Ya-Han Wang, Peng-Li Ding, Kai-Xin Zhang, Xiang-Qing Xu, He Li
Purpose
The abnormal central glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is related to the brain–gut axis. This study aims to explore the target of Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS) in improving cognitive impairment.
Method
This study analyzed the differences in mice intestinal flora by 16S rRNA sequencing. The cognitive protective effects of DSS were observed through the Morris water maze and the new object recognition. The mitigation effects of DSS on Aβ and p-tau, regulatory effects on glucose metabolism targets, and intestinal structure effects were observed through brain and colon slices staining. The differences in neural ultrastructure were compared by transmission electron microscopy.
Finding
The results showed that DSS affected the composition of intestinal dominant bacteria and bacteria genera and regulated the abundance of intestinal bacteria in AD mice. DSS improved the behavior of AD mice, alleviated the deposition of AD pathological products in the brain and colon, regulated the expression of glycometabolism-related proteins, and improved the colon barrier structure and neural ultrastructure in the brain of mice with AD.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that DSS may affect AD central glucose metabolism and improve cognition by regulating the gut–brain axis.
{"title":"Correlation Between Regulation of Intestinal Flora by Danggui-Shaoyao-San and Improvement of Cognitive Impairment in Mice With Alzheimer's Disease","authors":"Ya-Han Wang, Peng-Li Ding, Kai-Xin Zhang, Xiang-Qing Xu, He Li","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70110","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The abnormal central glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is related to the brain–gut axis. This study aims to explore the target of Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS) in improving cognitive impairment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study analyzed the differences in mice intestinal flora by 16S rRNA sequencing. The cognitive protective effects of DSS were observed through the Morris water maze and the new object recognition. The mitigation effects of DSS on Aβ and p-tau, regulatory effects on glucose metabolism targets, and intestinal structure effects were observed through brain and colon slices staining. The differences in neural ultrastructure were compared by transmission electron microscopy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Finding</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results showed that DSS affected the composition of intestinal dominant bacteria and bacteria genera and regulated the abundance of intestinal bacteria in AD mice. DSS improved the behavior of AD mice, alleviated the deposition of AD pathological products in the brain and colon, regulated the expression of glycometabolism-related proteins, and improved the colon barrier structure and neural ultrastructure in the brain of mice with AD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that DSS may affect AD central glucose metabolism and improve cognition by regulating the gut–brain axis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tingting Su, Mengting Wang, Zhouyang Chen, Liang Feng
Background
Upper limb rehabilitation robot is a relatively new technology, but its effectiveness remains debatable due to the inconsistent results of clinical trials. This article intends to assess how upper limb rehabilitation robots help the functional recovery of stroke patients.
Methods
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies to explore the effect of upper limb rehabilitation robots on upper limb motor function, muscle tone, and daily living activities.
Results
Eighteen trials with 573 stroke patients met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that compared to conventional rehabilitation training, patients who received upper limb robotic therapy (RT) had significantly improved Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Motor Assessment (FMA-UE) scores (weighted mean differences [WMD]: 5.27, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 3.36, 7.17), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) scores (WMD: 4.07, 95% CI: −4.14, 12.28), Modified Barthel Index (MBI) scores (WMD: 9.55, 95% CI: 6.37, 12.73), and modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) scores (WMD: −0.28, 95% CI: −0.50, 0.06), with no significant heterogeneity.
Conclusions
Upper limb robot–assisted training is superior to conventional training in terms of improving upper limb motor impairment, ability to perform daily living activities, and muscle tone recovery, which supports the application of robots in clinical practice.
