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Machiavellian Individuals’ Reciprocation Tend to be Smaller in a Trust Game 信任博弈中马基雅维利式个体的互惠趋向于较小
Pub Date : 2018-03-25 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/331/039-048
Linda Szíjjártó, Ferenc Kocsor, T. Bereczkei
Machiavellianism is a combination of a behavioral strategy characterized by the tendency to manipulate and exploit others, and a worldview resting upon cynicism and opportunism. The aim of our study was to explore the extent to which highly Machiavellian people tend to trust others and reciprocate favors. To model everyday relationships, we used the so-called Trust Game: a two-person experimental situation in which participants took part with a stranger as a partner. Eighty university students participated in the study, and played for real money. Their inclination to Machiavellian behavior was measured by the Mach IV questionnaire. Our results showed that there was no significant difference in the deposits made by the first players between high and low Machs; as first players, high Machs tended to trust the other player to the same degree than low Mach participants. We also found that high Machs as second players are less likely than low Mach participants to reciprocate the favors of the other player. From the results, it might be inferred that Machiavellians make decisions in cold blood; they do not trust others and reciprocate rather moderately, regardless of the amount of money they have received from the partner.
马基雅维利主义是一种行为策略的结合,其特征是倾向于操纵和利用他人,以及基于玩世不恭和机会主义的世界观。我们研究的目的是探索高度马基雅维利主义的人倾向于信任他人和回报他人的程度。为了模拟日常关系,我们使用了所谓的信任游戏:一个两个人的实验情境,参与者与一个陌生人作为合作伙伴。80名大学生参加了这项研究,并进行了真钱游戏。他们对马基雅维利行为的倾向是通过马赫IV问卷来测量的。结果表明:高、低马赫数的第一玩家的存款没有显著差异;作为第一玩家,高马赫参与者倾向于信任其他玩家的程度与低马赫参与者相同。我们还发现,作为第二玩家的高马赫参与者比低马赫参与者更不可能回报其他玩家的恩惠。从结果可以推断,马基雅维利主义者是冷血地做决定的;他们不相信别人,不管从对方那里得到多少钱,他们的回报都相当温和。
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引用次数: 3
Philosophical Scrutiny Provides a Fresh Perspective On Cultural Evolution 哲学审视为文化演变提供了新的视角
Pub Date : 2018-03-25 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/331/053-055
C. Caldwell
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引用次数: 0
Ethological Studies Using Twins: Doing What Comes Naturally 用双胞胎做动物行为学研究:做自然发生的事
Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/324/035-043
N. Segal
Combining ethological methods with twin and adoption designs enables the testing of novel hypotheses regarding human behavior. Specifically, genetic influences on behaviors expressed in naturalistic and semi-naturalistic social settings can be observed, affording insights and ideas that might otherwise be missed. This article briefly reviews the logic of twin and adoption research methods, then illustrates their application in a series of ethologically-based studies concerning cooperation and competition, social relatedness and tacit coordination (decisionmaking). Future studies that would potentially benefit from this approach are suggested.
将行为学方法与双胞胎和收养设计相结合,可以检验关于人类行为的新假设。具体来说,可以观察到基因对自然主义和半自然主义社会环境中表达的行为的影响,从而提供可能被错过的见解和想法。本文简要回顾了双胞胎和收养研究方法的逻辑,然后说明了它们在一系列基于行为学的关于合作与竞争、社会关联性和隐性协调(决策)的研究中的应用。建议未来的研究可能从这种方法中受益。
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引用次数: 4
Direct Observation Of Human Behaviour. What It Is and Why It Must Be Done. 对人类行为的直接观察。它是什么以及为什么必须这样做。
Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/324/003-005
J. Richer, C. Hendrie, E. Oberzaucher, M. Fisher, N. Segal
1Paediatric Psychology, Oxford University Hospitals and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford 2Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK 3Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria 4Urban Human, Vienna, Austria 5Department of Psychology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada 6Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
1牛津大学医院医学心理学和牛津大学生理、解剖学和遗传学系2英国利兹大学心理学系3奥地利维也纳大学生命科学学院4奥地利维也纳城市人5加拿大北卡罗来纳州哈利法克斯圣玛丽大学心理学系6加利福尼亚州立大学心理学系,美国加利福尼亚州富勒顿
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引用次数: 1
Why We Do It The Hard Way: Observational Studies Tell A Different Story From Questionnaires 为什么我们这么做:观察性研究与问卷调查的结果不同
Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/heb/324/021-026
E. Oberzaucher
When analysing humans, issues of bias are a major concern affecting the validity of research. Objectivity is never guaranteed since we are observing conspecifics. Questionnaire studies aggravate the problem by adding additional sources of data filtering and bias. This article provides a short outline of the steps that need to be taken in order to ensure that data collected in observational studies are valid. It is aimed to raise awareness for the requirements of observational studies in order to meet the standard definition of ethology, and describes the limits and potential of observation in comparison to questionnaire studies.
