Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0974-8369.1000451
E. Alinia-Ahandani, M. Fazilati, Zahra Alizadeh, A. Boghozian
Northern parts of the Iran, including Guilan and Mazandaran, are known as the best Hyrcanian forest place in the world. Most of these lands are rolling or hilly topography. There are several types of edible or medicinal mushrooms that either grows on wood (i.e., logs) or on the forest floor. My extension program in Guilan focuses on the production of shiitake (Lentinula edodes L.) mushrooms because they are becoming the best known of the exotic mushrooms, but there are several others to consider as source of medicines. In this research we overlooked mushrooms as medicinal gadgets and reviewed some varieties like Lentinula edodes L, Grifola frondosa L., Agaricus spp. L., Pleurotus spp., Morchella spp. L., Stropharia rugosa-annulata L,. Hericium spp. L., Ganoderma lucidum L. and etc. Finally we introduced some remarkable overview on some highlighted ones with point of their importance.
{"title":"The Introduction of Some Mushrooms as an Effective Source of Medicines in Iran Northern","authors":"E. Alinia-Ahandani, M. Fazilati, Zahra Alizadeh, A. Boghozian","doi":"10.4172/0974-8369.1000451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000451","url":null,"abstract":"Northern parts of the Iran, including Guilan and Mazandaran, are known as the best Hyrcanian forest place in the world. Most of these lands are rolling or hilly topography. There are several types of edible or medicinal mushrooms that either grows on wood (i.e., logs) or on the forest floor. My extension program in Guilan focuses on the production of shiitake (Lentinula edodes L.) mushrooms because they are becoming the best known of the exotic mushrooms, but there are several others to consider as source of medicines. In this research we overlooked mushrooms as medicinal gadgets and reviewed some varieties like Lentinula edodes L, Grifola frondosa L., Agaricus spp. L., Pleurotus spp., Morchella spp. L., Stropharia rugosa-annulata L,. Hericium spp. L., Ganoderma lucidum L. and etc. Finally we introduced some remarkable overview on some highlighted ones with point of their importance.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70930270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35841/biology-medicine.2.2.9-11
Hany El-Saadany, S. Negm
Collagen related diseases most commonly arise from genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies that affect the biosynthesis assembly posttranslational modification a secretion or other processes involved in normal collagen production. One thousand mutations have been identified in twelve out of more than twenty types of collagen. These mutations can lead to various diseases at the tissue level. This report describes an Egyptian female presented by multiple different polysystematic disorders proved to be manifestations of multiple rare inherited connective tissue disorders in the same patient to be the first woman worldwide to comprise all these rare syndromes up to our review.
{"title":"Combination of Osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers Danlos syndrome, TRAPsyndrome, and Stickler syndrome as multiple inherited connective tissue disordersin a 28-year-old Egyptian woman.","authors":"Hany El-Saadany, S. Negm","doi":"10.35841/biology-medicine.2.2.9-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/biology-medicine.2.2.9-11","url":null,"abstract":"Collagen related diseases most commonly arise from genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies that affect the biosynthesis assembly posttranslational modification a secretion or other processes involved in normal collagen production. One thousand mutations have been identified in twelve out of more than twenty types of collagen. These mutations can lead to various diseases at the tissue level. This report describes an Egyptian female presented by multiple different polysystematic disorders proved to be manifestations of multiple rare inherited connective tissue disorders in the same patient to be the first woman worldwide to comprise all these rare syndromes up to our review.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"2 1","pages":"9-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0974-8369.1000421
S. Kiruthika, K. Rekha, G. Preethy, M. Abraham
In the present day, proper posture is considered to be a state of musculoskeletal balance involving minimal body stress or strain. Modern life and the rise in a sedentary lifestyle have had a negative effect on most of the human motor behavior. This study included 804 female subjects, who were photographed in the sagittal and frontal planes. The common postural misalignments analyzed were swayback, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, forward head, rounded shoulder, and pronated foot. The results showed that older women had greater incidence of forward head, thoracic kyphosis, and pronated foot. The abnormalities were probably related to prolonged sitting and reduced fl exibility
