Pub Date : 2023-06-13DOI: 10.47262/bl/9.1.20230417
Antibiotics have historically revolutionized medical science; however, the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria puts their worth at risk. The problem of antibiotic resistance has been attributed to both the excessive use of already available drugs and the absence of newer treatments as a result of stringent regulatory requirements and weakened corporate incentives. Resistant infections often need more comprehensive and costly treatments, resulting in longer hospital admissions, higher healthcare costs, and a larger demand for specialized healthcare resources. The expenses are exacerbated by the need for new antimicrobial drug research and development, which is becoming more complex and expensive as a result of resistance mechanisms. Comprehensive efforts are needed to limit the rate of resistance development and include research into new bacteria, resistance mechanisms, and antimicrobial medications. Multidisciplinary approaches are required in the sectors of agriculture, the environment, and healthcare. Probiotics, antibodies, and vaccines are a few examples of progressive complementary therapies that have shown promising outcomes in research and may one day serve as preventive or supplementary treatments. The purpose of this review article is to give an in-depth review of the influence of antibiotic resistance on both the health of individuals and economic stability.
{"title":"Impact of antimicrobial resistance on health and economy: A comprehensive review","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/9.1.20230417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/9.1.20230417","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics have historically revolutionized medical science; however, the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria puts their worth at risk. The problem of antibiotic resistance has been attributed to both the excessive use of already available drugs and the absence of newer treatments as a result of stringent regulatory requirements and weakened corporate incentives. Resistant infections often need more comprehensive and costly treatments, resulting in longer hospital admissions, higher healthcare costs, and a larger demand for specialized healthcare resources. The expenses are exacerbated by the need for new antimicrobial drug research and development, which is becoming more complex and expensive as a result of resistance mechanisms. Comprehensive efforts are needed to limit the rate of resistance development and include research into new bacteria, resistance mechanisms, and antimicrobial medications. Multidisciplinary approaches are required in the sectors of agriculture, the environment, and healthcare. Probiotics, antibodies, and vaccines are a few examples of progressive complementary therapies that have shown promising outcomes in research and may one day serve as preventive or supplementary treatments. The purpose of this review article is to give an in-depth review of the influence of antibiotic resistance on both the health of individuals and economic stability.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72668845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-08DOI: 10.47262/bl/9.1.20230413
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease and caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). It belongs to the species of the orthopoxvirus family. Data from several sources, including epidemiological studies, case reports, and clinical trials were included in thorough literature analyses. Monkeypox was more common in Central and West Africa. Additionally, the virus has been identified in other regions of the world including North America, Europe, and Asia. A feverish sickness and distinctive skin lesions, resembling smallpox, are the primary symptoms of the disease. Preventing serious consequences and secondary transmission requires early diagnosis and effective care. The main therapeutic strategies used include vaccination, antiviral medication, and supportive care. Despite not being created expressly for monkeypox, the smallpox vaccination has shown some promising results in reducing serious illness. Additionally, antiviral medications such as tecovirimat and cidofovir lower the morbidity and mortality. To create targeted treatments and improve treatment plans, further research is necessary. In order to lessen the impact of monkeypox on the world, improved monitoring systems, public health education, and international cooperation are required. The current study highlights the necessity for ongoing work in disease monitoring, prevention, and therapeutic improvements by providing a thorough assessment of monkeypox viral prevalence and available treatments.
