Pub Date : 2014-05-29DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000173
I. Carroll
Disease processes often present and progress differently during pregnancy, often with worsening of the disease itself or adverse effects on the pregnancy. This article presents a brief overview of the physiological changes that occur with pregnancy and how they affect the pregnant patient’s response to the natural environment and to infectious diseases.
{"title":"Pregnancy and the Tropics: Physiology, Environment and Infectious Disease","authors":"I. Carroll","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000173","url":null,"abstract":"Disease processes often present and progress differently during pregnancy, often with worsening of the disease \u0000itself or adverse effects on the pregnancy. This article presents a brief overview of the physiological changes that \u0000occur with pregnancy and how they affect the pregnant patient’s response to the natural environment and to \u0000infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000172
M. S. Amaranto-Damasio, C. F. Leal-Horiguchi, G. Seabra-Freitas, Bastos Rhc, Reiss Db, Couto Brgm, M. Ml, Starling Alb, Dias As, Namen-Lopes Mss, Carneiro-Proietti Abf
Objective: Although HTLV-1 is associated with severe diseases, there is ongoing vertical transmission since prenatal HTLV screening is not implemented in countries where the virus is present. We performed a cross-sectional analysis to verify the impact of counseling pregnant HTLV-1 seropositive women, who participate in the GIPH cohort study in Brazil, on this vertical transmission. Methods: GIPH study started in 1997 as an open prevalent cohort of HTLV-positive individuals. Children born from HTLV-1 seropositive women were divided into: (1) born before and (2) after the participation of mothers in the GIPH cohort (“GIPH babies”). The pregnant women participating in the study were counseled in order to prevent viral transmission, with recommendations of avoiding breastfeeding, giving infant formula, and preferably having the delivery by cesarean section. Results: We identified 54 children born of HTLV seropositive mothers. 3/21 (14.3%) of the children born from mothers who received no counseling were found positive for HTLV-1, in contrast to 1/18 (5.6%) of the “GIPH babies”, whose mothers received counseling. 15 children were not tested, either due to the family’s refusal or impossibility to locate them. Discussion: We found that it was worthwhile to counsel the mothers, since, as previously reported in the literature, we could observe a decline in the vertical transmission, which demonstrates the importance of prenatal screening of the virus. These actions should be widespread in countries where HTLV is present, in order to avoid the silent transmission of HTLV and future diseases in children born from positive mothers.
{"title":"Vertical Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphothropic Virus Type 1: Impact of Counseling Seropositive Women","authors":"M. S. Amaranto-Damasio, C. F. Leal-Horiguchi, G. Seabra-Freitas, Bastos Rhc, Reiss Db, Couto Brgm, M. Ml, Starling Alb, Dias As, Namen-Lopes Mss, Carneiro-Proietti Abf","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000172","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Although HTLV-1 is associated with severe diseases, there is ongoing vertical transmission since \u0000prenatal HTLV screening is not implemented in countries where the virus is present. We performed a cross-sectional \u0000analysis to verify the impact of counseling pregnant HTLV-1 seropositive women, who participate in the GIPH cohort \u0000study in Brazil, on this vertical transmission. \u0000Methods: GIPH study started in 1997 as an open prevalent cohort of HTLV-positive individuals. Children born \u0000from HTLV-1 seropositive women were divided into: (1) born before and (2) after the participation of mothers in the \u0000GIPH cohort (“GIPH babies”). The pregnant women participating in the study were counseled in order to prevent \u0000viral transmission, with recommendations of avoiding breastfeeding, giving infant formula, and preferably having the \u0000delivery by cesarean section. \u0000Results: We identified 54 children born of HTLV seropositive mothers. 3/21 (14.3%) of the children born from \u0000mothers who received no counseling were found positive for HTLV-1, in contrast to 1/18 (5.6%) of the “GIPH \u0000babies”, whose mothers received counseling. 15 children were not tested, either due to the family’s refusal or \u0000impossibility to locate them. \u0000Discussion: We found that it was worthwhile to counsel the mothers, since, as previously reported in the \u0000literature, we could observe a decline in the vertical transmission, which demonstrates the importance of prenatal \u0000screening of the virus. These actions should be widespread in countries where HTLV is present, in order to avoid the \u0000silent transmission of HTLV and future diseases in children born from positive mothers.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-26DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000171