{"title":"Prevalence of Postural Dysfunction among Female College Students-A Qualitative Analysis","authors":"S. Kiruthika, K. Rekha, G. Preethy, M. Abraham","doi":"10.4172/0974-8369.1000421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000421","url":null,"abstract":"In the present day, proper posture is considered to be a state of musculoskeletal balance involving minimal body stress or strain. Modern life and the rise in a sedentary lifestyle have had a negative effect on most of the human motor behavior. This study included 804 female subjects, who were photographed in the sagittal and frontal planes. The common postural misalignments analyzed were swayback, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, forward head, rounded shoulder, and pronated foot. The results showed that older women had greater incidence of forward head, thoracic kyphosis, and pronated foot. The abnormalities were probably related to prolonged sitting and reduced fl exibility","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70928842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0974-8369.1000447
M. Kawakami, M. Tominaga, C. Yano, M. Okamoto, Masayuki Nakamura, Y. Sakazaki, Y. Naito, T. Kawayama, T. Hoshino
Background: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is the most common opportunistic infection, and it is difficult to diagnose as PCP. The aim of this study was to assess whether CT findings or clinical characteristics contribute to early diagnosis of PCP. Method: Twenty-six patients with AIDS and PCP received medical treatment at the Kurume University Hospital between 1999 and 2018. None of the patients with AIDS had been diagnosed as HIV positive until the episode of PCP. In this study, the correlation between computed tomography (CT) findings and clinical characteristics were analyzed in patients with AIDS and PCP. The number of patients with PCP is not that high in Japan; therefore, it is difficult to diagnose patients with PCP in the clinic. Results: This study included 24 men and 2 women, and the mean age was 47.8 years. The mean CD4 cell count was 65.7 cells/μl, HIV-viral load was 680 × 104 copy, β-D-glucan (βDG) level was 234 pg/ml, and mean time till diagnosis was 41.3 days; 14 patients had hypoxemia. Twelve patients had PCP, 10 had cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, 2 had Cryptococcus infection, 1 had Entamoeba histolytica infection, 1 had non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection, and 1 had Toxoplasma infection. CT images of the patients showed 10 cases with ground-glass opacity (GGO), 13 with consolidation, 1 with small nodules, 2 with a cavity, and 1 with cyst formation. Nine cases revealed peripheral distribution with peripheral sparing, 1 had pleural fluid, and 6 had lymph node enlargement. The mean time till diagnosis and cough were significantly correlated with lymphadenopathy. Patients with consolidation were more likely to be infected with CMV. Conclusion: GGO, combined with peripheral distribution and peripheral sparing, was the most common CT finding. When consolidation was present in PCP patients as shown in CT images, the patients were more likely to be infected with CMV.
背景:肺囊虫性肺炎(PCP)是最常见的机会性感染，诊断困难。本研究的目的是评估CT表现或临床特征是否有助于PCP的早期诊断。方法:1999年至2018年在库鲁姆大学医院接受治疗的26例艾滋病合并PCP患者。在PCP发作之前，没有一个艾滋病患者被诊断为HIV阳性。本研究分析AIDS合并PCP患者的CT表现与临床特征的相关性。在日本，PCP患者的数量并没有那么高;因此，临床上对PCP患者的诊断比较困难。结果:男性24例，女性2例，平均年龄47.8岁。平均CD4细胞计数65.7个/μl, hiv病毒载量680 × 104拷贝，β- d -葡聚糖(βDG)水平234 pg/ml，平均诊断时间41.3 d;14例出现低氧血症。PCP 12例，巨细胞病毒感染10例，隐球菌感染2例，溶组织内阿米巴感染1例，非结核分枝杆菌感染1例，弓形虫感染1例。CT表现为磨玻璃影(GGO) 10例，实变13例，小结节1例，空腔2例，囊肿形成1例。9例外周分布伴外周保留，1例胸腔积液，6例淋巴结肿大。平均诊断时间和咳嗽与淋巴结病变有显著相关性。合并合并的患者更容易感染巨细胞病毒。结论:GGO伴外周分布和外周保留是最常见的CT表现。当CT图像显示PCP患者出现实变时，患者更有可能感染巨细胞病毒。
{"title":"Correlation of CT Findings and Clinical Characteristics of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","authors":"M. Kawakami, M. Tominaga, C. Yano, M. Okamoto, Masayuki Nakamura, Y. Sakazaki, Y. Naito, T. Kawayama, T. Hoshino","doi":"10.4172/0974-8369.1000447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000447","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is the most common opportunistic infection, and it is difficult to diagnose as PCP. The aim of this study was to assess whether CT findings or clinical characteristics contribute to early diagnosis of PCP. Method: Twenty-six patients with AIDS and PCP received medical treatment at the Kurume University Hospital between 1999 and 2018. None of the patients with AIDS had been diagnosed as HIV positive until the episode of PCP. In this study, the correlation between computed tomography (CT) findings and clinical characteristics were analyzed in patients with AIDS and PCP. The number of patients with PCP is not that high in Japan; therefore, it is difficult to diagnose patients with PCP in the clinic. Results: This study included 24 men and 2 women, and