在分析人类时,偏见问题是影响研究有效性的主要问题。因为我们观察的是同质性,所以客观性是无法保证的。问卷调查研究通过增加额外的数据过滤和偏见来源而加剧了这个问题。本文简要概述了需要采取的步骤,以确保观察性研究中收集的数据是有效的。它旨在提高人们对观察性研究要求的认识,以满足动物行为学的标准定义,并描述了与问卷研究相比观察的局限性和潜力。
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引用次数: 3
Letter from the Editorial Board 编辑委员会的来信
Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/324/001-002
J. Richer
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引用次数: 0
Where To Start With Ethology Research: A Student-Centered Primer With Examples 从哪里开始行为学研究:以学生为中心的入门与例子
Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/heb/324/027-034
M. Fisher
Instructing students on how to conduct direct observations for the purposes of performing human ethology research can be challenging, given that they may not have any prior training. Here I review an undergraduate course on human ethology, where students carry-out independent projects to test a hypothesis using observational units. I first briefly describe the course, then present three different ways that one may find research ideas (surveys, media, and casual observation), and then present details on the actual assignment I distribute to students. The goal of this paper is to provide support for instructors who are considering adding an observational component to a class, or who may propose a human ethology course at their institution.
指导学生如何为进行人类行为学研究而进行直接观察是具有挑战性的,因为他们可能没有任何事先的训练。在这里,我回顾了一门关于人类行为学的本科课程,在这门课程中,学生们进行独立的项目,用观察单位来检验一个假设。我首先简要介绍了这门课程,然后介绍了三种不同的研究思路(调查、媒体和偶然观察),然后介绍了我分配给学生的实际作业的细节。本文的目的是为正在考虑在课堂上增加观察部分或可能在其机构提出人类行为学课程的教师提供支持。
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引用次数: 2
Direct Observation: Impediments and Approaches 直接观察:障碍和方法
Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/heb/324/006-014
J. Richer
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引用次数: 6
Sex Drugs and Rock and Roll: Evidence Supporting the Storied Trilogy 性、毒品和摇滚:支持故事三部曲的证据
Pub Date : 2017-09-30 DOI: 10.22330/heb/323/063-084
M. Harrison, Susan M. Hughes
Sex, drugs, and rock and roll (SDRR) is a storied trilogy in popular culture. However, in scientific literature, there is little empirical evidence to determine if there is a positive relationship between these three phenomena, despite biological, psychological, and social reasons that would suggest they are connected. Via questionnaire, we asked participants to selfreport alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviors and attitudes, and musical ability and preference. Although evidence was limited, there was some support for an SDRR connection, particularly among male performers and female listeners of rock and “harder” music. Interestingly, this mimics patterns of several bird species where males are the producers and females are the consumers of song. Ethological considerations and future directions are discussed.
性、毒品和摇滚(SDRR)是流行文化中的传奇三部曲。然而,在科学文献中,几乎没有经验证据来确定这三种现象之间是否存在积极的关系,尽管生物学、心理学和社会原因表明它们之间存在联系。通过问卷调查,我们要求参与者自我报告酒精和药物使用情况,性行为和态度,以及音乐能力和偏好。尽管证据有限,但有一些证据支持SDRR之间的联系,特别是在摇滚和“硬”音乐的男性表演者和女性听众之间。有趣的是,这模仿了几种鸟类的模式,雄性是鸣叫的生产者,雌性是鸣叫的消费者。讨论了行为学上的考虑和未来的发展方向。
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引用次数: 3
"Y/Our" Vocal Sounds - Towards an Ethological Classification of Human Vocalizing Behavior and Sounds “Y/Our”发声——人类发声行为和声音的行为学分类
Pub Date : 2017-09-30 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/323/003-033
J. Feierman
Human ethology has been accused of being the behavioral science that treats humans as though they don't make vocal sounds. Although heritable, coordinated patterns of movement or fixed action patterns (Erbkoordinationen), which are the fundamental building blocks of classical ethology, can generate "our" vocal sounds (e.g., laughing, crying, and screaming), they cannot generate "your" vocal sounds (e.g., spoken words in English, German, French, Spanish, etc.). These latter "your" vocal sounds are made by single muscle movements, which when volitionally repeated, combined or coordinated, can generate culture-specific, behaviorally-generated vocal sound symbols, such as the general names in each culture for persons who give birth to babies (e.g., mother, Mutter, mère, madre). This article is a first attempt at an ethological classification of human vocalizing behaviors and the sounds they make. Lastly, how human ethologists could study these two different types of human vocalizing behaviors, using the sounds they make as proxies, will be discussed.
人类行为学被指责为一门行为科学,认为人类不会发出声音。虽然可遗传的、协调的运动模式或固定的动作模式(Erbkoordinationen)是经典动物行为学的基本组成部分,它们可以产生“我们的”声音(例如笑、哭和尖叫),但它们不能产生“你的”声音(例如英语、德语、法语、西班牙语等的口语)。后一种“你的”声音是由单个肌肉运动发出的,当这些肌肉运动有意识地重复、组合或协调时,可以产生特定文化的、行为产生的声音符号,例如每种文化中生育婴儿的人的通称(例如,母亲、Mutter、m、madre)。本文是对人类发声行为及其发出的声音进行行为学分类的第一次尝试。最后,将讨论人类行为学家如何利用人类发出的声音作为代理来研究这两种不同类型的人类发声行为。
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引用次数: 0
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Human ethology bulletin
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