Filomeno Cortese, Pamela Hruska, Kevin J McLaughlin, Sylvain P Coderre, Andrea B Protzner, Olave E Krigolson, Kent G Hecker
Purpose: This study investigated the behavioral and resting-state neural correlates of clinical decision-making among expert gastroenterologists and novice medical students, aiming to understand how diagnostic expertise is reflected in either pre-task and/or post-task brain activity.
Method: Participants completed a clinical decision-making task while behavioral measures (accuracy and response time) were recorded. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired immediately before and following the task. Group differences in brain connectivity were analyzed using seed-based connectivity and multivariate partial least squares (PLS) analyses, focusing on the frontopolar prefrontal cortex (FPPFC) and its associated networks.
Finding: Experts outperformed novices in diagnostic accuracy and speed, especially on "easy" cases, suggesting enhanced cognitive efficiency. Experts also showed more pronounced response time variation with task difficulty, potentially reflecting strategic modulation. Resting-state fMRI revealed that experts had increased post-task connectivity between the FPPFC and the paracingulate gyrus (PaCG), a brain area associated with the executive control network. Novices, by contrast, showed stronger FPPFC connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), part of the default mode network (DMN), indicating a return to internally directed cognition. PLS analyses further revealed that experts engaged executive and attentional network regions post-task, while novices primarily activated DMN regions. Notably, for the expert group only, increased brain activity in attention-related regions was associated with gastroenterologists who had slower, deliberate responses on easy cases.
Conclusion: Clinical expertise is associated with sustained engagement of goal-directed neural networks after task completion, potentially reflecting ongoing cognitive evaluation or preparation. In contrast, novices appear to disengage more readily, reverting to self-referential thought. These findings highlight distinct neural mechanisms that may support the development of diagnostic expertise.
{"title":"Expertise Related Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Patterns Following a Clinical Reasoning and Decision-Making Task.","authors":"Filomeno Cortese, Pamela Hruska, Kevin J McLaughlin, Sylvain P Coderre, Andrea B Protzner, Olave E Krigolson, Kent G Hecker","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71153","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the behavioral and resting-state neural correlates of clinical decision-making among expert gastroenterologists and novice medical students, aiming to understand how diagnostic expertise is reflected in either pre-task and/or post-task brain activity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants completed a clinical decision-making task while behavioral measures (accuracy and response time) were recorded. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired immediately before and following the task. Group differences in brain connectivity were analyzed using seed-based connectivity and multivariate partial least squares (PLS) analyses, focusing on the frontopolar prefrontal cortex (FPPFC) and its associated networks.</p><p><strong>Finding: </strong>Experts outperformed novices in diagnostic accuracy and speed, especially on \"easy\" cases, suggesting enhanced cognitive efficiency. Experts also showed more pronounced response time variation with task difficulty, potentially reflecting strategic modulation. Resting-state fMRI revealed that experts had increased post-task connectivity between the FPPFC and the paracingulate gyrus (PaCG), a brain area associated with the executive control network. Novices, by contrast, showed stronger FPPFC connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), part of the default mode network (DMN), indicating a return to internally directed cognition. PLS analyses further revealed that experts engaged executive and attentional network regions post-task, while novices primarily activated DMN regions. Notably, for the expert group only, increased brain activity in attention-related regions was associated with gastroenterologists who had slower, deliberate responses on easy cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Clinical expertise is associated with sustained engagement of goal-directed neural networks after task completion, potentially reflecting ongoing cognitive evaluation or preparation. In contrast, novices appear to disengage more readily, reverting to self-referential thought. These findings highlight distinct neural mechanisms that may support the development of diagnostic expertise.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":"e71153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12796836/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To synthesize current mechanistic insights and translational progress on ferroptosis, a regulated, iron-dependent, nonapoptotic cell death pathway in the pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral infarction (ischemic stroke), and to outline therapeutic opportunities and remaining gaps for clinical application.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Narrative, focused review of preclinical and translational studies (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo ischemia/reperfusion and middle cerebral artery occlusion models), alongside emerging biomarker, nanocarrier, and gene/RNA-based strategies reported up to 2025. Evidence was organized across five domains: (1) redox and lipid peroxidation biology; (2) iron metabolism and ferritinophagy; (3) mitochondrial dysfunction; (4) neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier integrity; and (5) therapeutic development and early clinical exploration.