{"title":"Effect of Upper Robot-Assisted Training on Upper Limb Motor, Daily Life Activities, and Muscular Tone in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Tingting Su, Mengting Wang, Zhouyang Chen, Liang Feng","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70117","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Upper limb rehabilitation robot is a relatively new technology, but its effectiveness remains debatable due to the inconsistent results of clinical trials. This article intends to assess how upper limb rehabilitation robots help the functional recovery of stroke patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies to explore the effect of upper limb rehabilitation robots on upper limb motor function, muscle tone, and daily living activities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighteen trials with 573 stroke patients met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that compared to conventional rehabilitation training, patients who received upper limb robotic therapy (RT) had significantly improved Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Motor Assessment (FMA-UE) scores (weighted mean differences [WMD]: 5.27, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 3.36, 7.17), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) scores (WMD: 4.07, 95% CI: −4.14, 12.28), Modified Barthel Index (MBI) scores (WMD: 9.55, 95% CI: 6.37, 12.73), and modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) scores (WMD: −0.28, 95% CI: −0.50, 0.06), with no significant heterogeneity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Upper limb robot–assisted training is superior to conventional training in terms of improving upper limb motor impairment, ability to perform daily living activities, and muscle tone recovery, which supports the application of robots in clinical practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dexmedetomidine, a highly specific α2 agonist, has been extensively utilized in clinical sedation and surgical anesthesia since its introduction in 2000 due to its excellent sympatholytic, sedative, and analgesic effects. This review aimed to identify new approaches for the treatment of patients with brain disorders by thoroughly describing the mechanism of action of dexmedetomidine and examining its neuroprotective effects from the standpoints of basic and clinical research.
Methods
The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords dexmedetomidine and related brain diseases, although relevant articles from the last decade were included for detailed summarization and analysis.
Results
Dexmedetomidine has shown strong neuroprotective effects, such as protection of the blood-brain barrier, decreased neuronal death, maintained hemodynamic stability, and reduced postoperative agitation and cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, dexmedetomidine has been shown to exert various neuroprotective effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects, modulation of autophagy, and reduction of apoptosis in cerebral diseases.
Conclusions
Dexmedetomidine acts as a neuroprotective agent against brain diseases during all phases of treatment. However, clinical trials with larger sample sizes are required to optimize dosage and dosing strategies.
简介右美托咪定是一种高度特异性的α2激动剂，自2000年问世以来，因其卓越的交感溶解、镇静和镇痛作用，已被广泛应用于临床镇静和手术麻醉。本综述旨在通过全面描述右美托咪定的作用机制，并从基础研究和临床研究的角度探讨其神经保护作用，从而找出治疗脑部疾病患者的新方法：方法：以右美托咪定和相关脑部疾病为关键词在PubMed和Web of Science数据库中进行检索，同时纳入近十年来的相关文章进行详细总结和分析：右美托咪定具有很强的神经保护作用，如保护血脑屏障、减少神经元死亡、维持血流动力学稳定、减少术后躁动和认知功能障碍。此外，右美托咪定还具有多种神经保护作用，包括抗炎和抗氧化应激作用、调节自噬和减少脑部疾病的细胞凋亡：结论：右美托咪定是一种神经保护剂，可在治疗的各个阶段预防脑部疾病。结论：右美托咪定在治疗的各个阶段都能发挥神经保护剂的作用，预防脑部疾病。然而，要优化剂量和用药策略，还需要进行样本量更大的临床试验。
{"title":"Progress on the Mechanisms and Neuroprotective Benefits of Dexmedetomidine in Brain Diseases","authors":"Zhenxing Tao, Pengpeng Li, Xudong Zhao","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70116","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dexmedetomidine, a highly specific α2 agonist, has been extensively utilized in clinical sedation and surgical anesthesia since its introduction in 2000 due to its excellent sympatholytic, sedative, and analgesic effects. This review aimed to identify new approaches for the treatment of patients with brain disorders by thoroughly describing the mechanism of action of dexmedetomidine and examining its neuroprotective effects from the standpoints of basic and clinical research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords dexmedetomidine and related brain diseases, although relevant articles from the last decade were included for detailed summarization and analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dexmedetomidine has shown strong neuroprotective effects, such as protection of the blood-brain barrier, decreased neuronal death, maintained hemodynamic stability, and reduced postoperative agitation and cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, dexmedetomidine has been shown to exert various neuroprotective effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects, modulation of autophagy, and reduction of apoptosis in cerebral diseases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dexmedetomidine acts as a neuroprotective agent against brain diseases during all phases of treatment. However, clinical trials with larger sample sizes are required to optimize dosage and dosing strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is still not fully explained what kind of cognitive sources the methods used in the assessment of listening effort are more sensitive to and how these measurement results are related to each other. The aim of the study is to ascertain which neural resources crucial for listening effort are most sensitive to objective measurement methods using differently degraded speech stimuli.
