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A crossword a day improves verbal fluency: a report of an intervention study 一项干预研究报告:每天做一个填字游戏可以提高语言流利度
Pub Date : 2012-10-26 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.714709
M. Murphy, R. Cunningham
Soft skills, including communication skills, are of relevance to university students both academically and in terms of employability. A particularly prized soft skill is communication, to which semantic verbal fluency (SVF) is an important contributor. Both the hardware and software models of cognitive reserve suggest that experience can lead to improved performance in cognitive tasks. This experiment sought to improve SVF through a short, crossword-based intervention. Thirty-four third-level students attempted a simple crossword daily for 4 weeks, while 40 served as a control group. Analysis indicated that the crossword group experienced greater improvement in SVF than did the control group. Simple crosswords may prove a straightforward means of improving SVF in this population.
软技能,包括沟通技巧,对大学生的学业和就业能力都很重要。一个特别受重视的软技能是沟通,语义语言流畅性(SVF)是一个重要的贡献者。认知储备的硬件和软件模型都表明,经验可以提高认知任务的表现。这个实验试图通过一个简短的、基于填字游戏的干预来改善SVF。34名三年级学生连续4周每天尝试一个简单的填字游戏,而40名作为对照组。分析表明,填字游戏组在SVF方面比对照组有更大的改善。简单的填字游戏可能是改善这一人群SVF的直接方法。
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引用次数: 3
Mental arithmetic and irrelevant auditory number similarity disruption 心算与无关听觉数字相似性干扰
Pub Date : 2012-10-26 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.723194
N. Perham, S. Macpherson
Both the mental arithmetic and semantic auditory distraction literatures show task interference from similar items, yet this has not been demonstrated in the common scenario of performing mental arithmetic whilst similar numbers are being spoken. This study attempted to rectify this omission by conducting an experiment in which both the type of irrelevant sound (quiet, similar numbers, dissimilar numbers and non-number speech) and the difficulty of problems (easy and hard) were revealed to affect addition mental arithmetic performance. Specifically, hard problems were solved less often than easy problems and, more importantly, a number similarity effect was observed such that similar irrelevant numbers impaired performance more than dissimilar irrelevant numbers. Results and future research are discussed with respect to both the mental arithmetic and semantic auditory literatures.
心算和语义听觉分心的文献都显示了类似项目对任务的干扰,但这并没有在说类似数字时进行心算的常见场景中得到证明。本研究试图通过进行一项实验来纠正这一遗漏,该实验揭示了不相关声音的类型(安静,相似数字,不同数字和非数字语音)和问题的难度(简单和困难)对加法心算成绩的影响。具体来说,难的问题比容易的问题解决得少,更重要的是,我们观察到一种数字相似效应,即相似的不相关数字比不同的不相关数字更能损害性能。讨论了心算和语义听觉两方面的研究成果和未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 7
Children's implicit and explicit weight-related attitudes 儿童内隐和外显体重相关态度
Pub Date : 2012-10-26 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.677996
S. Roddy, Ian Stewart
This study examined attitudes towards overweight peers among children in both middle (6–8 years) and late (9–13 years) childhood using implicit and explicit measures. Thirty-three children (17 middle group and 16 late group) completed a child-oriented version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), explicit rating scales and the Shared Activities Questionnaire (SAQ). Children in both age groups showed bias against overweight peers on both the implicit and explicit measures. Implications of these findings are discussed.