Rudi Joy T Manipol-Larano, R. Danguilan, S. Santos, J. Chavez, M. Mendoza
Objectives: To determine the efficacy of three day methylprednisolone plus single dose intravenous cyclophosphamide on the survival of patients with leptospirosis, renal failure and pulmonary hemorrhage. Methods: A retrospective review of 138 patients diagnosed with leptospirosis at the National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI) from August 1, 2009 to August 31, 2013 were included in the study. Patients were grouped according to those who received standard therapy with a 3-day course of Hydrocortisone (HC group) compared to a 3-day course of Methylprednisolone-Cyclophosphamide (MP-C). Patient survival, length of hospital stay and time to becoming dialysis independent were compared. Results: There were 65 patients in the HC group and 73 patients in the MP-C group. Mean age was 35.9 years, with male predominance. The most common clinical manifestation was fever. Thrombocytopenia was the major indication to steroid therapy. Survival of patients given MP-C was significantly higher than those given HC (88% and 74% respectively; p=0.035). The post treatment activated Plasma Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) was significantly lower in the MP-C group. There was no significant difference in the length of hospital stay and time to becoming dialysis independent. Conclusion: Three day MP-C pulsing significantly improves survival of patients with leptospirosis, renal failure and pulmonary hemorrhage.
目的:探讨甲基强的松龙联合单剂量环磷酰胺对钩端螺旋体病、肾功能衰竭和肺出血患者生存期的影响。方法:回顾性分析2009年8月1日至2013年8月31日在美国国家肾脏和移植研究所(NKTI)诊断为钩端螺旋体病的138例患者。患者根据接受3天疗程氢化可的松(HC组)和3天疗程甲基强的松-环磷酰胺(MP-C)的标准治疗分组。比较两组患者的生存时间、住院时间和独立透析时间。结果:HC组65例，MP-C组73例。平均年龄35.9岁，以男性为主。最常见的临床表现为发热。血小板减少症是类固醇治疗的主要适应症。MP-C组患者的生存率显著高于HC组(分别为88%和74%;p = 0.035)。MP-C组治疗后活化血浆凝血活素时间(aPTT)明显降低。两组患者住院时间和独立透析时间无显著差异。结论:3 d MP-C脉冲治疗可显著提高钩端螺旋体病、肾功能衰竭和肺出血患者的生存率。
{"title":"Effect of Methylprednisolone and Cyclophosphamide on the Survival of Patients with Leptospirosis, Renal Failure and Pulmonary Hemorrhage","authors":"Rudi Joy T Manipol-Larano, R. Danguilan, S. Santos, J. Chavez, M. Mendoza","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000171","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To determine the efficacy of three day methylprednisolone plus single dose intravenous \u0000cyclophosphamide on the survival of patients with leptospirosis, renal failure and pulmonary hemorrhage. \u0000Methods: A retrospective review of 138 patients diagnosed with leptospirosis at the National Kidney and \u0000Transplant Institute (NKTI) from August 1, 2009 to August 31, 2013 were included in the study. Patients were grouped \u0000according to those who received standard therapy with a 3-day course of Hydrocortisone (HC group) compared to a \u00003-day course of Methylprednisolone-Cyclophosphamide (MP-C). Patient survival, length of hospital stay and time to \u0000becoming dialysis independent were compared. \u0000Results: There were 65 patients in the HC group and 73 patients in the MP-C group. Mean age was 35.9 years, \u0000with male predominance. The most common clinical manifestation was fever. Thrombocytopenia was the major \u0000indication to steroid therapy. Survival of patients given MP-C was significantly higher than those given HC (88% and \u000074% respectively; p=0.035). The post treatment activated Plasma Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) was significantly \u0000lower in the MP-C group. There was no significant difference in the length of hospital stay and time to becoming \u0000dialysis independent. \u0000Conclusion: Three day MP-C pulsing significantly improves survival of patients with leptospirosis, renal failure \u0000and pulmonary hemorrhage.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-26DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000169
D. Mayer, Luke Dixon, J. Porter-Kelley
Malaria, a worldwide disease of high morbidity and mortality, causes over 1 million deaths per year, mostlyin children less than 5 years of age [1,2]. Delayed treatment of malaria increases the chances of death and neurological disease [3]. In addition, to bring about malaria eradication and prolong accumulation of drug resistant parasites, treatment must follow an accurate diagnosis. To that end, a major goal in malaria diagnostics is to develop assays that are both sensitive and cost-effective for use in developing countries, which are economically and infrastructurally challenged. This review analyzes the current state of malarial diagnostics, from the gold standard of Giemsa-stained blood smears for microscopic examination to highly sensitive and novel technologies. Here, we suggest a future direction for malarial diagnostics.