</p><p><strong>Finding: </strong>Ferroptosis in cerebral infarction is driven by glutathione depletion, glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4) inactivation, and iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated phospholipids, with acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member-4 (ACSL4) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase-3 (LPCAT3) priming membranes for oxidative injury. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, iron-sulfur cluster instability, and cardiolipin oxidation amplify ferroptotic signaling, while ferroptosis-inflammation crosstalk (via damage-associated molecular patterns and microglial activation) aggravates secondary injury and blood-brain barrier disruption. Candidate biomarkers (e.g., oxylipins, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, GPX4 fragments; gene pairs such as CDKN1A/JUN; NFE2L2 pathway readouts) show promise for patient stratification. Pharmacological approaches-including radical-trapping antioxidants (ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1), iron chelation, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation-consistently reduce infarct volume and improve function in animal models. Nanoparticle formulations enhance brain delivery of ferroptosis modulators, and RNA/gene-targeted strategies (e.g., SLC7A11/GPX4/FSP1 axes; exosomal noncoding RNAs) expand the therapeutic toolkit. Clinically, iron-modulating strategies in ischemic stroke suggest feasibility; however, dedicated, biomarker-guided ferroptosis trials remain limited.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ferroptosis represents a convergent, actionable mechanism of ischemic neuronal death and secondary brain injury. Multimodal interventions that combine lipid peroxidation control, iron homeostasis, mitochondrial protection, and inflammation resolution are biologically compelling. Key next steps include: validating real-time biomarkers for patient selection and timing; optimizing brain-penetrant delivery systems; integrating ferroptosis modulation with reperfusion therapies; and advancing rigorously designed phase II/III trials to establish efficacy and safety in defined stroke subtypes.</p
{"title":"Research Progress of Ferroptosis in Cerebral Infarction.","authors":"Yilan Fei, Qi Leng","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71192","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To synthesize current mechanistic insights and translational progress on ferroptosis, a regulated, iron-dependent, nonapoptotic cell death pathway in the pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral infarction (ischemic stroke), and to outline therapeutic opportunities and remaining gaps for clinical application.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Narrative, focused review of preclinical and translational studies (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo ischemia/reperfusion and middle cerebral artery occlusion models), alongside emerging biomarker, nanocarrier, and gene/RNA-based strategies reported up to 2025. Evidence was organized across five domains: (1) redox and lipid peroxidation biology; (2) iron metabolism and ferritinophagy; (3) mitochondrial dysfunction; (4) neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier integrity; and (5) therapeutic development and early clinical exploration.</p><p><strong>Finding: </strong>Ferroptosis in cerebral infarction is driven by glutathione depletion, glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4) inactivation, and iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated phospholipids, with acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member-4 (ACSL4) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase-3 (LPCAT3) priming membranes for oxidative injury. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, iron-sulfur cluster instability, and cardiolipin oxidation amplify ferroptotic signaling, while ferroptosis-inflammation crosstalk (via damage-associated molecular patterns and microglial activation) aggravates secondary injury and blood-brain barrier disruption. Candidate biomarkers (e.g., oxylipins, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, GPX4 fragments; gene pairs such as CDKN1A/JUN; NFE2L2 pathway readouts) show promise for patient stratification. Pharmacological approaches-including radical-trapping antioxidants (ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1), iron chelation, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation-consistently reduce infarct volume and improve function in animal models. Nanoparticle formulations enhance brain delivery of ferroptosis modulators, and RNA/gene-targeted strategies (e.g., SLC7A11/GPX4/FSP1 axes; exosomal noncoding RNAs) expand the therapeutic toolkit. Clinically, iron-modulating strategies in ischemic stroke suggest feasibility; however, dedicated, biomarker-guided ferroptosis trials remain limited.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ferroptosis represents a convergent, actionable mechanism of ischemic neuronal death and secondary brain injury. Multimodal interventions that combine lipid peroxidation control, iron homeostasis, mitochondrial protection, and inflammation resolution are biologically compelling. Key next steps include: validating real-time biomarkers for patient selection and timing; optimizing brain-penetrant delivery systems; integrating ferroptosis modulation with reperfusion therapies; and advancing rigorously designed phase II/III trials to establish efficacy and safety in defined stroke subtypes.</p","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":"e71192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To develop and assess the efficacy of a rehabilitation-cognition integrated care (RCIC) program for elderly patients with lower limb fractures and mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment.