本研究采用内隐和外显方法调查了儿童中期(6-8岁)和晚期(9-13岁)对超重同龄人的态度。33名儿童(中间组17名,后期组16名)完成了面向儿童的内隐联想测验(IAT)、外显评定量表和共同活动问卷(SAQ)。在隐性和显性测量中,两个年龄组的儿童都表现出对超重同龄人的偏见。讨论了这些发现的意义。
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引用次数: 2
The relationship of parenting style to academic achievement in middle childhood 父母教养方式与儿童中期学业成绩的关系
Pub Date : 2012-10-26 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.724645
Aisling Murray
Parenting style has been highlighted as an important factor in child and adolescent outcomes for a range of indicators including health and educational achievement. The fostering of a positive self-concept and closer parental monitoring of school involvement are two of the suggested mechanisms by which parenting style may affect educational achievement. In recent years, much research has tended to focus on adolescents and there is considerably less information for middle childhood. This paper looks at the role of maternal parenting style (based on child-reports) on academic achievement for a large sample of 9-year-old children who took part in the Growing Up in Ireland study. It shows that an authoritative parenting style was associated with higher scores on measures of reading and maths relative to neglectful or uninvolved styles, however the expected advantage over an authoritarian parenting style did not emerge (and tended to reverse post-adjustment for mediators), and other socio-demographic character...
养育方式被强调为影响儿童和青少年健康和教育成就等一系列指标的一个重要因素。培养积极的自我概念和父母更密切地监督学校参与是父母方式可能影响教育成就的两种机制。近年来,许多研究都倾向于关注青少年,而关于儿童中期的信息却少得多。本文着眼于母亲教养方式(基于儿童报告)对参加爱尔兰成长研究的9岁儿童的学习成绩的影响。研究表明,相对于忽视或不参与的风格,权威型的父母风格在阅读和数学方面的得分更高,然而,与权威型父母风格相比,预期的优势并没有出现(并且倾向于逆转调解后的调整),以及其他社会人口特征……
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引用次数: 13
Switching attention incurs a cost for counterfactual conditional inferences 转移注意力会产生反事实条件推理的代价
Pub Date : 2012-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.708897
Alexandre Pereda-Baños, H. Garavan, R. Byrne
People often reason hypothetically in everyday life, for example, from conditionals such as ‘if there is a circle there is a triangle’. They find some inferences easy, e.g., ‘there is a circle, therefore there is a triangle’, and others difficult, e.g., ‘there is no triangle, therefore there is no circle’. We report an experiment that applies attention switching methods to reasoning from counterfactuals, e.g., ‘if there had been a circle, there would have been a triangle’. The results show that even the simplest inference is adversely affected if reasoners must switch attention from a preceding difficult inference. Asymmetrical inference switching costs occur not only for indicative but also for counterfactual conditionals: the easy inference takes longer when reasoners must switch attention from the difficult one compared to when they switch attention from another easy one; the difficult inference remains difficult whether reasoners switch from an easy or difficult inference.
人们在日常生活中经常进行假设推理,例如,根据“如果有一个圆,就有一个三角形”这样的条件句。他们发现一些推论很容易,例如,“有一个圆,因此有一个三角形”,而另一些则很难,例如,“没有三角形,因此没有圆”。我们报告了一个将注意力转换方法应用于反事实推理的实验,例如,“如果有一个圆,就会有一个三角形”。结果表明,即使是最简单的推理也会受到不利影响,如果推理者必须将注意力从前面的困难推理转移。不对称推理转换成本不仅发生在指示性条件上,也发生在反事实条件上:当推理者必须从困难的条件上切换注意力时,简单的推理花费的时间比从另一个简单的条件上切换注意力时要长;无论推理者从简单推理还是困难推理切换,困难推理仍然是困难的。
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引用次数: 2
A biofeedback-based programme to improve attention and impulsivity in adults with ADHD 以生物反馈为基础的方案,以改善注意力缺陷多动障碍成人的注意力和冲动
Pub Date : 2012-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.708899
S. Salomone, Jacqueline M. Shanahan, J. Bramham, R. O’Connell, I. Robertson
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neuropsychiatric condition characterised by attention and impulsivity problems, is one of the most common behavioural disorders in Ireland. The first-line treatment for ADHD is psycho-stimulant medication. However, these can have limited effectiveness, particularly in adults, and are often associated with adverse side-effects. It is thus imperative that new non-pharmaceutical approaches to treatment are developed. This study aims to combine psychoeducation with skin-conductance biofeedback to train adults with ADHD to increase their arousal. The training focuses on everyday problems of inattentiveness and impulse control and participants identify goals to which they learn to apply self-initiated alerting techniques. Participants are assessed at baseline, immediately following the 5-week training period, and after 3 months. Pre- and post-training goals ratings are also recorded. Research methods and preliminary outcomes are presented.