{"title":"Malaria Diagnostics, Where are we Now","authors":"D. Mayer, Luke Dixon, J. Porter-Kelley","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000169","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria, a worldwide disease of high morbidity and mortality, causes over 1 million deaths per year, mostlyin children less than 5 years of age [1,2]. Delayed treatment of malaria increases the chances of death and neurological disease [3]. In addition, to bring about malaria eradication and prolong accumulation of drug resistant parasites, treatment must follow an accurate diagnosis. To that end, a major goal in malaria diagnostics is to develop assays that are both sensitive and cost-effective for use in developing countries, which are economically and infrastructurally challenged. This review analyzes the current state of malarial diagnostics, from the gold standard of Giemsa-stained blood smears for microscopic examination to highly sensitive and novel technologies. Here, we suggest a future direction for malarial diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70277733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-26DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000168
S. Chatterjee
Oral microflora is an inherent and essential component in maintaining the oral health status of an individual. It is a necessary evil that can turn pathogenic if the oral microenvironment undergoes imbalance in homeostatic mechanisms. Thus, the oral microbiome is an intricate ecosystem where the host defense mechanisms keep in check the exuberant display of its otherwise foreign colonizers. This article presents with an overview of mechanisms that enable these microorganisms to evade the defense mechanisms in play in oral cavity.
{"title":"Evasive Mechanisms of Oral Microflora","authors":"S. Chatterjee","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000168","url":null,"abstract":"Oral microflora is an inherent and essential component in maintaining the oral health status of an individual. It is a necessary evil that can turn pathogenic if the oral microenvironment undergoes imbalance in homeostatic mechanisms. Thus, the oral microbiome is an intricate ecosystem where the host defense mechanisms keep in check the exuberant display of its otherwise foreign colonizers. This article presents with an overview of mechanisms that enable these microorganisms to evade the defense mechanisms in play in oral cavity.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70277618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-25DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000170
C. Eze, E. Desmond
Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide. The rates of suicide attempts are on the rise especially in Nigeria and other developing countries. Youths are mostly affected and this presents a potential danger to national economy and well being. Unfortunately, the exact magnitude of these problems in Nigeria is unknown due to scanty literature. This underscores the need for further research. We present 5 case reports of patients with suicide attempts who were managed at the NDUTH within the period of one year. Our aim was to identify factors that are common among these patients and which could be highly associated with their suicidal behaviors. More so, to compare these factors with existing literature and to highlight treatment given and outcomes. Depression, dysfunctional family settings and financial/ relationship difficulties are common associated factors leading to frustration and suicide attempts. There is need for continuous health education and effective primary health care system to improve prevention of suicidal behaviors
{"title":"Attributes of Patients with Suicide Attempts Seen At the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital within a Year: A Case Series","authors":"C. Eze, E. Desmond","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000170","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide. The rates of suicide attempts are on the rise especially in Nigeria \u0000and other developing countries. Youths are mostly affected and this presents a potential danger to national economy \u0000and well being. Unfortunately, the exact magnitude of these problems in Nigeria is unknown due to scanty literature. \u0000This underscores the need for further research. \u0000We present 5 case reports of patients with suicide attempts who were managed at the NDUTH within the period \u0000of one year. Our aim was to identify factors that are common among these patients and which could be highly \u0000associated with their suicidal behaviors. More so, to compare these factors with existing literature and to highlight \u0000treatment given and outcomes. \u0000Depression, dysfunctional family settings and financial/ relationship difficulties are common associated factors \u0000leading to frustration and suicide attempts. There is need for continuous health education and effective primary \u0000health care system to improve prevention of suicidal behaviors","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-21DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000167
R. Prabhu, V. Prabhu, L. Chatra
Areca nut, commonly known as betel nut or supari, is a fruit of areca catechu palm tree, which is native of South Asia and Pacific islands. The seed or endosperm is consumed fresh, boiled or after sun drying or curing. Areca nut is chewed by itself or in the form of commercial preparations like pan masala and gutka. Chewing areca nut is thought to have central nervous system stimulating effect and along with this it is known to have salivary stimulating and digestive properties. Along with the beneficial effects of areca nut one of its most harmful effects on the human body in general and oral cavity in particular is the development of potentially malignant disorder called Oral Submucous Fibrosis. The present paper discusses the ill effects of consumption of areca nut and its commercial products on oral health and a need to spread the awareness regarding the same.