{"title":"Global monkeypox disease outbreak: Prevalence and treatment","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/9.1.20230413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/9.1.20230413","url":null,"abstract":"Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease and caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). It belongs to the species of the orthopoxvirus family. Data from several sources, including epidemiological studies, case reports, and clinical trials were included in thorough literature analyses. Monkeypox was more common in Central and West Africa. Additionally, the virus has been identified in other regions of the world including North America, Europe, and Asia. A feverish sickness and distinctive skin lesions, resembling smallpox, are the primary symptoms of the disease. Preventing serious consequences and secondary transmission requires early diagnosis and effective care. The main therapeutic strategies used include vaccination, antiviral medication, and supportive care. Despite not being created expressly for monkeypox, the smallpox vaccination has shown some promising results in reducing serious illness. Additionally, antiviral medications such as tecovirimat and cidofovir lower the morbidity and mortality. To create targeted treatments and improve treatment plans, further research is necessary. In order to lessen the impact of monkeypox on the world, improved monitoring systems, public health education, and international cooperation are required. The current study highlights the necessity for ongoing work in disease monitoring, prevention, and therapeutic improvements by providing a thorough assessment of monkeypox viral prevalence and available treatments.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78175322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.47262/bl/9.1.20230501
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a mental disorder and affects ~1% of the worldwide population. It is considered a chronic and severe condition that impacts the thoughts, emotions, and behavior, of the patient often leading to a distortion of reality. Numerous computational techniques such as threading technique, homology modeling technique, and ab initio technique were applied for 3D structure prediction of the selected SZ protein SP4. The 3D predicted structures of SP4 were further evaluated and validated by utilizing Anolea, ProCheck, and Errat evaluation tools. Interestingly, it was observed that the overall quality factor of the selected structure was 77.542%. The predicted structure of SP4 showed 3.97% residues in the outlier region of Ramachandran plot while 96.03% in the allowed and the favored region of the evaluated plot. The study of molecular docking analyses was done to identify the compounds against SZ by targeting SP4. Moreover, the scrutinized compounds showed the least binding energy of -10.1 Kcal/mol. The highest binding affinity was observed among the binding residues (Leu-199, Ala-275, Gly-262, Leu-198, Thr-333, Ser-334, Leu-339, Ala-206, Leu-208, Gly-281, Ile-207, Val-283, Pro-286, and Ala-287). The scrutinized molecules from the selected library may have the ability to regulate the activity of SZ by targeting SP4. The scrutinized molecules can behave as a potential compound and the 3D predicted structure of SP4 is reliable for structural insights and functional analyses.
{"title":"Computer-aided drug design against schizophrenia by targeting SP4","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/9.1.20230501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/9.1.20230501","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia (SZ) is a mental disorder and affects ~1% of the worldwide population. It is considered a chronic and severe condition that impacts the thoughts, emotions, and behavior, of the patient often leading to a distortion of reality. Numerous computational techniques such as threading technique, homology modeling technique, and ab initio technique were applied for 3D structure prediction of the selected SZ protein SP4. The 3D predicted structures of SP4 were further evaluated and validated by utilizing Anolea, ProCheck, and Errat evaluation tools. Interestingly, it was observed that the overall quality factor of the selected structure was 77.542%. The predicted structure of SP4 showed 3.97% residues in the outlier region of Ramachandran plot while 96.03% in the allowed and the favored region of the evaluated plot. The study of molecular docking analyses was done to identify the compounds against SZ by targeting SP4. Moreover, the scrutinized compounds showed the least binding energy of -10.1 Kcal/mol. The highest binding affinity was observed among the binding residues (Leu-199, Ala-275, Gly-262, Leu-198, Thr-333, Ser-334, Leu-339, Ala-206, Leu-208, Gly-281, Ile-207, Val-283, Pro-286, and Ala-287). The scrutinized molecules from the selected library may have the ability to regulate the activity of SZ by targeting SP4. The scrutinized molecules can behave as a potential compound and the 3D predicted structure of SP4 is reliable for structural insights and functional analyses.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75888138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-03DOI: 10.47262/bl/9.1.20230220
A viral disease known as lumpy skin disease (LSD) that infects cattle has recently become a danger to the global livestock industry. Capripoxvirus, which causes LSD, can contract through insect bites or through direct contact with infected animals. Cattle with the disease develop nodules on their skin, which reduce their ability to produce milk, cause them to lose weight, and eventually kill them. LSD significantly reduces milk production, which may decrease from 10% to 85%. Milk and meat sales have decreased by 60% to 70% in Karachi (Pakistan), as a result of LSD. Calves of all strains and ages are affected, although lactating cows and young cattle are more at risk. The bulk of LSD outbreaks occurs in hot, humid environments when a large percentage of insects that serve as vectors are active. LSD may be transmitted more quickly by wildlife. Nasal secretions, inappetence, fever, lachrymation with salivation, swollen lymph nodules, body weight loss, and sometimes death are all symptoms of LSD. Farmers and the cattle industry have suffered enormous financial losses because of the increase in LSD. Concerns regarding the disease's effects on human health have also been raised due to its zoonotic potential. Although there is no evidence that LSD may be transmitted to others, the risk still exists, especially for those with compromised immune systems. This article discusses the current knowledge of LSD, its clinical manifestations, transmission, and preventive measures. It also draws attention to the effects of LSD breakouts, including financial, social, and medical fallouts, on people's lives. The paper highlights the necessity of continuing research and surveillance to comprehend the illness better and create efficient controls to stop its spread.