Methods: A total of 128 eligible patients during January 2023 to December 2024 were randomly allocated to conventional (n = 64) or integrated care group (n = 64). Both groups received 12 weeks of intervention. Outcomes, including Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores, were compared. Serum neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory markers were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. Complications, fall recurrence rates, and nursing satisfaction were recorded.
Results: Post-intervention, both groups showed improved FMA, BBS, and FIM scores, with significantly greater improvement in the integrated care group (p < 0.05). HADS-Anxiety (HADS-A) and HADS-Depression (HADS-D) scores decreased significantly more in the integrated care group (p < 0.05). The integrated care group demonstrated higher MoCA scores versus both its own baseline and the conventional care group post-intervention (p < 0.05). Serum BDNF and GDNF levels increased significantly in the integrated care group compared to both time-matched controls and its baseline (p < 0.05), while S100-β and IL-6 levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The integrated care group had lower overall complication rates (p < 0.05), comparable fall recurrence (p > 0.05), and higher nursing satisfaction (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The RCIC program significantly enhances motor function, balance, cognition, and psychological status while reducing complications and improving satisfaction in elderly fracture patients with cognitive impairment.
{"title":"Rehabilitation-Cognition Integrated Care Program for Elderly With Lower Limb Fractures and Cognitive Impairment: Development and Efficacy.","authors":"Qinfen Chen, Xiaozhen Ding, Yongmin Wei, Jiahao Wang, Mingping Zhou, Yuanyuan Chen, Yanlin Chen","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71184","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop and assess the efficacy of a rehabilitation-cognition integrated care (RCIC) program for elderly patients with lower limb fractures and mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 128 eligible patients during January 2023 to December 2024 were randomly allocated to conventional (n = 64) or integrated care group (n = 64). Both groups received 12 weeks of intervention. Outcomes, including Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores, were compared. Serum neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory markers were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. Complications, fall recurrence rates, and nursing satisfaction were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Post-intervention, both groups showed improved FMA, BBS, and FIM scores, with significantly greater improvement in the integrated care group (p < 0.05). HADS-Anxiety (HADS-A) and HADS-Depression (HADS-D) scores decreased significantly more in the integrated care group (p < 0.05). The integrated care group demonstrated higher MoCA scores versus both its own baseline and the conventional care group post-intervention (p < 0.05). Serum BDNF and GDNF levels increased significantly in the integrated care group compared to both time-matched controls and its baseline (p < 0.05), while S100-β and IL-6 levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The integrated care group had lower overall complication rates (p < 0.05), comparable fall recurrence (p > 0.05), and higher nursing satisfaction (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The RCIC program significantly enhances motor function, balance, cognition, and psychological status while reducing complications and improving satisfaction in elderly fracture patients with cognitive impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":"e71184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Atashrooz, Fatemeh Mirzai, Maede Amin Roaya, Hannaneh Fayyaz Rouhi, Arash Ghadir, Hoda Doosalivand, Amir Sam Kianimoghadam
Introduction: Although visual mental imagery has been widely researched, a lack of valid measures in Persian-speaking populations has limited cross-cultural, developmental, and clinical research on imagery vividness and its role in reality monitoring.
Methods: We translated, culturally adapted, and psychometrically validated the Persian version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VVIQ-Pr2) in this cross-sectional study. Our sample was 630 Persian speakers. Participants completed the VVIQ-Pr2 together with the Vividness of Motor Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2), the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale (SUIS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group modeling were also conducted.
Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional structure with correlated residuals demonstrating excellent model fit. The scale showed strong internal consistency. Convergent validity was confirmed by positive correlations with VMIQ-2 and SUIS, while discriminant validity was supported by negligible associations with anxiety and all Heterotrait-Monotrait ratios falling below recommended thresholds. Scalar measurement invariance across gender was established with females scoring slightly higher than males. Finally, age modeling revealed a slight decrease in the vividness of imagery from adolescence to early adulthood, followed by relative stability after that.