注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是一种以注意力和冲动问题为特征的神经精神疾病,是爱尔兰最常见的行为障碍之一。多动症的一线治疗方法是精神兴奋剂药物。然而,这些药物的效果有限,尤其是对成人,而且常常伴有不良副作用。因此,必须开发新的非药物治疗方法。本研究旨在将心理教育与皮肤传导生物反馈相结合,以训练患有多动症的成年人提高他们的觉醒程度。培训的重点是注意力不集中和冲动控制的日常问题,参与者确定他们学习应用自我启动警报技术的目标。参与者分别在5周训练期结束后和3个月后进行基线评估。训练前和训练后的目标评分也会被记录下来。介绍了研究方法和初步成果。
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引用次数: 3
Suicide postvention; coping, support and transformation 自杀postvention;应对、支持和转变
Pub Date : 2012-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.709171
T. Trimble, Barbara Hannigan, M. Gaffney
It has been estimated that for every death by suicide, there are at least six bereaved people left behind. Ten participants, five male and five female bereaved by the suicide of a close family member, completed a qualitative questionnaire on postvention experiences. Postvention activities are defined as those which are helpful, supportive and appropriate for individuals bereaved by suicide. Postvention is regarded by some as prevention for the future. Losing a close friend or family member by suicide is often one of many features which are considered risk factors in assessing suicidality in an individual. Survivors are susceptible to a range of mental health difficulties, including further suicidal ideation. Many studies on postvention have focused on grief and pathologies, as opposed to highlighting the aspects of impact, coping and latterly, the potential for psychological survival and transformation. Based on survivor accounts, factors have been identified which contribute towards the experience of ber...
据估计,每发生一起自杀死亡,至少有6人失去亲人。10名参与者,5名男性和5名女性,因亲密家庭成员自杀而失去亲人,他们完成了一份关于事后经历的定性问卷。后发活动被定义为那些对因自杀而失去亲人的个人有帮助、支持和适当的活动。延期被一些人认为是对未来的预防。在评估一个人的自杀倾向时,失去一个亲密的朋友或家庭成员通常是许多被认为是危险因素的特征之一。幸存者容易受到一系列心理健康问题的影响,包括进一步产生自杀念头。许多关于后患的研究都集中在悲伤和病理上,而不是强调影响、应对以及后来的心理生存和转变的潜力。根据幸存者的描述,已经确定了导致她的经历的因素。
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引用次数: 15
Type D moderates the effects of expressive writing on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) following myocardial infarction (MI) D型调节表达性写作对心肌梗死(MI)后健康相关生活质量(HRQOL)的影响
Pub Date : 2012-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.708901
D. Hevey, Eva Wilczkiewicz, J. Horgan
The present study assessed the effects of expressive writing on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) following myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, potential moderators of the effects were examined. Eighty-nine MI patients were randomised to intervention (N=43) or control (N=46) groups. The intervention group wrote (20 minutes/day for 3 days) about their thoughts and feelings regarding their MI, and the control group wrote about daily activities a year previous to their MI. The outcome measure was HRQOL, and the moderating variables examined were psychological distress, Type D personality and coping. Measures were completed pre-randomisation, post-intervention and 3 months later. Three months post-intervention, the intervention group had significantly higher HRQOL. Type D moderated the effect, such that those high on Type D reported greater benefits. Expressive writing is a beneficial intervention that may enhance HRQOL. However, it may be more beneficial for people characterised by high levels of n...