{"title":"Lumpy skin disease an emerging outbreak in cattle and its impact on human life","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/9.1.20230220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/9.1.20230220","url":null,"abstract":"A viral disease known as lumpy skin disease (LSD) that infects cattle has recently become a danger to the global livestock industry. Capripoxvirus, which causes LSD, can contract through insect bites or through direct contact with infected animals. Cattle with the disease develop nodules on their skin, which reduce their ability to produce milk, cause them to lose weight, and eventually kill them. LSD significantly reduces milk production, which may decrease from 10% to 85%. Milk and meat sales have decreased by 60% to 70% in Karachi (Pakistan), as a result of LSD. Calves of all strains and ages are affected, although lactating cows and young cattle are more at risk. The bulk of LSD outbreaks occurs in hot, humid environments when a large percentage of insects that serve as vectors are active. LSD may be transmitted more quickly by wildlife. Nasal secretions, inappetence, fever, lachrymation with salivation, swollen lymph nodules, body weight loss, and sometimes death are all symptoms of LSD. Farmers and the cattle industry have suffered enormous financial losses because of the increase in LSD. Concerns regarding the disease's effects on human health have also been raised due to its zoonotic potential. Although there is no evidence that LSD may be transmitted to others, the risk still exists, especially for those with compromised immune systems. This article discusses the current knowledge of LSD, its clinical manifestations, transmission, and preventive measures. It also draws attention to the effects of LSD breakouts, including financial, social, and medical fallouts, on people's lives. The paper highlights the necessity of continuing research and surveillance to comprehend the illness better and create efficient controls to stop its spread.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87377293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-09DOI: 10.47262/bl/9.1.20230211
The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was observed in Wuhan, China, and had been exposed for the first time in 31st of December 2019. There is a rapid increase in the progression of this disease. This virus is similar in genetics to SARS-COV however different in structure. The clinical illustrations of COVID-19 include lower and upper respiratory tract infection and acute respiratory syndrome with life-threatening pneumonia. This virus causes disease in newborn babies to elders including all age groups. Respiratory infection occurs in pregnant women while most commonly affected by COVID-19. The coronavirus pandemic significantly increased worry, stress, and anxiety, which negatively affects the pregnant women emotionally. Worrying about their own and their unborn child's health, decreased expectations for prenatal care, being unable to get trustworthy information, and having less daily routines and social connections are all issues that negatively affected the pregnant women. The COVID-19 virus alters the immune response at the point where the mother and fetus meet, having an impact on both the mother and the newborn. It is critical to check suspected pregnant women during delivery due to the lack of accurate knowledge of influence on pregnancy by COVID-19. In confirmed cases, both the mother as well as the baby child should be closely monitored. This review highlights the fear, stress, anxiety, and Obstetrical issues in pregnant women during SARS and COVID-19 outbreak.
