Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.304
D. Pashchenko
An attempt has been made to explain the features of the wrist structure of crocodiles, which sharply distinguish them from other reptiles. Biomechanical model of a crocodilian forearm and manus is created with using of the vector contours method from the theory of mechanisms and machines. The key role of the V finger in the manus stability during the stance phase is shown. On the basis of this data, it is concluded that there is no bipedal stage in evolutionary history of crocodiles and their high specialization for quadrupedal parasagittal running with the emergence of a gallop as a result. The special way of parasagittal forelimb posture of the crocodiles offered to name instant parasagittality.
{"title":"The crocodilian forearm and wrist: biomechanics and functional morphology","authors":"D. Pashchenko","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.304","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt has been made to explain the features of the wrist structure of crocodiles, which sharply distinguish them from other reptiles. Biomechanical model of a crocodilian forearm and manus is created with using of the vector contours method from the theory of mechanisms and machines. The key role of the V finger in the manus stability during the stance phase is shown. On the basis of this data, it is concluded that there is no bipedal stage in evolutionary history of crocodiles and their high specialization for quadrupedal parasagittal running with the emergence of a gallop as a result. The special way of parasagittal forelimb posture of the crocodiles offered to name instant parasagittality.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48063595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.301
D. Karlov, A. Sazanova, P. Guro, I. Kuznetsova, A. Verkhozina, A. Belimov, V. Safronova
For the first time, bacteria were isolated and identified from the root nodules of relict legumes Gueldenstaedtia monophylla Fisch. and G. verna (Georgi) Boriss. growing in the republics of Altai and Buryatia. The taxonomic position of the 29 obtained isolates was determined by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene (rrs). Showing a significant biodiversity, the isolates from G. monophylla and G. verna belonged to five genera of the order Rhizobiales: Mesorhizobium and Phyllobacterium (family Phyllobacteriaceae), Rhizobium (family Rhizobiaceae), Bosea (family Boseaceae), Bradyrhizobium (family Bradyrhizobiaceae). Three isolates which belonged to the species Bradyrhizobium valentinum and Rhizobium alamii showed 100 % of rrs-similarity with the type strains B. valentinum LmjM3T and R. alamii GBV016T, respectively. Six isolates of the genera Bosea and Rhizobium had a low level of rrs-similarity with the closest type strains (less than 99.5 %), which indicates that they may be assigned to new species. The data obtained can be used to itemise taxonomy within the order Rhizobiales, as well as to reveal the mechanisms of the formation of specific plant-microbial relationships during the evolution of symbiosis by studying the intermediate link between the extinct and modern rhizobia-legume symbiotic systems.
{"title":"Genetic diversity of rhizobial strains isolated from the relict legumes Gueldenstaedtia monophylla and G. verna growing in the republics of Altai and Buryatia (Russia)","authors":"D. Karlov, A. Sazanova, P. Guro, I. Kuznetsova, A. Verkhozina, A. Belimov, V. Safronova","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.301","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time, bacteria were isolated and identified from the root nodules of relict legumes Gueldenstaedtia monophylla Fisch. and G. verna (Georgi) Boriss. growing in the republics of Altai and Buryatia. The taxonomic position of the 29 obtained isolates was determined by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene (rrs). Showing a significant biodiversity, the isolates from G. monophylla and G. verna belonged to five genera of the order Rhizobiales: Mesorhizobium and Phyllobacterium (family Phyllobacteriaceae), Rhizobium (family Rhizobiaceae), Bosea (family Boseaceae), Bradyrhizobium (family Bradyrhizobiaceae). Three isolates which belonged to the species Bradyrhizobium valentinum and Rhizobium alamii showed 100 % of rrs-similarity with the type strains B. valentinum LmjM3T and R. alamii GBV016T, respectively. Six isolates of the genera Bosea and Rhizobium had a low level of rrs-similarity with the closest type strains (less than 99.5 %), which indicates that they may be assigned to new species. The data obtained can be used to itemise taxonomy within the order Rhizobiales, as well as to reveal the mechanisms of the formation of specific plant-microbial relationships during the evolution of symbiosis by studying the intermediate link between the extinct and modern rhizobia-legume symbiotic systems.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44029804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.302
Alexandr Aimaletdinov, M. Abyzova, I. Kurilov, Alina Yuferova, Catrin Rutland, A. Rizvanov, E. Zakirova
Isolating and culturing myoblasts is essential for techniques such as tissue regeneration and in vitro meat production. This research describes a protocol to isolate primary myoblasts from skeletal muscle of an adult horse. The equine primary myoblasts expressed markers specific to myoblasts and had multipotent potential capabilities with differentiation into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts in vitro. The horse myoblasts did not adhere to Cytodex 3 and grew poorly on CultiSpher-S microcarriers during in vitro cultivation. Our studies showed that the use of GelMa bioink and ionic cross-linking did not have negative effects on cell proliferation at the beginning of cultivation. However, cells showed reduced proliferative activity by day 40 following in vitro culturing. The population of primary equine myoblasts obtained from an adult individual, and propagated on microcarriers and bioink, did not meet the requirements of the regenerative veterinary and manufacturing meat in vitro regarding the quantity and quality of the cells required. Nonetheless, further optimization of the cell scaling up process, including both microcarriers and/or the bioreactor program and bioprinting, is still important.