Methods
A total of 49 individuals between the ages of 19 and 34 with normal hearing participated in the study. In the first stage, simultaneous pupillometry, electroencephalogram (EEG), and single-task paradigm reaction time (RT) measurements were made during the challenging listening and repetition task with noise-vocoded speech. Two speech reception thresholds (SRT) (50% and 80%) for two vocoding conditions (16 and 6 channels) were collected, resulting in 4 conditions. In the second stage, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and the test of attention in listening (TAIL) were applied. Stepwise linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictors of listening effort measurements.
Results
A significant difference was found between 6 and 16 channel stimuli in both pupil dilation change and EEG alpha band power change. In the hardest listening condition, whereas RAVLT scores are significant predictors of pupil dilation change, TAIL scores are significant predictors of EEG alpha power. As the stimulus difficulty decreased, the factors that predicted both EEG and pupillometry results decreased. In the single-task paradigm, a significant regression model could not be obtained at all four difficulty levels.
Conclusion
As a result of the study, it was found that the pupil dilation change was more sensitive to auditory memory skills and the EEG alpha power change was more sensitive to auditory attention skills. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the sensitivity of different listening effort measurement methods to auditory cognitive skills.
{"title":"Investigating Sensitivity to Auditory Cognition in Listening Effort Assessments: A Simultaneous EEG and Pupillometry Study","authors":"Samet Kılıç, Eser Sendesen, Filiz Aslan, Nurhan Erbil, Özgür Aydın, Didem Türkyılmaz","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70135","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70135","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is still not fully explained what kind of cognitive sources the methods used in the assessment of listening effort are more sensitive to and how these measurement results are related to each other. The aim of the study is to ascertain which neural resources crucial for listening effort are most sensitive to objective measurement methods using differently degraded speech stimuli.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 49 individuals between the ages of 19 and 34 with normal hearing participated in the study. In the first stage, simultaneous pupillometry, electroencephalogram (EEG), and single-task paradigm reaction time (RT) measurements were made during the challenging listening and repetition task with noise-vocoded speech. Two speech reception thresholds (SRT) (50% and 80%) for two vocoding conditions (16 and 6 channels) were collected, resulting in 4 conditions. In the second stage, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and the test of attention in listening (TAIL) were applied. Stepwise linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictors of listening effort measurements.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A significant difference was found between 6 and 16 channel stimuli in both pupil dilation change and EEG alpha band power change. In the hardest listening condition, whereas RAVLT scores are significant predictors of pupil dilation change, TAIL scores are significant predictors of EEG alpha power. As the stimulus difficulty decreased, the factors that predicted both EEG and pupillometry results decreased. In the single-task paradigm, a significant regression model could not be obtained at all four difficulty levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As a result of the study, it was found that the pupil dilation change was more sensitive to auditory memory skills and the EEG alpha power change was more sensitive to auditory attention skills. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the sensitivity of different listening effort measurement methods to auditory cognitive skills.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emre Soylemez, Tugce Gurel Soylemez, Aydin Sinan Apaydin, Zuhal Koc Apaydin, Murat Yasar
Background
Cognitive decline is a common challenge faced by older individuals with presbycusis; their performance on dual-task (DT) activities is generally lower compared to those without hearing loss. However, the influence of hearing aids on nonauditory cognitive decline in this population remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of hearing aids on nonauditory DT performance in older adults with presbycusis.
Material and Methods
This study included older people with presbycusis who used hearing aids (P&HA group), those with presbycusis who did not use hearing aids (PoHA group), and a control group of healthy adults. Forward and backward digit span tests and timed up and go test (TUG) were administered to all individuals. TUG and motor and cognitive (forward and backward digit span) tasks were applied simultaneously to evaluate the participants' DT performance.