{"title":"COVID-19 consequences to pregnant women","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/9.1.20230211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/9.1.20230211","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was observed in Wuhan, China, and had been exposed for the first time in 31st of December 2019. There is a rapid increase in the progression of this disease. This virus is similar in genetics to SARS-COV however different in structure. The clinical illustrations of COVID-19 include lower and upper respiratory tract infection and acute respiratory syndrome with life-threatening pneumonia. This virus causes disease in newborn babies to elders including all age groups. Respiratory infection occurs in pregnant women while most commonly affected by COVID-19. The coronavirus pandemic significantly increased worry, stress, and anxiety, which negatively affects the pregnant women emotionally. Worrying about their own and their unborn child's health, decreased expectations for prenatal care, being unable to get trustworthy information, and having less daily routines and social connections are all issues that negatively affected the pregnant women. The COVID-19 virus alters the immune response at the point where the mother and fetus meet, having an impact on both the mother and the newborn. It is critical to check suspected pregnant women during delivery due to the lack of accurate knowledge of influence on pregnancy by COVID-19. In confirmed cases, both the mother as well as the baby child should be closely monitored. This review highlights the fear, stress, anxiety, and Obstetrical issues in pregnant women during SARS and COVID-19 outbreak.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88250738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.47262/bl/9.1.20230115
People are increasingly more concerned with their lifestyle and health due to the significant shift in socioeconomic level in the modern era. People are aware of the negative consequences of manufactured items. Natural compounds derived from plants with fewer adverse effects are getting more attention. Moringa oleifera is an example of a tree with significant nutritional and therapeutic advantages. In the present study, mineral and macronutrient content and antioxidant capacity were evaluated at two stages of maturity (mature and tender leaves). The chemical analysis revealed that the protein concentration was higher, and the lipid concentration was lower. Regarding mineral content, calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) have exhibited a higher degree of bioaccessibility, with potassium (K), sulfur (S), Ca, and Fe constituting the most prevalent elements. Using an established in vitro model, the antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts were evaluated to comprehend the mechanism of pharmacological action. At 900 μg/ml, the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera showed significant antibacterial activity. Based on the results of this study, Moringa oleifera leaf extracts exhibit considerable antioxidant activity and substantial protection against bacterial infection due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoids. Based on in vitro experiments, we aimed to determine if Moringa oleifera may be used as a potential antibacterial in therapeutic applications in light of the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of nutritional, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Moringa oleifera extract","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/9.1.20230115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/9.1.20230115","url":null,"abstract":"People are increasingly more concerned with their lifestyle and health due to the significant shift in socioeconomic level in the modern era. People are aware of the negative consequences of manufactured items. Natural compounds derived from plants with fewer adverse effects are getting more attention. Moringa oleifera is an example of a tree with significant nutritional and therapeutic advantages. In the present study, mineral and macronutrient content and antioxidant capacity were evaluated at two stages of maturity (mature and tender leaves). The chemical analysis revealed that the protein concentration was higher, and the lipid concentration was lower. Regarding mineral content, calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) have exhibited a higher degree of bioaccessibility, with potassium (K), sulfur (S), Ca, and Fe constituting the most prevalent elements. Using an established in vitro model, the antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts were evaluated to comprehend the mechanism of pharmacological action. At 900 μg/ml, the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera showed significant antibacterial activity. Based on the results of this study, Moringa oleifera leaf extracts exhibit considerable antioxidant activity and substantial protection against bacterial infection due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoids. Based on in vitro experiments, we aimed to determine if Moringa oleifera may be used as a potential antibacterial in therapeutic applications in light of the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80752661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.47262/bl/9.1.20230219
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infects the hepatocytes to cause serious liver diseases. HBeAg regulates the response of immune system to the intracellular capsid act as T-cell tolerogen. The immune response regulation may predispose to chronicity during perinatal infections to prevent the severe liver injuries. Various in silico approaches including comparative modeling, threading approach and ab initio approach were employed for the prediction of 3D structures of the selected protein followed by the validation of the predicted structures through Errat, Procheck and Anolea. The predicted 3D structure of HBeAg revealed overall quality factor of 95.9184%. Interestingly, it was observed that only 1.97% residues were present in outlier region while 98.03% in favored and allowed region. Molecular docking analyses were performed and the attempt was for the identification of novel ligands for HBeAg. The reported compound may regulate the activity and act as regulator of HBeAg. Interestingly, least binding energy of -7.1 Kcal/mol was observed in the reported compound and high binding affinity to predict the binding residues (Asp-51, Phe-53, Val-56, Arg-57, Met-95, Ala-98, Asn-103, Arg-111, Asp-112, Val-115, Val-118 and Asn-119). The function determination of the selected target protein is due to the identification of effective binding sites in protein structures. The reported compound may act as potent molecule and the predicted structure is reliable for the functional studies and structural insights.