本研究评估表达性书写对心肌梗死(MI)后健康相关生活质量(HRQOL)的影响。此外,研究了这些效应的潜在调节因子。89例心肌梗死患者随机分为干预组(N=43)和对照组(N=46)。干预组(每天20分钟,持续3天)写下他们对心肌梗塞的想法和感受,对照组写下他们在心肌梗塞前一年的日常活动。结果测量是HRQOL,检查的调节变量是心理困扰、D型人格和应对。测量在随机化前、干预后和3个月后完成。干预3个月后,干预组HRQOL明显高于对照组。D型糖尿病缓和了这种影响,因此D型糖尿病患者的益处更大。表达性写作是一种有益的干预,可以提高HRQOL。然而,它可能对具有高氮含量特征的人更有益。
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引用次数: 11
An unequal balance? – The effects of unequal pay systems on societal motivation in Ireland 不平衡?-不平等薪酬制度对爱尔兰社会动机的影响
Pub Date : 2012-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.708902
Karen Hand, M. Maclachlan
The hypothesis that unequal pay systems create demotivating effects at a societal level was experimentally tested within a general population sample (N=187). Four pay systems, representing unequal pay for equal effort and results, were presented, and anticipated changes in motivation level on three items (productivity, pride and participation) versus baseline were measured. The four unequal systems were (1) Arbitrary (A versus B), (2) Senior versus Junior, (3) Private Sector Higher versus Public Sector Lower and (4) Public Sector Higher versus Private Sector Lower. All four unequal pay systems had significant demotivation effects versus the baseline motivation measures. The demotivation effects were also significantly ‘crowded out’ when presented within systems, which reinforced dominant legitimising myths (e.g., Seniority and Private Enterprise). Further research is needed to estimate the full economic and social capital costs of inequality and to investigate the psychological costs and benefits of ‘moti...
不平等薪酬制度在社会层面上产生消极影响的假设在一般人群样本中进行了实验测试(N=187)。提出了四种薪酬制度,代表了同等努力和成果的不平等薪酬,并测量了三个项目(生产力、自豪感和参与)的动机水平与基线的预期变化。这四种不平等的制度是:(1)武断的(A对B),(2)高级对初级,(3)私营部门高对公共部门低,(4)公共部门高对私营部门低。与基本的激励措施相比,所有四种不平等的薪酬制度都有显著的消极影响。当在系统内出现时,这种消极影响也会被明显地“排挤”出去,这强化了主导的合法化神话(例如,资历和私营企业)。需要进一步的研究来估计不平等的全部经济和社会资本成本,并调查“动机”的心理成本和收益。
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引用次数: 2
Impaired self-awareness following acquired brain injury: current theory, models and anatomical understanding 后得性脑损伤后的自我意识受损:目前的理论、模型和解剖学理解
Pub Date : 2012-08-23 DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2012.708898
M. C. FitzGerald, S. Carton, F. O’Keeffe, R. Coen, P. Dockree
Acquired brain injury/illness (ABI) can lead to a range of cognitive, physical, emotional, social and behavioural sequelae. Unawareness of these deficits and of errors made in activities of everyday living can be a significant barrier for successful outcomes in rehabilitation following ABI. This review presents several theories and clinical models that propose multiple psychological, neuropsychological and biopsychosocial underpinnings of impaired self-awareness (ISA). Current knowledge regarding neuropathology of awareness is discussed, highlighting the widespread locations and connections within the brain that are implicated in awareness. Clinical practice promotes a client-centred approach to rehabilitation that acknowledges the multiple contributing factors of ISA post-ABI. This review discusses the merits of theories and clinical models in providing a useful framework for assessing and treating the multifaceted and complex phenomenon of ISA following ABI.
获得性脑损伤/疾病(ABI)可导致一系列认知、身体、情感、社会和行为后遗症。对这些缺陷和日常生活活动中所犯错误的不认识可能是ABI后成功康复的重大障碍。本文综述了几种理论和临床模型,提出了自我意识受损(ISA)的多重心理、神经心理和生物心理社会基础。讨论了当前关于意识的神经病理学知识,强调了在大脑中涉及意识的广泛位置和连接。临床实践提倡以客户为中心的康复方法,承认abi后ISA的多种因素。本文讨论了理论和临床模型的优点,为评估和治疗ABI后ISA的多方面和复杂现象提供了一个有用的框架。
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引用次数: 15
期刊
The Irish journal of psychology
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