition biochemical assay. Five compounds inhibited PR from multiple HIV-1 subtypes in vitro and reduced replicative capacity by PI-sensitive or multi-PI resistant HIV-1 variants in human cells ex vivo. Antiviral activity was boosted when combined with Ritonavir, potentially diminishing development of drug resistance, while providing effective treatment for drug resistant HIV-1 variants.
{"title":"Molecular Docking-Based Screening for Novel Inhibitors of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease that Effectively Reduce the Viral Replication in Human Cells","authors":"C. Mavian, Roxana M. Coman, Xinrui Zhang, S. Pomeroy, D. Ostrov, B. Dunn, J. Sleasman, M. Goodenow","doi":"10.1101/2020.11.14.382895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.14.382895","url":null,"abstract":"Therapeutic pressure by protease inhibitors (PIs) contributes to accumulation of mutations in the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) leading to development of drug resistance with subsequent therapy failure. Current PIs target the active site of PR in a competitive manner. Identification of molecules that exploit non-active site mechanisms of inhibition is essential to overcome resistance to current PIs. Potential non-active site HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitors (PI) were identified by in silico screening of almost 140,000 molecules targeting the hinge region of PR. Inhibitory activity of best docking compounds was tested in an in vitro PR inhibition biochemical assay. Five compounds inhibited PR from multiple HIV-1 subtypes in vitro and reduced replicative capacity by PI-sensitive or multi-PI resistant HIV-1 variants in human cells ex vivo. Antiviral activity was boosted when combined with Ritonavir, potentially diminishing development of drug resistance, while providing effective treatment for drug resistant HIV-1 variants.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89310455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-30DOI: 10.37421/JAR.2020.11.815
B. Kone, D. Goita, O. Dolo, Daouda Traoré, D. Sogoba, A. Somboro, M. Sanogo, A. Somboro, N. Coulibaly, Alou Sanogo, Z. Diarra, M. Traoré, A. Maiga, B. Baya, Y. Sarro, B. Diarra, A. Koné, D. Diallo, D. Dabitao, J. Holl, M. Belson, S. Dao, R. Murphy, M. Diakité, S. Diallo, S. Doumbia, M. Maiga
Background: Routine monitoring of HIV-1 Viral Load (VL) is important in patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) management. Access to HIV VL remains a challenge in resource-limited settings, especially in rural areas. Universal access to VL requires more simplified and less restrictive alternatives to current conventional VL methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the new rapid (2-hour turnaround time) Xpert HIV-1VL technique compared to Roche TaqMan and Abbott RT m2000 for HIV-1 RNA quantification in HIV- infected patients. Study design: We conducted a cross-sectional study in patients seen for routine VL monitoring between August and November 2018 in a HIV care site in Bamako. The performance of the Xpert HIV-1 VL assay was evaluated against the Roche TaqMan assay and Abbott m2000 RT assay. Performance, utility and reliability/reproducibility were verified using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR), Kappa coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The Xpert assay compared well with the two current referral assays (Roche TaqMan and Abbott m2000 RT assays). Compared to Roche TaqMan assay the sensitivity was 93.10%, specificity (97.01%) and accuracy (95.20%), the correlation coefficient of Pearson (r) was 0.98 (p <0.01). Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference of 0.18 log10 cp/mL; (Standard Deviation) SD=0.33. Compared to the Abbott m2000 RT, the sensitivity, the specificity and the accuracy were respectively 93.44%; 92% and 92.65%. The Xpert HIV-1 VL assay showed a good correlation with a correlation coefficient of Pearson, r=0.99 (p <0.001). The overall mean difference in the HIV-1 VL values obtained by Xpert HIV-1 VL and Abbott m2000 RT assays was 0.08 log10 cp/mL; SD=0.30. Conclusion: Xpert HIV-1 VL showed a good performance compared to Roche TaqMan and Abbott m2000 RT. With the rapid test results (less than 2 h) and ease of testing individual specimens, the Xpert HIV-1 VL assay could be an effective alternative for HIV VL monitoring in resource-limited settings.