{"title":"In silico structure prediction and molecular docking analyses to reveal potential binding domain of Hepatitis B virus genotype A2","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/9.1.20230219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/9.1.20230219","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infects the hepatocytes to cause serious liver diseases. HBeAg regulates the response of immune system to the intracellular capsid act as T-cell tolerogen. The immune response regulation may predispose to chronicity during perinatal infections to prevent the severe liver injuries. Various in silico approaches including comparative modeling, threading approach and ab initio approach were employed for the prediction of 3D structures of the selected protein followed by the validation of the predicted structures through Errat, Procheck and Anolea. The predicted 3D structure of HBeAg revealed overall quality factor of 95.9184%. Interestingly, it was observed that only 1.97% residues were present in outlier region while 98.03% in favored and allowed region. Molecular docking analyses were performed and the attempt was for the identification of novel ligands for HBeAg. The reported compound may regulate the activity and act as regulator of HBeAg. Interestingly, least binding energy of -7.1 Kcal/mol was observed in the reported compound and high binding affinity to predict the binding residues (Asp-51, Phe-53, Val-56, Arg-57, Met-95, Ala-98, Asn-103, Arg-111, Asp-112, Val-115, Val-118 and Asn-119). The function determination of the selected target protein is due to the identification of effective binding sites in protein structures. The reported compound may act as potent molecule and the predicted structure is reliable for the functional studies and structural insights.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"348 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75490317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.47262/bl/9.1.20230103
Sabeera Siddiq, Muhammad Imran Sarwer, Khawar, Ali Shahzad, Khawar Ali, Shahzad
Tuberculosis (TB) is a granulomatous infectious illness caused by gram-positive, acid-fast bacilli belonging to the Mycobacterium genus. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) causes tuberculosis in humans, which primarily affects the lungs and causes pulmonary tuberculosis. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis can damage the colon, meninges, bones, joints, lymph nodes, skin, and other body parts. The present study was conducted to find the causes, prevalence, and identification of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in patients with different age groups. One hundred sputum samples were collected from patients with different age groups. Identification and confirmation of multidrug resistance tuberculosis were performed by smear microscopy, real-time PCR assay, and bacterium culture, and Out of 100 samples 86 were positive for tuberculosis and 14 were negative. Out of these 86 samples, 52 were males and 34 were females. The age group with the highest percentage of tuberculosis was 40-60 years. There were 47 smokers and 39 non-smokers. Out of 100 samples, only 19 had good living standards, 40 with average hygienic conditions, and 41 with poor hygiene. Through real-time assay it was concluded that 48 samples were Isoniazid resistant and 53 were Rifampicin resistant. According to our findings, poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, smoking, alcohol misuse, lack of education, large families, and lack of information about the cause and transmission of tuberculosis are some of the social causes. These elements are interconnected and play a role in tuberculosis occurrence and transmission.