Results
The study comprised 60 individuals with presbycusis (19 females, 41 males; mean age: 73.23 ± 6.49 years) and 30 healthy adults (15 females, 15 males; mean age: 35.93 ± 8.57 years). Healthy adults performed better than the P&HA and PoHA groups in all the administered tests (p < 0.05). There was a moderate negative relationship between the severity of hearing loss and the forward and backward digit span test performances (p < 0.05). The P&HA group performed better than the PoHA group on the DT cognitive forward and backward digit span tests.
Conclusion
The use of hearing aids and their proper fitting are important not only for improving communication skills and reducing listening effort but also for supporting nonauditory cognitive functions, minimizing the risk of falls during DT activities, and enhancing the overall quality of life.
{"title":"The Role of Hearing Aids in Improving Dual-Task Gait Performance in Older Adults With Presbycusis: A Cognitive and Motor Analysis","authors":"Emre Soylemez, Tugce Gurel Soylemez, Aydin Sinan Apaydin, Zuhal Koc Apaydin, Murat Yasar","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70114","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cognitive decline is a common challenge faced by older individuals with presbycusis; their performance on dual-task (DT) activities is generally lower compared to those without hearing loss. However, the influence of hearing aids on nonauditory cognitive decline in this population remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of hearing aids on nonauditory DT performance in older adults with presbycusis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Material and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study included older people with presbycusis who used hearing aids (P&HA group), those with presbycusis who did not use hearing aids (PoHA group), and a control group of healthy adults. Forward and backward digit span tests and timed up and go test (TUG) were administered to all individuals. TUG and motor and cognitive (forward and backward digit span) tasks were applied simultaneously to evaluate the participants' DT performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study comprised 60 individuals with presbycusis (19 females, 41 males; mean age: 73.23 ± 6.49 years) and 30 healthy adults (15 females, 15 males; mean age: 35.93 ± 8.57 years). Healthy adults performed better than the P&HA and PoHA groups in all the administered tests (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was a moderate negative relationship between the severity of hearing loss and the forward and backward digit span test performances (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The P&HA group performed better than the PoHA group on the DT cognitive forward and backward digit span tests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The use of hearing aids and their proper fitting are important not only for improving communication skills and reducing listening effort but also for supporting nonauditory cognitive functions, minimizing the risk of falls during DT activities, and enhancing the overall quality of life.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elina Ghondaghsaz, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Mehrdad Mahalleh, Mahdi Masrour, Parsa Mohammadi, Alessandro Cannavo, Amir Hossein Behnoush
Background
Cognitive decline and dementia are debilitating conditions that compromise the quality of life and charge the healthcare system with a substantial socioeconomic burden. In this context, emerging evidence supports an association between the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), a surrogate insulin resistance marker, and cognitive decline and dementia. Hence, we systematically reviewed the studies assessing the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline and their controls.
Methods
Online international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Web of Science) were searched comprehensively for studies showing the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline/impairment. Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD), pooled odds ratio (OR), and pooled area under the curve (AUC), in addition to 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the comparisons of groups.
Results
Seventeen studies were included in our analysis. Then, we conducted a meta-analysis, demonstrating that patients with cognitive decline had significantly higher levels of TyG index than those without (SMD 0.83, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.50, p = 0.015). Moreover, our data showed that a 1-unit increase in the TyG index was associated with higher odds of cognitive decline (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.86, 95% CI 1.49 to 5.50, p = 0.002). Further, we observed that patients in the fourth TyG quartile with higher values of the TyG index than the first quartile presented with more increased cognitive decline (aOR 1.62, 95%CI 1.11 to 2.38, p = 0.013). Finally, pooled AUC data for the diagnostic performance of the TyG index resulted in an overall AUC value of 0.73 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.79). Sensitivity and specificity were also calculated as 0.695 and 0.687, respectively.
Conclusion
This study supports the clinical utility of the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline and solicits more focused studies to consolidate its usage in clinical settings and real-world practice.