{"title":"Isolation, culturing and 3D bioprinting equine myoblasts","authors":"Alexandr Aimaletdinov, M. Abyzova, I. Kurilov, Alina Yuferova, Catrin Rutland, A. Rizvanov, E. Zakirova","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.302","url":null,"abstract":"Isolating and culturing myoblasts is essential for techniques such as tissue regeneration and in vitro meat production. This research describes a protocol to isolate primary myoblasts from skeletal muscle of an adult horse. The equine primary myoblasts expressed markers specific to myoblasts and had multipotent potential capabilities with differentiation into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts in vitro. The horse myoblasts did not adhere to Cytodex 3 and grew poorly on CultiSpher-S microcarriers during in vitro cultivation. Our studies showed that the use of GelMa bioink and ionic cross-linking did not have negative effects on cell proliferation at the beginning of cultivation. However, cells showed reduced proliferative activity by day 40 following in vitro culturing. The population of primary equine myoblasts obtained from an adult individual, and propagated on microcarriers and bioink, did not meet the requirements of the regenerative veterinary and manufacturing meat in vitro regarding the quantity and quality of the cells required. Nonetheless, further optimization of the cell scaling up process, including both microcarriers and/or the bioreactor program and bioprinting, is still important.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42053597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.305
A. Namyatova
The environmental conditions limiting the distribution of trans-Palearctic species from various groups remain poorly studied. This work addresses the topic from three perspectives: (1) analysis of climatic variables, biomes and climate zones corresponding to the actual records; (2) assessment of environmental niches and contribution of biomes to those niches; (3) comparison of the distributional limits of trans-Palearctic and more local species. The genus Orthocephalus (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) is used as a model taxon. The results have demonstrated that all trans-Palearctic species of this genus are known from numerous biomes and climate zones, but each of them has unique preferences. Biomes significantly contribute to the environmental niches of some of those species. None of the trans-Palearctic species were recorded from the hot steppe and desert climate zones, which occupy large areas in the Palearctic, although certain rare and local species inhabit those regions. This means that the trans-Palearctic species cannot easily adapt to those conditions.
{"title":"Preferable and limiting conditions of trans-Palearctic Orthocephalus species (Heteroptera: Miridae)","authors":"A. Namyatova","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.305","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental conditions limiting the distribution of trans-Palearctic species from various groups remain poorly studied. This work addresses the topic from three perspectives: (1) analysis of climatic variables, biomes and climate zones corresponding to the actual records; (2) assessment of environmental niches and contribution of biomes to those niches; (3) comparison of the distributional limits of trans-Palearctic and more local species. The genus Orthocephalus (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) is used as a model taxon. The results have demonstrated that all trans-Palearctic species of this genus are known from numerous biomes and climate zones, but each of them has unique preferences. Biomes significantly contribute to the environmental niches of some of those species. None of the trans-Palearctic species were recorded from the hot steppe and desert climate zones, which occupy large areas in the Palearctic, although certain rare and local species inhabit those regions. This means that the trans-Palearctic species cannot easily adapt to those conditions.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42262246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.309
T. Leonova, Julia Shumilina, A. Kim, N. Frolova, L. Wessjohann, T. Bilova, A. Frolov
Due to the oncoming climate changes water deficit represents one of the most important abiotic stressors which dramatically affects crop productivity worldwide. Because of their importance as the principal source of food protein, legumes attract a special interest of plant scientists. Moreover, legumes are involved in symbiotic association with rhizobial bacteria, which is morphologically localized to root nodules. These structures are critical for fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and highly sensitive to drought. Therefore, new drought-tolerant legume cultivars need to be developed to meet the growing food demand. However, this requires a comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind the plant stress response. To access these mechanisms, adequate and reliable drought stress models need to be established. The agar-based polyethylene glycol (PEG) infusion model allows a physiologically relevant reduction of soil water potential (Ψw), although it is restricted to seedlings and does not give access to proteomics and metabolomics studies. Earlier, we successfully overcame this limitation and optimized this model for mature Arabidopsis plants. Here we make the next step forward and address its application to one of the major crop legumes — pea. Using a broad panel of physiological and biochemical markers, we comprehensively prove the applicability of this setup to legumes. The patterns of drought-related physiological changes are well-interpretable and generally resemble the stress response of plants grown in soil-based stop-watering models. Thus, the proposed model can be efficiently used in the study of stress-related metabolic adjustment in green parts, roots and root nodules of juvenile and flowering plants.