the mean age was 47.8 years. The mean CD4 cell count was 65.7 cells/μl, HIV-viral load was 680 × 104 copy, β-D-glucan (βDG) level was 234 pg/ml, and mean time till diagnosis was 41.3 days; 14 patients had hypoxemia. Twelve patients had PCP, 10 had cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, 2 had Cryptococcus infection, 1 had Entamoeba histolytica infection, 1 had non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection, and 1 had Toxoplasma infection. CT images of the patients showed 10 cases with ground-glass opacity (GGO), 13 with consolidation, 1 with small nodules, 2 with a cavity, and 1 with cyst formation. Nine cases revealed peripheral distribution with peripheral sparing, 1 had pleural fluid, and 6 had lymph node enlargement. The mean time till diagnosis and cough were significantly correlated with lymphadenopathy. Patients with consolidation were more likely to be infected with CMV. Conclusion: GGO, combined with peripheral distribution and peripheral sparing, was the most common CT finding. When consolidation was present in PCP patients as shown in CT images, the patients were more likely to be infected with CMV.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70930017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35841/BIOLOGY-MEDICINE.2.1.21-24
W. Aduema, C. Akunneh-Wariso, Amah Ak, Vidona Wb
The anxiolytic effect of the leaves of water lily was investigated using mice as experimental animals. Thirty (30) were mice randomly divided into group 1, 2 and 3. Before the neurobehavioral parameters were assessed, the LD50 and the phytochemical screening of the leaves of the plant were determined. The open field maze and the transition box apparatus were used to determine the level of fear and anxiety related behaviors in mice. In the open field arena, the grooming frequency was statistically not different when compared to control. Stretch attend posture frequency (SAP) was statistically higher in the test groups when compared to control (P<0.001). It was also observed that the frequency of defecation decreased in the treated groups when compared to the control group (P<0.01). The light duration box and frequency of transition were statistically higher (P<0.001) compared to control. Thus, the leaves of the plant tend to reduce the level anxiety in mice.
{"title":"Evaluation of the anxiolytic activity of the leaves of Nymphaea lotus (WaterLily) in mice.","authors":"W. Aduema, C. Akunneh-Wariso, Amah Ak, Vidona Wb","doi":"10.35841/BIOLOGY-MEDICINE.2.1.21-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/BIOLOGY-MEDICINE.2.1.21-24","url":null,"abstract":"The anxiolytic effect of the leaves of water lily was investigated using mice as experimental animals. Thirty (30) were mice randomly divided into group 1, 2 and 3. Before the neurobehavioral parameters were assessed, the LD50 and the phytochemical screening of the leaves of the plant were determined. The open field maze and the transition box apparatus were used to determine the level of fear and anxiety related behaviors in mice. In the open field arena, the grooming frequency was statistically not different when compared to control. Stretch attend posture frequency (SAP) was statistically higher in the test groups when compared to control (P<0.001). It was also observed that the frequency of defecation decreased in the treated groups when compared to the control group (P<0.01). The light duration box and frequency of transition were statistically higher (P<0.001) compared to control. Thus, the leaves of the plant tend to reduce the level anxiety in mice.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"2 1","pages":"21-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35841/biology-medicine.2.2.5-6
C. Casu, L. Viganó
Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition characterized by a discolored, hairy appearance of the dorsal tongue. The lesion is distributed on the dorsal aspect of the tongue and does not involve the lateral and the tip site of the tongue. The most common discoloration of the tongue in this condition is black to blackish-brown, but it can present with green or yellow discoloration or can lack pigmentation altogether. Glycin powder is described in the literature for the treatment of periodontitis and per implantitis, but never is it used for treatment of hairy tongue. 50-year-old male patient came to our observation showed a whitish film on the tongue with hypertrophy of the filiform papillae, typical of a hairy tongue. It is decided to treat the patient with glycine powder using an airflow hand piece. The powder was insufflated for about 2 minutes on the lingual central surface. 7 days after the lingual lesion healed. The use of glycin powder is considered safe and effective in the literature, especially in removing biofilms. This case report could be the starting point for randomized clinical trials that investigate the use of glycine powder in treatment of hairy tongue.