背景：认知功能衰退和痴呆症是一种使人衰弱的疾病，会损害人们的生活质量，并给医疗保健系统带来巨大的社会经济负担。在这种情况下，新出现的证据支持甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数（TyG）这一替代性胰岛素抵抗标志物与认知功能衰退和痴呆症之间存在关联。因此，我们系统地回顾了评估认知能力下降患者及其对照组的 TyG 指数的研究：全面检索了在线国际数据库（PubMed、Scopus、Embase 和 Web of Science）中显示认知功能下降/受损患者TyG指数的研究。进行随机效应荟萃分析，计算标准化平均差（SMD）、集合比值比（OR）和集合曲线下面积（AUC），以及组间比较的95%置信区间（CI）：17项研究被纳入我们的分析。然后，我们进行了一项荟萃分析，结果表明认知功能下降患者的 TyG 指数水平明显高于无认知功能下降患者（SMD 0.83，95% CI 0.16 至 1.50，P = 0.015）。此外，我们的数据显示，TyG 指数每增加 1 个单位，认知功能下降的几率就会增加（调整 OR [aOR] 2.86，95% CI 1.49 至 5.50，p = 0.002）。此外，我们还观察到，TyG 指数值高于第一四分位数的第四四分位数患者认知能力下降的几率更高（aOR 1.62，95%CI 1.11 至 2.38，p = 0.013）。最后，对 TyG 指数诊断性能的 AUC 数据进行汇总，得出总的 AUC 值为 0.73（95% CI 0.66 至 0.79）。灵敏度和特异度的计算结果也分别为 0.695 和 0.687：本研究支持TyG指数在认知功能减退患者中的临床实用性，并要求进行更多有针对性的研究，以巩固其在临床环境和实际实践中的应用。
{"title":"Exploring the Association Between Cognitive Decline and Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Elina Ghondaghsaz, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Mehrdad Mahalleh, Mahdi Masrour, Parsa Mohammadi, Alessandro Cannavo, Amir Hossein Behnoush","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70131","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cognitive decline and dementia are debilitating conditions that compromise the quality of life and charge the healthcare system with a substantial socioeconomic burden. In this context, emerging evidence supports an association between the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), a surrogate insulin resistance marker, and cognitive decline and dementia. Hence, we systematically reviewed the studies assessing the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline and their controls.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Online international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Web of Science) were searched comprehensively for studies showing the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline/impairment. Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD), pooled odds ratio (OR), and pooled area under the curve (AUC), in addition to 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the comparisons of groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seventeen studies were included in our analysis. Then, we conducted a meta-analysis, demonstrating that patients with cognitive decline had significantly higher levels of TyG index than those without (SMD 0.83, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.50, <i>p</i> = 0.015). Moreover, our data showed that a 1-unit increase in the TyG index was associated with higher odds of cognitive decline (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.86, 95% CI 1.49 to 5.50, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Further, we observed that patients in the fourth TyG quartile with higher values of the TyG index than the first quartile presented with more increased cognitive decline (aOR 1.62, 95%CI 1.11 to 2.38, <i>p</i> = 0.013). Finally, pooled AUC data for the diagnostic performance of the TyG index resulted in an overall AUC value of 0.73 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.79). Sensitivity and specificity were also calculated as 0.695 and 0.687, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study supports the clinical utility of the TyG index in patients with cognitive decline and solicits more focused studies to consolidate its usage in clinical settings and real-world practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Willem S. van Boxtel, Michael Linge, Rylee Manning, Lily N. Haven, Jiyeon Lee
Background & Aims
Studies using eye-tracking methodology have made important contributions to the study of language disorders such as aphasia. Nevertheless, in clinical groups especially, eye-tracking studies often include small sample sizes, limiting the generalizability of reported findings. Online, webcam-based tracking offers a potential solution to this issue, but web-based tracking has not been compared with in-lab tracking in past studies and has never been attempted in groups with language impairments.
Materials & Methods
Patients with post-stroke aphasia (n = 16) and age-matched controls (n = 16) completed identical sentence-picture matching tasks in the lab (using an EyeLink system) and on the web (using WebGazer.js), with the order of sessions counterbalanced. We examined whether web-based eye tracking is as sensitive as in-lab eye tracking in detecting group differences in sentence processing.