Conclusion: The VVIQ-Pr2 is a psychometrically reliable assessment tool for Persian speakers. In addition to operationalizing subjective visual experience in theories on reality monitoring, it may facilitate future cross-cultural and developmental research.
{"title":"Measuring the Subjective Signal Strength: Validating Persian Vividness of Visual Mental Imagery Questionnaire-2.","authors":"Mohammad Atashrooz, Fatemeh Mirzai, Maede Amin Roaya, Hannaneh Fayyaz Rouhi, Arash Ghadir, Hoda Doosalivand, Amir Sam Kianimoghadam","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71203","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Although visual mental imagery has been widely researched, a lack of valid measures in Persian-speaking populations has limited cross-cultural, developmental, and clinical research on imagery vividness and its role in reality monitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We translated, culturally adapted, and psychometrically validated the Persian version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VVIQ-Pr2) in this cross-sectional study. Our sample was 630 Persian speakers. Participants completed the VVIQ-Pr2 together with the Vividness of Motor Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2), the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale (SUIS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group modeling were also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional structure with correlated residuals demonstrating excellent model fit. The scale showed strong internal consistency. Convergent validity was confirmed by positive correlations with VMIQ-2 and SUIS, while discriminant validity was supported by negligible associations with anxiety and all Heterotrait-Monotrait ratios falling below recommended thresholds. Scalar measurement invariance across gender was established with females scoring slightly higher than males. Finally, age modeling revealed a slight decrease in the vividness of imagery from adolescence to early adulthood, followed by relative stability after that.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The VVIQ-Pr2 is a psychometrically reliable assessment tool for Persian speakers. In addition to operationalizing subjective visual experience in theories on reality monitoring, it may facilitate future cross-cultural and developmental research.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":"e71203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramana V Vishnubhotla, Yi Zhao, Rupa Radhakrishnan
Introduction: Prenatal substance exposure is an increasing problem that has been linked to multiple neurodevelopmental impairments and alterations to brain functional connectivity.
Methods: Behavioral scores and functional network correlation data were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) Study. First, behavioral scores based on the child behavioral checklist were tested for associations with prenatal exposure to several substances along with demographic data. Then differences in resting-state functional networks were assessed based on prenatal substance exposure. Third, we assessed the impact of resting-state functional networks on behavioral scores. A linear regression was used for all these analyses, and a false discovery rate < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Based on the selection criteria, 6674 subjects were included in the analysis. Prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE), prenatal marijuana exposure, household income, and food insecurity were associated with worse behavioral scores. Additionally, PTE was significantly associated with increased connectivity between the default mode network (DMN) and dorsal attention network (DAN) and decreased intra-network connectivity within the DAN. Finally, there were five CBCL scales that were associated with differences in network connectivity.
Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest PTE to be associated with multiple functional networks, including those associated with several CBCL scales.
{"title":"Child Behavioral Scores Correlate With Prenatal Tobacco and Marijuana Exposure, Sociodemographic Variables and Interactions of Default Mode and Dorsal Attention Networks.","authors":"Ramana V Vishnubhotla, Yi Zhao, Rupa Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71168","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Prenatal substance exposure is an increasing problem that has been linked to multiple neurodevelopmental impairments and alterations to brain functional connectivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Behavioral scores and functional network correlation data were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development<sup>SM</sup> (ABCD) Study. First, behavioral scores based on the child behavioral checklist were tested for associations with prenatal exposure to several substances along with demographic data. Then differences in resting-state functional networks were assessed based on prenatal substance exposure. Third, we assessed the impact of resting-state functional networks on behavioral scores. A linear regression was used for all these analyses, and a false discovery rate < 0.05 was considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the selection criteria, 6674 subjects were included in the analysis. Prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE), prenatal marijuana exposure, household income, and food insecurity were associated with worse behavioral scores. Additionally, PTE was significantly associated with increased connectivity between the default mode network (DMN) and dorsal attention network (DAN) and decreased intra-network connectivity within the DAN. Finally, there were five CBCL scales that were associated with differences in network connectivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Taken together, these results suggest PTE to be associated with multiple functional networks, including those associated with several CBCL scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":"e71168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaxi Liu, Yixian Cai, Xian Shi, Mei Fan, Xiaotao Zhang, Jingjing Lin, Xiaoxuan Fan, Bingdong Liu, Jiyang Pan
Introduction
Severe insomnia symptoms increase the risk of persistent sleep disorders, underscoring the need for timely identification to optimize therapeutic interventions. Given the established association between chronic insomnia disorder (CID) and gut microbiota, this study aimed to evaluate the utility of gut microbiota characteristics for stratifying CID severity.