{"title":"Glycine powder therapy on a hairy tongue: A case report.","authors":"C. Casu, L. Viganó","doi":"10.35841/biology-medicine.2.2.5-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/biology-medicine.2.2.5-6","url":null,"abstract":"Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition characterized by a discolored, hairy appearance of the dorsal tongue. The lesion is distributed on the dorsal aspect of the tongue and does not involve the lateral and the tip site of the tongue. The most common discoloration of the tongue in this condition is black to blackish-brown, but it can present with green or yellow discoloration or can lack pigmentation altogether. Glycin powder is described in the literature for the treatment of periodontitis and per implantitis, but never is it used for treatment of hairy tongue. 50-year-old male patient came to our observation showed a whitish film on the tongue with hypertrophy of the filiform papillae, typical of a hairy tongue. It is decided to treat the patient with glycine powder using an airflow hand piece. The powder was insufflated for about 2 minutes on the lingual central surface. 7 days after the lingual lesion healed. The use of glycin powder is considered safe and effective in the literature, especially in removing biofilms. This case report could be the starting point for randomized clinical trials that investigate the use of glycine powder in treatment of hairy tongue.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"2 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0974-8369.1000443
Israa Yousef, Sawan Oran, Y. Bustanji, D. Al-Eisawi, B. Abu-irmaileh
Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in females in Jordan, it accounts for about 35.3% of all female cancers. Searching for alternative medicine from plants for breast cancer is a paramount importance. No studies have investigated the cytotoxic effect of the plants of Ajuga chia, Micromeria nervosa and Origanum dayi that are belonging to the family Lamiaceae and are growing wild in Jordan.Objective: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of the A. chia, M. nervosa and O. dayi plant species against two different breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D.Materials and methods: The aerial parts of the aforementioned plant species were extracted with water and ethanol. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay, after incubation with various concentrations of plant extracts.Results: A pronounced cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of O. dayi against MCF7 and T47D cell lines, with IC50=99.4 ± 2.9 and 250 ± 4 μg/mL respectively. The ethanolic extract of A. chia has shown cytotoxic effect against T47D cell line with IC50=200 ± 5.2. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. nervosa did not show any toxicity against the aforementioned cell lines. The three plant species showed selectivity when they were tested on fibroblasts (normal cells).Conclusion: Origanum dayi exhibited good cytotoxicity against aforementioned cell lines among the detected plant species, so O. dayi is considered a candidate for the development of a novel agent against breast cancer.
{"title":"Cytotoxic Effect of Selected Wild Medicinal Plant Species from Jordan on Two Different Breast Cancer Cell Lines, MCF7 and T47D","authors":"Israa Yousef, Sawan Oran, Y. Bustanji, D. Al-Eisawi, B. Abu-irmaileh","doi":"10.4172/0974-8369.1000443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000443","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in females in Jordan, it accounts for about 35.3% of all female cancers. Searching for alternative medicine from plants for breast cancer is a paramount importance. No studies have investigated the cytotoxic effect of the plants of Ajuga chia, Micromeria nervosa and Origanum dayi that are belonging to the family Lamiaceae and are growing wild in Jordan.Objective: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of the A. chia, M. nervosa and O. dayi plant species against two different breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D.Materials and methods: The aerial parts of the aforementioned plant species were extracted with water and ethanol. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay, after incubation with various concentrations of plant extracts.Results: A pronounced cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of O. dayi against MCF7 and T47D cell lines, with IC50=99.4 ± 2.9 and 250 ± 4 μg/mL respectively. The ethanolic extract of A. chia has shown cytotoxic effect against T47D cell line with IC50=200 ± 5.2. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. nervosa did not show any toxicity against the aforementioned cell lines. The three plant species showed selectivity when they were tested on fibroblasts (normal cells).Conclusion: Origanum dayi exhibited good cytotoxicity against aforementioned cell lines among the detected plant species, so O. dayi is considered a candidate for the development of a novel agent against breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/0974-8369.1000443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70929744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0974-8369.1000446
S. Alasmari
Neutrophils are the first line of innate immune defence against pathogens. They have three different processes for directly attacking microorganisms, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The methods of degranulation and phagocytosis are well established. However, several recent studies have been conducted to understand the potential role of NETs in diseases. The involvement of NETs was shown in several conditions including infections and inflammation. This review will discuss the morphology and mechanisms of NET formation, as well as NET formation against infection and during inflammation.