Results
Patients were less accurate and slower to respond to all sentence types than controls. Proportions of gazes to the target and foil picture were computed in 100 ms increments, which showed that the two modes of tracking were comparably sensitive to overall group differences across different sentence types. Web tracking showed comparable fluctuations in gaze proportions to target pictures to lab tracking in most analyses, whereas a delay of approximately 500–800 ms appeared in web compared to lab data.
Discussion & Conclusions
Web-based eye tracking is feasible to study impaired language processing in aphasia and is sensitive enough to detect most group differences between controls and patients. Given that validations of webcam-based tracking are in their infancy and how transformative this method could be to several disciplines, much more testing is warranted.
{"title":"Online Eye Tracking for Aphasia: A Feasibility Study Comparing Web and Lab Tracking and Implications for Clinical Use","authors":"Willem S. van Boxtel, Michael Linge, Rylee Manning, Lily N. Haven, Jiyeon Lee","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70112","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background & Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Studies using eye-tracking methodology have made important contributions to the study of language disorders such as aphasia. Nevertheless, in clinical groups especially, eye-tracking studies often include small sample sizes, limiting the generalizability of reported findings. Online, webcam-based tracking offers a potential solution to this issue, but web-based tracking has not been compared with in-lab tracking in past studies and has never been attempted in groups with language impairments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials & Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with post-stroke aphasia (<i>n </i>= 16) and age-matched controls (<i>n </i>= 16) completed identical sentence-picture matching tasks in the lab (using an EyeLink system) and on the web (using WebGazer.js), with the order of sessions counterbalanced. We examined whether web-based eye tracking is as sensitive as in-lab eye tracking in detecting group differences in sentence processing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients were less accurate and slower to respond to all sentence types than controls. Proportions of gazes to the target and foil picture were computed in 100 ms increments, which showed that the two modes of tracking were comparably sensitive to overall group differences across different sentence types. Web tracking showed comparable fluctuations in gaze proportions to target pictures to lab tracking in most analyses, whereas a delay of approximately 500–800 ms appeared in web compared to lab data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion & Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Web-based eye tracking is feasible to study impaired language processing in aphasia and is sensitive enough to detect most group differences between controls and patients. Given that validations of webcam-based tracking are in their infancy and how transformative this method could be to several disciplines, much more testing is warranted.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11519703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hiroyuki Kajikawa, Keita Matsuura, Yuichiro Ii, Ken-ichi Tabei, Naoko Nakamura, Hidehiro Ishikawa, Yamato Nishiguchi, Kana Matsuda, Ken Kagawa, Naoki Ichikawa, Tomohiro Araki, Akihiro Shindo
Introduction
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may benefit from deep brain stimulation (DBS). Perifocal brain edema sometimes occurs after DBS surgery, but it is transient and does not affect the final prognosis. Transient deterioration of cognitive function has been reported in patients with frontal edema in the first postoperative week. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Goreisan in preventing edematous changes after DBS and determine the influence of edema on cognition.
Methods
We included 29 patients with PD who underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS and who were divided into 2 groups: those using (11 patients) and those not using Goreisan (18 patients). At 1 week postoperatively, all patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging. We measured the volume of edema either in the frontal white matter or STN on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Finally, brain edema, motor function, and cognitive function were compared between the groups with and without Goreisan.
Results
In the FLAIR image 1 week postoperatively, the average postoperative frontal subcortical edema (FE) volume of the group with Goreisan was significantly lower than that without Goreisan (2249 ± 2186 mm3, 6261 ± 7213 mm3, respectively, p = 0.023). Multivariate analysis with age, preoperative Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, FE, and peri-STN edema (SE) as factors, and MMSE at 1 week postoperatively as the dependent variable showed that preoperative MMSE score and SE were significant as associated factors.
Conclusions
FE after DBS surgery may be alleviated using Goreisan. SE and preoperative MMSE scores were associated with MMSE scores 1 week postoperatively.