{"title":"Performance Comparison of Xpert HIV-1 Viral Load Assay and Roche Taqman and Abbott M2000 RT in Bamako, Mali","authors":"B. Kone, D. Goita, O. Dolo, Daouda Traoré, D. Sogoba, A. Somboro, M. Sanogo, A. Somboro, N. Coulibaly, Alou Sanogo, Z. Diarra, M. Traoré, A. Maiga, B. Baya, Y. Sarro, B. Diarra, A. Koné, D. Diallo, D. Dabitao, J. Holl, M. Belson, S. Dao, R. Murphy, M. Diakité, S. Diallo, S. Doumbia, M. Maiga","doi":"10.37421/JAR.2020.11.815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/JAR.2020.11.815","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Routine monitoring of HIV-1 Viral Load (VL) is important in patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) management. Access to HIV VL remains a challenge in resource-limited settings, especially in rural areas. Universal access to VL requires more simplified and less restrictive alternatives to current conventional VL methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the new rapid (2-hour turnaround time) Xpert HIV-1VL technique compared to Roche TaqMan and Abbott RT m2000 for HIV-1 RNA quantification in HIV- infected patients. Study design: We conducted a cross-sectional study in patients seen for routine VL monitoring between August and November 2018 in a HIV care site in Bamako. The performance of the Xpert HIV-1 VL assay was evaluated against the Roche TaqMan assay and Abbott m2000 RT assay. Performance, utility and reliability/reproducibility were verified using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR), Kappa coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The Xpert assay compared well with the two current referral assays (Roche TaqMan and Abbott m2000 RT assays). Compared to Roche TaqMan assay the sensitivity was 93.10%, specificity (97.01%) and accuracy (95.20%), the correlation coefficient of Pearson (r) was 0.98 (p <0.01). Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference of 0.18 log10 cp/mL; (Standard Deviation) SD=0.33. Compared to the Abbott m2000 RT, the sensitivity, the specificity and the accuracy were respectively 93.44%; 92% and 92.65%. The Xpert HIV-1 VL assay showed a good correlation with a correlation coefficient of Pearson, r=0.99 (p <0.001). The overall mean difference in the HIV-1 VL values obtained by Xpert HIV-1 VL and Abbott m2000 RT assays was 0.08 log10 cp/mL; SD=0.30. Conclusion: Xpert HIV-1 VL showed a good performance compared to Roche TaqMan and Abbott m2000 RT. With the rapid test results (less than 2 h) and ease of testing individual specimens, the Xpert HIV-1 VL assay could be an effective alternative for HIV VL monitoring in resource-limited settings.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79524005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shawn S Jackson, Louise E Sumner, Mikaela A Finnegan, Emily A Billings, Danna L Huffman, Margaret A Rush
We present a retrospective analysis of trends in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) small molecule drug development over the last thirty-five years based on data captured by ChemDB, a United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH) database of chemical and biological HIV testing data. These data are analyzed alongside NIH funding levels, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approvals, and new target identifications to explore the influences of these factors on anti-HIV drug discovery research. The NIH's ChemDB database collects chemical and biological testing data describing published and patented pre-clinical compounds in development as potential HIV therapeutics. These data were used as a proxy for estimating overall levels of HIV therapeutics research activities in order to assess research trends. Data extracted from ChemDB were compared with records of drug approvals from the FDA, NIH funding levels, and drug target discoveries to elucidate the influences that these factors have on levels of HIV therapeutics research activities. Despite the increasingly wide suite of HIV therapeutic options that have accumulated during decades of research, interest in HIV therapeutics research activities remains strong. While decreases in research activity levels have followed cuts in research funding, FDA-approved HIV therapeutics have continued to accumulate. The comparisons presented here indicate that HIV drug research activity levels have historically been more responsive to changes in funding levels and the identification of new drug targets, than they have been to drug approvals. Continued interest in HIV therapeutics research may reflect that fact that of the 55 drugs approved for HIV treatment as of 2018, only seven inhibitory targets are represented. Moreover, drug resistance presents substantial clinical challenges. Sustained research interest despite drug approvals and fluctuations in available funding likely reflects the clinical need for safer, more palatable and more efficacious therapeutics; robust attention to both novel therapeutics and inhibitory targets is necessary given the speed of development of drug-resistant HIV strains. Only with such continued interest will we reduce the burden of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease and control the AIDS epidemic.
{"title":"A 35-Year Review of Pre-Clinical HIV Therapeutics Research Reported by NIH ChemDB: Influences of Target Discoveries, Drug Approvals and Research Funding.","authors":"Shawn S Jackson, Louise E Sumner, Mikaela A Finnegan, Emily A Billings, Danna L Huffman, Margaret A Rush","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a retrospective analysis of trends in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) small molecule drug development over the last thirty-five years based on data captured by ChemDB, a United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH) database of chemical and biological HIV testing data. These data are analyzed alongside NIH funding levels, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approvals, and new target identifications to explore the influences of these factors on anti-HIV drug discovery research. The NIH's ChemDB database collects chemical and biological testing data describing published and patented pre-clinical compounds in development as potential HIV therapeutics. These data were used as a proxy for estimating overall levels of HIV therapeutics research activities in order to assess research trends. Data extracted from ChemDB were compared with records of drug approvals from the FDA, NIH funding levels, and drug target discoveries to elucidate the influences that these factors have on levels of HIV therapeutics research activities. Despite the increasingly wide suite of HIV therapeutic options that have accumulated during decades of research, interest in HIV therapeutics research activities remains strong. While decreases in research activity levels have followed cuts in research funding, FDA-approved HIV therapeutics have continued to accumulate. The comparisons presented here indicate that HIV drug research activity levels have historically been more responsive to changes in funding levels and the identification of new drug targets, than they have been to drug approvals. Continued interest in HIV therapeutics research may reflect that fact that of the 55 drugs approved for HIV treatment as of 2018, only seven inhibitory targets are represented. Moreover, drug resistance presents substantial clinical challenges. Sustained research interest despite drug approvals and fluctuations in available funding likely reflects the clinical need for safer, more palatable and more efficacious therapeutics; robust attention to both novel therapeutics and inhibitory targets is necessary given the speed of development of drug-resistant HIV strains. Only with such continued interest will we reduce the burden of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease and control the AIDS epidemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7757624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38751533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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