{"title":"Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps against Infection and During Inflammation: Boon or a Bane?","authors":"S. Alasmari","doi":"10.4172/0974-8369.1000446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000446","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrophils are the first line of innate immune defence against pathogens. They have three different processes for directly attacking microorganisms, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The methods of degranulation and phagocytosis are well established. However, several recent studies have been conducted to understand the potential role of NETs in diseases. The involvement of NETs was shown in several conditions including infections and inflammation. This review will discuss the morphology and mechanisms of NET formation, as well as NET formation against infection and during inflammation.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70929994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35841/BIOLOGY-MEDICINE.2.1.25-28
Okpodu Cm, Pyuzza So
Over-hydration is a serious concern when making formula for infants. If the formula is not made according to the instructions because the wrong amount of formula is used in relationship to the volume of water added, the infant could experience life threatening changes. Understanding the difference between US fluid ounces (US fl oz) and UK fluid ounces (UK fl oz) was the objective of this case. Baby formula and breast feeding have been a topic of discussion in the media. Based on this case we able to promote dialogue and critical analysis of the risk and benefits of formula feeding as compared to breastfeeding.
{"title":"A case series of over-hydration in making baby formula -Importance of the metricsystem.","authors":"Okpodu Cm, Pyuzza So","doi":"10.35841/BIOLOGY-MEDICINE.2.1.25-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/BIOLOGY-MEDICINE.2.1.25-28","url":null,"abstract":"Over-hydration is a serious concern when making formula for infants. If the formula is not made according to the instructions because the wrong amount of formula is used in relationship to the volume of water added, the infant could experience life threatening changes. Understanding the difference between US fluid ounces (US fl oz) and UK fluid ounces (UK fl oz) was the objective of this case. Baby formula and breast feeding have been a topic of discussion in the media. Based on this case we able to promote dialogue and critical analysis of the risk and benefits of formula feeding as compared to breastfeeding.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"2 1","pages":"25-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35841/biology-medicine.2.1.12-14
K. Sushil, D. Sushma, G. Rani
The X-linked colour vision deficiencies have different frequency and incidence in various locations and different castes. A total of 386 Nepalese children including 214 males and 172 females between ages 10-16 years were evaluated and screened for X-linked CVD in different government schools. An individual child was presented with the Ishihara’s 38 Plates edition under normal day light from a distance of 75 cm and single plate was shown to them for 5 seconds. Among 214 boys, 13 (6.07%) were colour deficient. Among 172 girls, 4(2.32%) were colour deficient. The prevalence of colour vision deficiency in school children shows the importance of proper screening in schools.
{"title":"X-linked colour vision deficiency (CVD) in some government school childrenof Nepal.","authors":"K. Sushil, D. Sushma, G. Rani","doi":"10.35841/biology-medicine.2.1.12-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/biology-medicine.2.1.12-14","url":null,"abstract":"The X-linked colour vision deficiencies have different frequency and incidence in various locations and different castes. A total of 386 Nepalese children including 214 males and 172 females between ages 10-16 years were evaluated and screened for X-linked CVD in different government schools. An individual child was presented with the Ishihara’s 38 Plates edition under normal day light from a distance of 75 cm and single plate was shown to them for 5 seconds. Among 214 boys, 13 (6.07%) were colour deficient. Among 172 girls, 4(2.32%) were colour deficient. The prevalence of colour vision deficiency in school children shows the importance of proper screening in schools.","PeriodicalId":90454,"journal":{"name":"Biology and medicine (Aligarh)","volume":"2 1","pages":"12-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70032299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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