{"title":"Effects of Goreisan in the Perioperative Period of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease","authors":"Hiroyuki Kajikawa, Keita Matsuura, Yuichiro Ii, Ken-ichi Tabei, Naoko Nakamura, Hidehiro Ishikawa, Yamato Nishiguchi, Kana Matsuda, Ken Kagawa, Naoki Ichikawa, Tomohiro Araki, Akihiro Shindo","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70069","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may benefit from deep brain stimulation (DBS). Perifocal brain edema sometimes occurs after DBS surgery, but it is transient and does not affect the final prognosis. Transient deterioration of cognitive function has been reported in patients with frontal edema in the first postoperative week. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Goreisan in preventing edematous changes after DBS and determine the influence of edema on cognition.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We included 29 patients with PD who underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS and who were divided into 2 groups: those using (11 patients) and those not using Goreisan (18 patients). At 1 week postoperatively, all patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging. We measured the volume of edema either in the frontal white matter or STN on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Finally, brain edema, motor function, and cognitive function were compared between the groups with and without Goreisan.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the FLAIR image 1 week postoperatively, the average postoperative frontal subcortical edema (FE) volume of the group with Goreisan was significantly lower than that without Goreisan (2249 ± 2186 mm<sup>3</sup>, 6261 ± 7213 mm<sup>3</sup>, respectively, <i>p</i> = 0.023). Multivariate analysis with age, preoperative Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, FE, and peri-STN edema (SE) as factors, and MMSE at 1 week postoperatively as the dependent variable showed that preoperative MMSE score and SE were significant as associated factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>FE after DBS surgery may be alleviated using Goreisan. SE and preoperative MMSE scores were associated with MMSE scores 1 week postoperatively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Trial Registration</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Not applicable</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary aim of this study is to develop an effective and reliable diagnostic system for neurodegenerative diseases by utilizing gait data transformed into QR codes and classified using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The objective of this method is to enhance the precision of diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), through the introduction of a novel approach to analyze gait patterns.
Methods
The research evaluates the CNN-based classification approach using QR-represented gait data to address the diagnostic challenges associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The gait data of subjects were converted into QR codes, which were then classified using a CNN deep learning model. The dataset includes recordings from patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 15), Huntington's disease (n = 20), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 13), and from 16 healthy controls.
Results
The accuracy rates obtained through 10-fold cross-validation were as follows: 94.86% for NDD versus control, 95.81% for PD versus control, 93.56% for HD versus control, 97.65% for ALS versus control, and 84.65% for PD versus HD versus ALS versus control. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed system in distinguishing between different neurodegenerative diseases and control groups.
Conclusion
The results indicate that the designed system may serve as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in individuals who already present with varying degrees of motor impairment. Further validation and research are needed to establish its wider applicability.
目的：本研究的主要目的是利用转化为 QR 码的步态数据，并使用卷积神经网络 (CNN) 进行分类，从而开发一种有效、可靠的神经退行性疾病诊断系统。该方法的目的是通过引入一种新的步态模式分析方法，提高神经退行性疾病（包括肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症（ALS）、帕金森病（PD）和亨廷顿病（HD））的诊断精度：研究评估了基于 CNN 的分类方法，该方法利用 QR 表示的步态数据来解决与神经退行性疾病相关的诊断难题。受试者的步态数据被转换成 QR 码，然后使用 CNN 深度学习模型对其进行分类。数据集包括帕金森病（15 人）、亨廷顿病（20 人）和肌萎缩侧索硬化症（13 人）患者以及 16 名健康对照者的记录：通过 10 倍交叉验证获得的准确率如下：NDD与对照组的准确率为94.86%，PD与对照组的准确率为95.81%，HD与对照组的准确率为93.56%，ALS与对照组的准确率为97.65%，PD与HD、ALS与对照组的准确率为84.65%。这些结果表明，该系统具有区分不同神经退行性疾病和对照组的潜力：结果表明，所设计的系统可作为神经退行性疾病诊断的辅助工具，尤其适用于已出现不同程度运动障碍的个体。要确定其更广泛的适用性，还需要进一步的验证和研究。