{"title":"Agar-based polyethylene glycol (PEG) infusion model for pea (Pisum sativum L.) — perspectives of translation to legume crop plants","authors":"T. Leonova, Julia Shumilina, A. Kim, N. Frolova, L. Wessjohann, T. Bilova, A. Frolov","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.309","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the oncoming climate changes water deficit represents one of the most important abiotic stressors which dramatically affects crop productivity worldwide. Because of their importance as the principal source of food protein, legumes attract a special interest of plant scientists. Moreover, legumes are involved in symbiotic association with rhizobial bacteria, which is morphologically localized to root nodules. These structures are critical for fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and highly sensitive to drought. Therefore, new drought-tolerant legume cultivars need to be developed to meet the growing food demand. However, this requires a comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind the plant stress response. To access these mechanisms, adequate and reliable drought stress models need to be established. The agar-based polyethylene glycol (PEG) infusion model allows a physiologically relevant reduction of soil water potential (Ψw), although it is restricted to seedlings and does not give access to proteomics and metabolomics studies. Earlier, we successfully overcame this limitation and optimized this model for mature Arabidopsis plants. Here we make the next step forward and address its application to one of the major crop legumes — pea. Using a broad panel of physiological and biochemical markers, we comprehensively prove the applicability of this setup to legumes. The patterns of drought-related physiological changes are well-interpretable and generally resemble the stress response of plants grown in soil-based stop-watering models. Thus, the proposed model can be efficiently used in the study of stress-related metabolic adjustment in green parts, roots and root nodules of juvenile and flowering plants.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46531023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.303
Azade Khadem, A. Bagheri, N. Moshtaghi, Fatemeh Keykha Akhar, A. Sharifi
Hairy root culture is a promising approach to improve production of plant secondary metabolites. The genes, which are located in T-DNA of a root-inducing plasmid, regulate auxin sensitivity of hairy roots. Therefore, this study was aimed to improve the growth and rosmarinic acid production of Lavandula angustifolia hairy roots. Lateral branches of hairy roots were transferred to ½ MS and ½ B5 liquid media. To assess auxin sensitivity, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with four different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) were also applied. The growth of hairy roots in ½ MS medium was two-fold higher than in ½ B5 medium. In addition, both auxins were found to significantly improve the growth of hairy roots whereas non-transformed roots stopped growing in the presence of the auxins. The highest dry weight and rosmarinic acid production of hairy roots were obtained from ½ MS medium supplemented with IBA irrespective of its concentration. As a result, the hairy roots grown in ½ MS medium supplemented with IBA produced the maximum amount of rosmarinic acid (7.98 mg/g dry weight of hairy roots). This first report of rosmarinic acid production in L. angustifolia hairy roots provides new insights into the auxin sensitivity of L. angustifolia hairy roots.