Methods
A total of 65 patients with CID were categorized into two groups based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores: S-CID (more severe poor sleep quality; median age: 36, IQR: 30–47; M/F: 12/22) and M-CID (milder poor sleep quality; median age: 33, IQR: 25–43; M/F: 11/20). Thirty healthy controls (HC; median age: 32, IQR: 26–48; M/F: 8/22) were also included. All participants underwent polysomnography and clinical assessments. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We compared microbial structure across severity groups, identified key bacterial genera using LASSO regression and the Boruta algorithm, and examined their correlations with sleep parameters via Spearman analysis. Functional pathway predictions were performed with PICRUSt2. A random forest model was constructed to evaluate severity-stratified discriminative capacity.
Results
Significant alterations in gut microbial diversity and composition were observed in S-CID patients compared to HC, whereas M-CID patients showed less pronounced differences. Seven key bacterial genera were identified and consistently correlated with sleep parameters. Functional perturbations in glutamate/butanoate metabolism and branched-chain amino acid degradation pathways differed by severity. The random forest model demonstrated moderate efficacy (AUC = 0.711–0.730) in distinguishing S-CID patients based on microbial signatures.
Conclusion
This study reveals distinct gut microbial signatures associated with varying severity levels of CID, providing insights that may support the development of microbiota-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Distinct Gut Microbiota Profiles Reflect Severity in Chronic Insomnia Disorder","authors":"Yaxi Liu, Yixian Cai, Xian Shi, Mei Fan, Xiaotao Zhang, Jingjing Lin, Xiaoxuan Fan, Bingdong Liu, Jiyang Pan","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71155","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71155","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Severe insomnia symptoms increase the risk of persistent sleep disorders, underscoring the need for timely identification to optimize therapeutic interventions. Given the established association between chronic insomnia disorder (CID) and gut microbiota, this study aimed to evaluate the utility of gut microbiota characteristics for stratifying CID severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 65 patients with CID were categorized into two groups based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores: S-CID (more severe poor sleep quality; median age: 36, IQR: 30–47; M/F: 12/22) and M-CID (milder poor sleep quality; median age: 33, IQR: 25–43; M/F: 11/20). Thirty healthy controls (HC; median age: 32, IQR: 26–48; M/F: 8/22) were also included. All participants underwent polysomnography and clinical assessments. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We compared microbial structure across severity groups, identified key bacterial genera using LASSO regression and the Boruta algorithm, and examined their correlations with sleep parameters via Spearman analysis. Functional pathway predictions were performed with PICRUSt2. A random forest model was constructed to evaluate severity-stratified discriminative capacity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant alterations in gut microbial diversity and composition were observed in S-CID patients compared to HC, whereas M-CID patients showed less pronounced differences. Seven key bacterial genera were identified and consistently correlated with sleep parameters. Functional perturbations in glutamate/butanoate metabolism and branched-chain amino acid degradation pathways differed by severity. The random forest model demonstrated moderate efficacy (AUC = 0.711–0.730) in distinguishing S-CID patients based on microbial signatures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study reveals distinct gut microbial signatures associated with varying severity levels of CID, providing insights that may support the development of microbiota-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.71155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tora Dunås, Sophia Leiss, Alba Corell, Thomas Skoglund, Anna Dénes, Helena Carén, Anja Smits, Isabelle Rydén, Asgeir Jakola
Introduction
Cognitive outcomes following brain insult are shaped by a range of factors, including genetic predispositions. Emerging evidence indicates that specific genetic variants may affect the susceptibility to cognitive impairment in individual patients. In this systematic review we summarize the evidence for genetic variants on cognitive outcomes following brain insults.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, bioRxiv, medRxiv, reference lists, and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify studies published before June 14, 2023, reporting associations between genetic variants and cognitive outcomes following brain insults. Only studies conducted in humans and published in English were included. A broad definition of brain insults was applied, with a primary focus on stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and brain tumors. All articles underwent bias assessment using the JBI critical appraisal tools.