{"title":"CNN-Based Neurodegenerative Disease Classification Using QR-Represented Gait Data","authors":"Çağatay Berke Erdaş, Emre Sümer","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70100","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary aim of this study is to develop an effective and reliable diagnostic system for neurodegenerative diseases by utilizing gait data transformed into QR codes and classified using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The objective of this method is to enhance the precision of diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), through the introduction of a novel approach to analyze gait patterns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The research evaluates the CNN-based classification approach using QR-represented gait data to address the diagnostic challenges associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The gait data of subjects were converted into QR codes, which were then classified using a CNN deep learning model. The dataset includes recordings from patients with Parkinson's disease (<i>n</i> = 15), Huntington's disease (<i>n</i> = 20), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (<i>n</i> = 13), and from 16 healthy controls.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The accuracy rates obtained through 10-fold cross-validation were as follows: 94.86% for NDD versus control, 95.81% for PD versus control, 93.56% for HD versus control, 97.65% for ALS versus control, and 84.65% for PD versus HD versus ALS versus control. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed system in distinguishing between different neurodegenerative diseases and control groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results indicate that the designed system may serve as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in individuals who already present with varying degrees of motor impairment. Further validation and research are needed to establish its wider applicability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142494943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angela Lesley Baufeldt, Nikos Evangelou, Nima Moghaddam, Mark Gresswell, Roshan das Nair
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) misdiagnosis is common, and when discovered, frequently leads to substantial disruption to patients’ lives and anxiety for clinicians. Our objective was to develop expert consensus-based guidelines about how to communicate a misdiagnosis of MS to a patient, to reduce the potential for both psychological distress and litigation.
Methods
A modified Delphi method using a systematic literature review on doctor and patient experiences of the MS diagnosis communication was used to populate items for a first-round questionnaire. Our Delphi panel represented three perspectives (clinicians, people with MS, and published experts in health communication), and we recruited 18 panelists in total (6 per perspective). Consensus was defined a priori as 75% of panelists giving an item the same rating. A feedback round was undertaken with six external reviewers, naïve to the guideline development process, and the panelists. Items were reviewed by the study team and synthesized to create the finalized guidelines.
Results
Consensus was reached for 45 items rated as “very important” and presented in the feedback round. The study team synthesized the 45 items to 27 items. Ten items related specifically to the communication of the MS misdiagnosis and 17 items to generic guidelines highlighted as important in the MS misdiagnosis appointment. Seven recommendations form the guidelines presented here.
Conclusions
Seven consensus-based recommendations offer guidance to practising neurologists in their communication with patients in a situation that has the potential to be highly distressing, for both clinician and patient.
{"title":"Consensus-Based Guidelines for Communicating a Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis to Reduce Psychological Distress","authors":"Angela Lesley Baufeldt, Nikos Evangelou, Nima Moghaddam, Mark Gresswell, Roshan das Nair","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70109","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) misdiagnosis is common, and when discovered, frequently leads to substantial disruption to patients’ lives and anxiety for clinicians. Our objective was to develop expert consensus-based guidelines about how to communicate a misdiagnosis of MS to a patient, to reduce the potential for both psychological distress and litigation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A modified Delphi method using a systematic literature review on doctor and patient experiences of the MS diagnosis communication was used to populate items for a first-round questionnaire. Our Delphi panel represented three perspectives (clinicians, people with MS, and published experts in health communication), and we recruited 18 panelists in total (6 per perspective). Consensus was defined a priori as 75% of panelists giving an item the same rating. A feedback round was undertaken with six external reviewers, naïve to the guideline development process, and the panelists. Items were reviewed by the study team and synthesized to create the finalized guidelines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Consensus was reached for 45 items rated as “very important” and presented in the feedback round. The study team synthesized the 45 items to 27 items. Ten items related specifically to the communication of the MS misdiagnosis and 17 items to generic guidelines highlighted as important in the MS misdiagnosis appointment. Seven recommendations form the guidelines presented here.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seven consensus-based recommendations offer guidance to practising neurologists in their communication with patients in a situation that has the potential to be highly distressing, for both clinician and patient.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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