{"title":"Auxin sensitivity improves production of rosmarinic acid in transformed hairy roots of Lavandula angustifolia","authors":"Azade Khadem, A. Bagheri, N. Moshtaghi, Fatemeh Keykha Akhar, A. Sharifi","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.303","url":null,"abstract":"Hairy root culture is a promising approach to improve production of plant secondary metabolites. The genes, which are located in T-DNA of a root-inducing plasmid, regulate auxin sensitivity of hairy roots. Therefore, this study was aimed to improve the growth and rosmarinic acid production of Lavandula angustifolia hairy roots. Lateral branches of hairy roots were transferred to ½ MS and ½ B5 liquid media. To assess auxin sensitivity, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with four different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) were also applied. The growth of hairy roots in ½ MS medium was two-fold higher than in ½ B5 medium. In addition, both auxins were found to significantly improve the growth of hairy roots whereas non-transformed roots stopped growing in the presence of the auxins. The highest dry weight and rosmarinic acid production of hairy roots were obtained from ½ MS medium supplemented with IBA irrespective of its concentration. As a result, the hairy roots grown in ½ MS medium supplemented with IBA produced the maximum amount of rosmarinic acid (7.98 mg/g dry weight of hairy roots). This first report of rosmarinic acid production in L. angustifolia hairy roots provides new insights into the auxin sensitivity of L. angustifolia hairy roots.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42412198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.204
N. Kibler, V. Nuzhny, D. Shmakov
In this work, we investigated the effect of high heart rate (HR) in vivo on the electrical properties and pumping functions of the heart ventricle of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at low ambient temperatures. HR was altered by atrial pacing. The electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters and hemodynamic parameters of the heart ventricle of rainbow trout adapted to a temperature of 5–7 °C were studied from the normal sinus rhythm (21.6 ± 4.9 bpm) to the maximum possible HR. Results show that a HR of about 60 bpm is the upper limit of the normal functional activity of the ventricle of the heart. An increase in heart rate up to 60 bpm leads to an increase in the PQ interval and QRS complex, a decrease in the QT interval on the ECG, and a violation of the rhythmic activity of the heart (i.e., the occurrence of extrasystole), as well as to a considerable change in the hemodynamic parameters of the ventricle of the heart and a decrease in its contractile properties. After a period of ventricular extrasystole for several minutes (10–15 min), the activity of the sinus node resumes but with a lower HR compared with the initial HR. The duration of the QRS complex recovers to the initial one, and the PQ and QT intervals increase. Maximum systolic pressure and end-diastolic pressure also return to their original values after extrasystolic contraction. After the experimental extrasystole, the phenomenon of the absence of an increase in HR is observed. The arising extrasystole probably has a functional nature and is one of the mechanisms of electromechanical homeostatic control in the heart.
{"title":"Changes in heart rate during electrical stimulation of the atrium in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at low temperature","authors":"N. Kibler, V. Nuzhny, D. Shmakov","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.204","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we investigated the effect of high heart rate (HR) in vivo on the electrical properties and pumping functions of the heart ventricle of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at low ambient temperatures. HR was altered by atrial pacing. The electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters and hemodynamic parameters of the heart ventricle of rainbow trout adapted to a temperature of 5–7 °C were studied from the normal sinus rhythm (21.6 ± 4.9 bpm) to the maximum possible HR. Results show that a HR of about 60 bpm is the upper limit of the normal functional activity of the ventricle of the heart. An increase in heart rate up to 60 bpm leads to an increase in the PQ interval and QRS complex, a decrease in the QT interval on the ECG, and a violation of the rhythmic activity of the heart (i.e., the occurrence of extrasystole), as well as to a considerable change in the hemodynamic parameters of the ventricle of the heart and a decrease in its contractile properties. After a period of ventricular extrasystole for several minutes (10–15 min), the activity of the sinus node resumes but with a lower HR compared with the initial HR. The duration of the QRS complex recovers to the initial one, and the PQ and QT intervals increase. Maximum systolic pressure and end-diastolic pressure also return to their original values after extrasystolic contraction. After the experimental extrasystole, the phenomenon of the absence of an increase in HR is observed. The arising extrasystole probably has a functional nature and is one of the mechanisms of electromechanical homeostatic control in the heart.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42165045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.202
Yu. V. Andreychuk, A. Zhuk, E. Tarakhovskaya, S. Inge-Vechtomov, E. Stepchenkova
Polyploidization is involved in a variety of biological processes. It is one of the principal mechanisms of new species formation since it provides material for gene diversification and subsequent selection. Multiple cases of polyploidization were registered in different branches of the evolutionary tree of eukaryotes. Besides its role in evolution, polyploidization affects gene expression in living cells: pathological genome duplications often happen in cancer cells. The mechanisms and consequences of polyploidization are being studied extensively. However, quantitative determination of the polyploidization rate is challenging due to its low frequency and the absence of selective genetic markers that would phenotypically distinguish between haploids and polyploids. Our work describes a robust and straightforward method for discriminating haploid and polyploid states in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism for studying different aspects of polyploidization. The measurement of polyploidization rate showed that in yeast cells this process is mainly caused by autodiploidization rather than mating-type switching followed by hybridization.