Results
Of the 121 studies included, 80 (66%) were rated as low risk of bias. The APOE gene was investigated in 56% of TBI studies, 52% of stroke studies, and 43% of studies on other brain injuries. Of the 74 studies on APOE, 50 (68%) focused on the ε4 allele, with 39 studies (87%) reporting associations between the ε4 allele and worse cognitive outcomes. The BDNF rs6265 polymorphism was examined in 18 studies, 15 of which reported significant effects on cognitive outcomes. However, the direction of these effects was inconsistent, with seven studies linking the G allele and seven the A allele to worse cognitive outcomes. For the COMT rs4680 polymorphism, nine out of 12 studies reported worsened cognitive outcomes linked to the G allele, while several reported a protective association for the A allele. Injury- and population-specific patterns were not consistent.
Conclusion
This systematic review suggests that APOE-ε4 and potentially the G allele of COMT rs4680 are associated with poor cognitive outcomes following brain insults. The type of brain injury does not appear to influence whether genetic variants predispose to favorable or unfavorable cognitive outcomes. Future research may benefit from focusing on these markers, particularly in larger datasets, to validate these findings.
{"title":"Genetic Risk Factors for Poor Cognitive Outcome Following Brain Insult—A Systematic Review","authors":"Tora Dunås, Sophia Leiss, Alba Corell, Thomas Skoglund, Anna Dénes, Helena Carén, Anja Smits, Isabelle Rydén, Asgeir Jakola","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71173","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71173","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cognitive outcomes following brain insult are shaped by a range of factors, including genetic predispositions. Emerging evidence indicates that specific genetic variants may affect the susceptibility to cognitive impairment in individual patients. In this systematic review we summarize the evidence for genetic variants on cognitive outcomes following brain insults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, bioRxiv, medRxiv, reference lists, and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify studies published before June 14, 2023, reporting associations between genetic variants and cognitive outcomes following brain insults. Only studies conducted in humans and published in English were included. A broad definition of brain insults was applied, with a primary focus on stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and brain tumors. All articles underwent bias assessment using the JBI critical appraisal tools.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 121 studies included, 80 (66%) were rated as low risk of bias. The <i>APOE</i> gene was investigated in 56% of TBI studies, 52% of stroke studies, and 43% of studies on other brain injuries. Of the 74 studies on <i>APOE</i>, 50 (68%) focused on the <i>ε</i>4 allele, with 39 studies (87%) reporting associations between the <i>ε</i>4 allele and worse cognitive outcomes. The <i>BDNF</i> rs6265 polymorphism was examined in 18 studies, 15 of which reported significant effects on cognitive outcomes. However, the direction of these effects was inconsistent, with seven studies linking the G allele and seven the A allele to worse cognitive outcomes. For the <i>COMT</i> rs4680 polymorphism, nine out of 12 studies reported worsened cognitive outcomes linked to the G allele, while several reported a protective association for the A allele. Injury- and population-specific patterns were not consistent.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This systematic review suggests that <i>APOE-</i>ε4 and potentially the G allele of <i>COMT</i> rs4680 are associated with poor cognitive outcomes following brain insults. The type of brain injury does not appear to influence whether genetic variants predispose to favorable or unfavorable cognitive outcomes. Future research may benefit from focusing on these markers, particularly in larger datasets, to validate these findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.71173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander T. Hodge, Mohammed A. Rasheed, Tiffany Lin, Christian R. Burgess, Daniel K. Leventhal
Purpose
DYT1 dystonia is the most common inherited dystonia, but mouse models recapitulating the human genotype do not exhibit overtly dystonic movements. Because cortical and striatal plasticity are implicated in dystonia pathogenesis, we hypothesized that repetitive performance of a cortically-dependent reach-to-grasp task would induce abnormal dystonia-like movements in DYT1-knock in (DYT-KI) mice. The goal of these experiments was to test that hypothesis.
Methods
TorsinA ΔE (DYT1-KI) mutant mice and non-transgenic littermates (control) were trained to perform a cortically-dependent single pellet reach-to-grasp task using an automated skilled reach-to-grasp apparatus. Task performance and the presence of abnormal movements were manually scored by reviewers blinded to genotype.