{"title":"A Need to Spread Awareness Regarding the Ill Effects of Arecanut and Its Commercial Products on Oral Health","authors":"R. Prabhu, V. Prabhu, L. Chatra","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000167","url":null,"abstract":"Areca nut, commonly known as betel nut or supari, is a fruit of areca catechu palm tree, which is native of South Asia and Pacific islands. The seed or endosperm is consumed fresh, boiled or after sun drying or curing. Areca nut is chewed by itself or in the form of commercial preparations like pan masala and gutka. Chewing areca nut is thought to have central nervous system stimulating effect and along with this it is known to have salivary stimulating and digestive properties. Along with the beneficial effects of areca nut one of its most harmful effects on the human body in general and oral cavity in particular is the development of potentially malignant disorder called Oral Submucous Fibrosis. The present paper discusses the ill effects of consumption of areca nut and its commercial products on oral health and a need to spread the awareness regarding the same.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2014 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-20DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000E117
P. Wilairatana, N. Tangpukdee, S. Krudsood
Polrat Wilairatana1,2*, Noppadon Tangpukdee1,2 and Srivicha Krudsood1,3 1Malaria Clinical Research Unit, Malaria Excellence Center, Mahidol University, Thailand 2Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand 3Department of Tropical Hygiene, Mahidol University, Thailand *Corresponding author: Polrat Wilairatana, Malaria Clinical Research Unit, Malaria Excellence Center and Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Tel: 66-081-8602101; E-mail: polrat.wil@mahidol.ac.th
{"title":"Prognostic Factors in Severe Falciparum Malaria","authors":"P. Wilairatana, N. Tangpukdee, S. Krudsood","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000E117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000E117","url":null,"abstract":"Polrat Wilairatana1,2*, Noppadon Tangpukdee1,2 and Srivicha Krudsood1,3 1Malaria Clinical Research Unit, Malaria Excellence Center, Mahidol University, Thailand 2Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand 3Department of Tropical Hygiene, Mahidol University, Thailand *Corresponding author: Polrat Wilairatana, Malaria Clinical Research Unit, Malaria Excellence Center and Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Tel: 66-081-8602101; E-mail: polrat.wil@mahidol.ac.th","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-9088.1000E117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-10DOI: 10.4172/2329-9088.1000E116
M. Giangaspero, Metab Al Ghafri
To date, approximately 5,600 species of animals are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) against over-exploitation through international trade. Among mammals, 300 species are considered threatened with extinction. Conservation efforts rely on a wide spectrum of measures, from rising public awareness to adapted legal framework. In this context, wild animal conservation centers represent a core aspect. Accurate management is required also through qualified veterinary care and research activities, including genetic investigations to support conservation strategies.
{"title":"Vulnerable Wild Animal Species, Conservation and Genetic Investigations","authors":"M. Giangaspero, Metab Al Ghafri","doi":"10.4172/2329-9088.1000E116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000E116","url":null,"abstract":"To date, approximately 5,600 species of animals are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) against over-exploitation through international trade. Among mammals, 300 species are considered threatened with extinction. Conservation efforts rely on a wide spectrum of measures, from rising public awareness to adapted legal framework. In this context, wild animal conservation centers represent a core aspect. Accurate management is required also through qualified veterinary care and research activities, including genetic investigations to support conservation strategies.","PeriodicalId":90756,"journal":{"name":"Tropical medicine & surgery","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70278870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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