{"title":"Causes, prevalence, and identification of multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in patients with different age groups","authors":"Sabeera Siddiq, Muhammad Imran Sarwer, Khawar, Ali Shahzad, Khawar Ali, Shahzad","doi":"10.47262/bl/9.1.20230103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/9.1.20230103","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a granulomatous infectious illness caused by gram-positive, acid-fast bacilli belonging to the Mycobacterium genus. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) causes tuberculosis in humans, which primarily affects the lungs and causes pulmonary tuberculosis. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis can damage the colon, meninges, bones, joints, lymph nodes, skin, and other body parts. The present study was conducted to find the causes, prevalence, and identification of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in patients with different age groups. One hundred sputum samples were collected from patients with different age groups. Identification and confirmation of multidrug resistance tuberculosis were performed by smear microscopy, real-time PCR assay, and bacterium culture, and Out of 100 samples 86 were positive for tuberculosis and 14 were negative. Out of these 86 samples, 52 were males and 34 were females. The age group with the highest percentage of tuberculosis was 40-60 years. There were 47 smokers and 39 non-smokers. Out of 100 samples, only 19 had good living standards, 40 with average hygienic conditions, and 41 with poor hygiene. Through real-time assay it was concluded that 48 samples were Isoniazid resistant and 53 were Rifampicin resistant. According to our findings, poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, smoking, alcohol misuse, lack of education, large families, and lack of information about the cause and transmission of tuberculosis are some of the social causes. These elements are interconnected and play a role in tuberculosis occurrence and transmission.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90492912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-05DOI: 10.47262/bl/8.2.20220627
The non-coding RNA (ncRNA) produces functional RNA molecules instead of encoding proteins, however, the ncRNAs contain information to perform the function. Most genetic information is encoded by proteins while most of the genetic information of mammals and other complex organisms is transcribed into ncRNAs. The current study was designed to predict the ncRNAs in the genome of the Enterobacter cloacae complex by employing in silico approaches. Various putative ncRNAs were predicted in four different species of Enterobacter cloacae complex. Extensive in silico analyses were performed and specific promoters were predicted for all the selected ncRNAs. The predicted promoter regions were validated for further analyses. The selected ncRNA was utilized for secondary structure prediction. All the predicted secondary structures were validated through various evaluation tools and secondary structures were observed suitable. All the selected ncRNAs were observed stable and characterized based on hairpin loops, least MFE value and promoter regions. In conclusion, the predicted ncRNAs have the ability to perform stable functions.
{"title":"In silico structural insight and functional evaluation to predict novel non-coding RNAs of Enterobacter cloacae complex","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/8.2.20220627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/8.2.20220627","url":null,"abstract":"The non-coding RNA (ncRNA) produces functional RNA molecules instead of encoding proteins, however, the ncRNAs contain information to perform the function. Most genetic information is encoded by proteins while most of the genetic information of mammals and other complex organisms is transcribed into ncRNAs. The current study was designed to predict the ncRNAs in the genome of the Enterobacter cloacae complex by employing in silico approaches. Various putative ncRNAs were predicted in four different species of Enterobacter cloacae complex. Extensive in silico analyses were performed and specific promoters were predicted for all the selected ncRNAs. The predicted promoter regions were validated for further analyses. The selected ncRNA was utilized for secondary structure prediction. All the predicted secondary structures were validated through various evaluation tools and secondary structures were observed suitable. All the selected ncRNAs were observed stable and characterized based on hairpin loops, least MFE value and promoter regions. In conclusion, the predicted ncRNAs have the ability to perform stable functions.","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91535645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.47262/bl/8.2.20220610
Monkeypox is a viral disease that often affects central and western African rainforests. But the illness has recently arisen in the World in imported African wild rats. Monkeypox exhibits symptoms that are remarkably similar to other types of smallpox, including flu-like symptoms, malaise, headache, back pain, fever, and the distinctive rash. Considering this therapeutic range, performing a differential diagnosis to exclude smallpox is critical. Monkeypox has no recognized treatment, but the smallpox vaccination can prevent the infection. Reducing contact with sick patients or animals and avoiding respiratory exposure to infected patients is vital for proper protection.
{"title":"Monkeypox virus preparation in Pakistan-Next viral zoonotic disease outbreak after COVID-19?","authors":"","doi":"10.47262/bl/8.2.20220610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47262/bl/8.2.20220610","url":null,"abstract":"Monkeypox is a viral disease that often affects central and western African rainforests. But the illness has recently arisen in the World in imported African wild rats. Monkeypox exhibits symptoms that are remarkably similar to other types of smallpox, including flu-like symptoms, malaise, headache, back pain, fever, and the distinctive rash. Considering this therapeutic range, performing a differential diagnosis to exclude smallpox is critical. Monkeypox has no recognized treatment, but the smallpox vaccination can prevent the infection. Reducing contact with sick patients or animals and avoiding respiratory exposure to infected patients is vital for proper protection. ","PeriodicalId":9154,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Letters","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88596826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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