Results
Six DYT1-KI and five littermate control mice performed at least 500 skilled reaches per animal. There were no differences in success or fumble rate between DYT1-KI and control mice. DYT1-KI mice exhibited subtle abnormal limb shaking in five trials, but a similar movement occurred in one control mouse in one trial.
Conclusions
DYT1-KI mice learn and perform skilled reach-to-grasp comparably to control mice without developing meaningful abnormal movements.
{"title":"Cortically Dependent Motor Training Does Not Induce Abnormal Movements in DYT1-Knock In Mice","authors":"Alexander T. Hodge, Mohammed A. Rasheed, Tiffany Lin, Christian R. Burgess, Daniel K. Leventhal","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71176","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71176","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>DYT1 dystonia is the most common inherited dystonia, but mouse models recapitulating the human genotype do not exhibit overtly dystonic movements. Because cortical and striatal plasticity are implicated in dystonia pathogenesis, we hypothesized that repetitive performance of a cortically-dependent reach-to-grasp task would induce abnormal dystonia-like movements in DYT1-knock in (DYT-KI) mice. The goal of these experiments was to test that hypothesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TorsinA ΔE (DYT1-KI) mutant mice and non-transgenic littermates (control) were trained to perform a cortically-dependent single pellet reach-to-grasp task using an automated skilled reach-to-grasp apparatus. Task performance and the presence of abnormal movements were manually scored by reviewers blinded to genotype.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Six DYT1-KI and five littermate control mice performed at least 500 skilled reaches per animal. There were no differences in success or fumble rate between DYT1-KI and control mice. DYT1-KI mice exhibited subtle abnormal limb shaking in five trials, but a similar movement occurred in one control mouse in one trial.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>DYT1-KI mice learn and perform skilled reach-to-grasp comparably to control mice without developing meaningful abnormal movements.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.71176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To investigate the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of patients with autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP-A).
Methods
Medical records and collected case data from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from November 2020 to May 2024 and retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, radiological findings, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcomes of patients with autoimmune GFAP-A.
Results
Twenty-nine eligible patients were included, predominantly male (21/29), with acute onset in 17 patients (58.6%). Common clinical syndromes included encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, and myelitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed widespread lesions (21/28). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, CSF nucleated cell count, CSF protein levels, CSF chloride, serum thyroid dysfunction, and abnormal blood cytokine levels correlated with disease severity but were not associated with prognosis. There was no correlation between CSF glucose level, serum GFAP antibody titer, CSF GFAP antibody titer, ferritin levels, human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) in the CSF, and disease severity or prognosis. No malignancies were detected in any patient before or after disease onset. Most patients (25/29) had favorable outcomes. Immunotherapy was effective for both the short- and long-term prognosis of GFAP-associated disease. Non-pulse steroid therapy and pulse steroid therapy showed comparable efficacy, while monoclonal antibody therapy was also potentially effective for GFAP-A.
{"title":"The Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Patients With Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy (GFAP-A): A Retrospective Study of 29 Patients","authors":"Xuewei Yang, Lanling Jin, Chanhong Shi, Hongwei Yue, Hongfei He, Wenli Zhu, Ruili Wei","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71159","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of patients with autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP-A).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Medical records and collected case data from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from November 2020 to May 2024 and retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, radiological findings, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcomes of patients with autoimmune GFAP-A.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-nine eligible patients were included, predominantly male (21/29), with acute onset in 17 patients (58.6%). Common clinical syndromes included encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, and myelitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed widespread lesions (21/28). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, CSF nucleated cell count, CSF protein levels, CSF chloride, serum thyroid dysfunction, and abnormal blood cytokine levels correlated with disease severity but were not associated with prognosis. There was no correlation between CSF glucose level, serum GFAP antibody titer, CSF GFAP antibody titer, ferritin levels, human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) in the CSF, and disease severity or prognosis. No malignancies were detected in any patient before or after disease onset. Most patients (25/29) had favorable outcomes. Immunotherapy was effective for both the short- and long-term prognosis of GFAP-associated disease. Non-pulse steroid therapy and pulse steroid therapy showed comparable efficacy, while monoclonal antibody therapy was also potentially effective for GFAP-A.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12755398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study analyzes the link between cardiovascular health, measured through the Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score, and the potential risk of migraines. Moreover, the research delves into the possibility that better cardiovascular health might lessen overall and cardiovascular-related mortality rates in people with migraines.