{"title":"Rate of spontaneous polyploidization in haploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","authors":"Yu. V. Andreychuk, A. Zhuk, E. Tarakhovskaya, S. Inge-Vechtomov, E. Stepchenkova","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.202","url":null,"abstract":"Polyploidization is involved in a variety of biological processes. It is one of the principal mechanisms of new species formation since it provides material for gene diversification and subsequent selection. Multiple cases of polyploidization were registered in different branches of the evolutionary tree of eukaryotes. Besides its role in evolution, polyploidization affects gene expression in living cells: pathological genome duplications often happen in cancer cells. The mechanisms and consequences of polyploidization are being studied extensively. However, quantitative determination of the polyploidization rate is challenging due to its low frequency and the absence of selective genetic markers that would phenotypically distinguish between haploids and polyploids. Our work describes a robust and straightforward method for discriminating haploid and polyploid states in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism for studying different aspects of polyploidization. The measurement of polyploidization rate showed that in yeast cells this process is mainly caused by autodiploidization rather than mating-type switching followed by hybridization.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46940109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.205
I. Demina, A. Dyomin, K. Karenina
A variety of vertebrate species display lateralization of visual perception of threat. However, the vast majority of studies were carried out in the laboratory conditions, and little is known about the relevance of this lateralization for animals in their natural environment. The aim of our work was to study lateralized visual perception of potential threat in the steppe marmot. The asymmetric use of visual fields when reacting to an approaching threat was assessed in two wild populations of marmots. The results showed that marmots predominantly used the right eye for threat monitoring. A significant impact of anthropogenic disturbance was found both within and between the populations. The right-sided preference was reduced in animals inhabiting areas with high degree of anthropogenic disturbance. The eye (left/right) a focal individual used for threat monitoring did not influence its flight initiation distance. Contrary to a previous study, our results do not suggest that the use of a particular eye affects the speed of threat assessment.
{"title":"Lateralization in the visual perception of a potential source of danger in free-ranging steppe marmots (Marmota bobak)","authors":"I. Demina, A. Dyomin, K. Karenina","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.205","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of vertebrate species display lateralization of visual perception of threat. However, the vast majority of studies were carried out in the laboratory conditions, and little is known about the relevance of this lateralization for animals in their natural environment. The aim of our work was to study lateralized visual perception of potential threat in the steppe marmot. The asymmetric use of visual fields when reacting to an approaching threat was assessed in two wild populations of marmots. The results showed that marmots predominantly used the right eye for threat monitoring. A significant impact of anthropogenic disturbance was found both within and between the populations. The right-sided preference was reduced in animals inhabiting areas with high degree of anthropogenic disturbance. The eye (left/right) a focal individual used for threat monitoring did not influence its flight initiation distance. Contrary to a previous study, our results do not suggest that the use of a particular eye affects the speed of threat assessment.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46835491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.21638/spbu03.2022.203
O. Rodina, D. Davydov, D. Vlasov
This work presents data obtained as a result of studying the composition of cyanobacteria in lithobiotic communities on various substrates (Ruskeala marble, rapakivi-granite, granite gneiss) in different light conditions on the territory of the Karelian Isthmus: Leningrad Oblast, Republic of Karelia, and South Finland. The species composition of cyanobacteria was revealed, and the species composition on certain types of substrates was analyzed. A total of 49 species of cyanobacteria were noted for the Republic of Karelia (13 of which were not previously recorded in this territory). The detailed taxonomic and environmental characteristics of species are given. Changes in the species diversity of cyanobacteria in connection with specific habitats are shown. The type of substrate, the degree of moisture, and illumination are noted as the main factors determining the diversity of cyanobacteria in lithobiotic communities.
{"title":"Lithobiotic cyanobacteria diversity of the Karelian Isthmus","authors":"O. Rodina, D. Davydov, D. Vlasov","doi":"10.21638/spbu03.2022.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2022.203","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents data obtained as a result of studying the composition of cyanobacteria in lithobiotic communities on various substrates (Ruskeala marble, rapakivi-granite, granite gneiss) in different light conditions on the territory of the Karelian Isthmus: Leningrad Oblast, Republic of Karelia, and South Finland. The species composition of cyanobacteria was revealed, and the species composition on certain types of substrates was analyzed. A total of 49 species of cyanobacteria were noted for the Republic of Karelia (13 of which were not previously recorded in this territory). The detailed taxonomic and environmental characteristics of species are given. Changes in the species diversity of cyanobacteria in connection with specific habitats are shown. The type of substrate, the degree of moisture, and illumination are noted as the main factors determining the diversity of cyanobacteria in lithobiotic communities.","PeriodicalId":8998,"journal":{"name":"Biological Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49359870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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