Methods
Data were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Associations between Life's Simple 7 scores and migraine risk were assessed using logistic and restricted cubic spline regressions, with subgroup analyses to examine variations across demographic groups. Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline regressions evaluated the impact of Life's Simple 7 scores on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
Results
The likelihood of experiencing migraines was significantly lower with higher Life's Simple 7 scores (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87–0.94, p < 0.001). Those maintaining ideal cardiovascular health were 43% less likely to suffer from migraines than individuals with poor cardiovascular health (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.44–0.74, p < 0.001). Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a non-linear inverse connection between Life's Simple 7 scores and migraine risk, while a linear inverse connection was identified between Life's Simple 7 scores and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among migraine individuals. According to Cox proportional hazards models, higher Life's Simple 7 scores correlated with a decrease in all-cause mortality (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80–0.97, p = 0.009) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.86, p = 0.002) in individuals with migraines.
Conclusions
The Life's Simple 7 score suggests that maintaining excellent cardiovascular health is connected to a decreased risk of migraines and better survival outcomes for migraine sufferers.
目的：该研究分析了心血管健康（通过生活简单7 （LS7）评分衡量）与偏头痛潜在风险之间的联系。此外，该研究还探讨了更好的心血管健康可能会降低偏头痛患者的总体死亡率和心血管相关死亡率的可能性。方法：数据来源于全国健康与营养检查调查。使用逻辑回归和限制性三次样条回归来评估生活简单指数7分与偏头痛风险之间的关系，并使用亚组分析来检查不同人口群体之间的差异。Cox比例风险模型和限制性三次样条回归评估了生活简单7评分对全因死亡率和心血管死亡率的影响。结果：生活简单7评分越高，患偏头痛的可能性越低（OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87-0.94, p < 0.001）。那些保持理想心血管健康的人患偏头痛的可能性比心血管健康不佳的人低43% （OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.44-0.74, p < 0.001）。限制性三次样条分析表明，生活简单7分与偏头痛风险之间存在非线性反比关系，而生活简单7分与偏头痛患者的全因死亡率和心血管死亡率之间存在线性反比关系。根据Cox比例风险模型，较高的生活简单7评分与偏头痛患者全因死亡率（HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97, p = 0.009）和心血管死亡率（HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53-0.86, p = 0.002）的降低相关。结论：简单生活7分表明，保持良好的心血管健康与降低偏头痛风险和提高偏头痛患者的生存率有关。
{"title":"Cardiovascular Health Status, Migraine Risk, and Mortality Outcomes in Migraine Individuals: Insights From NHANES","authors":"Hongwei Liu, Wenzhi Niu, Gaiying Ma, Haixia Fan, Minheng Zhang, Yu Wang, Mingni Yang","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71162","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71162","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study analyzes the link between cardiovascular health, measured through the Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score, and the potential risk of migraines. Moreover, the research delves into the possibility that better cardiovascular health might lessen overall and cardiovascular-related mortality rates in people with migraines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Associations between Life's Simple 7 scores and migraine risk were assessed using logistic and restricted cubic spline regressions, with subgroup analyses to examine variations across demographic groups. Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline regressions evaluated the impact of Life's Simple 7 scores on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The likelihood of experiencing migraines was significantly lower with higher Life's Simple 7 scores (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87–0.94, p < 0.001). Those maintaining ideal cardiovascular health were 43% less likely to suffer from migraines than individuals with poor cardiovascular health (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.44–0.74, p < 0.001). Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a non-linear inverse connection between Life's Simple 7 scores and migraine risk, while a linear inverse connection was identified between Life's Simple 7 scores and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among migraine individuals. According to Cox proportional hazards models, higher Life's Simple 7 scores correlated with a decrease in all-cause mortality (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80–0.97, p = 0.009) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.86, p = 0.002) in individuals with migraines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Life's Simple 7 score suggests that maintaining excellent cardiovascular health is connected to a decreased risk of migraines and better survival outcomes for migraine sufferers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.71162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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