Pub Date : 2017-03-27DOI: 10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00065
A. Sahdev, Nidhi Sharma, V. Raj
The molecular framework means the plasma membrane which is made up of phospholipid bilayer consist of Gprotein coupled receptor. The name GPCR refers to a common mode of receptor signalling via GTPbinding protein on the inside of the cells. Because their polypeptide chain passes seven times through the plasma membrane, GPCRs are also called as SEVENTRANSMEMBRANE (7TM) receptor. 7TM receptors mediate the physiological signals from the outside of the cells. Then these signal can be a change in the concentration of protein, lipid, neurotransmitters, ions, hormones, odourants, tastants, etc., or an influx to the eye. GPCRs transform these signals to the inside of the cells and elicit a series of reactions involving other nucleotide, protein and metal ions, which eventually deliver a message and appropriate cellular and physiological response1,2 (Figure 1). Receptor is a molecule on or in a cell with which a drug, hormones, neurotransmitters etc. can initially interacts. GProtein coupled receptors are heptahelical, serpentine receptor and are multifunctional receptor having a lots of clinical implications.3
{"title":"Role of GPCRs towards Cell: An explanation of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Structure","authors":"A. Sahdev, Nidhi Sharma, V. Raj","doi":"10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00065","url":null,"abstract":"The molecular framework means the plasma membrane which is made up of phospholipid bilayer consist of Gprotein coupled receptor. The name GPCR refers to a common mode of receptor signalling via GTPbinding protein on the inside of the cells. Because their polypeptide chain passes seven times through the plasma membrane, GPCRs are also called as SEVENTRANSMEMBRANE (7TM) receptor. 7TM receptors mediate the physiological signals from the outside of the cells. Then these signal can be a change in the concentration of protein, lipid, neurotransmitters, ions, hormones, odourants, tastants, etc., or an influx to the eye. GPCRs transform these signals to the inside of the cells and elicit a series of reactions involving other nucleotide, protein and metal ions, which eventually deliver a message and appropriate cellular and physiological response1,2 (Figure 1). Receptor is a molecule on or in a cell with which a drug, hormones, neurotransmitters etc. can initially interacts. GProtein coupled receptors are heptahelical, serpentine receptor and are multifunctional receptor having a lots of clinical implications.3","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85966976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-23DOI: 10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00064
H. J. Paek, Stuart K. Williams, A. Yang, Courtney Kim, Shannon Iwami, Todd Case, S. Berman, Eugene Bol, P. Kosnik
Every year millions of Americans are affected by cardiovascular and peripheral arterial diseases. When a patient’s own blood vessels are not suitable for surgical intervention, alternative graft sources are necessary. In this study, the lumens of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) conduits were coated with freshly isolated adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells or cultured adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) by a single-stage method called “pressure sodding,” using low sustained intraluminal pressure. ePTFE vascular conduits were sodded in as short as 5 minutes. The luminal surface coverage of grafts immediately following pressure sodding and subsequent exposure to physiological luminal flow was evaluated by nuclear staining of the attached cells to the conduit. Cell behavior associated with the sodding process and subsequent shear stress via luminal flow was examined through tissue factor quantification. After exposure to luminal flow at a rate approximating physiological shear in human coronary arteries, the sodded cells remained on the ePTFE conduits. When cultured SVF cells (ASCs, attached stromal cells) were used, average normalized tissue factor levels increased with the application of a luminal flow following the cell sodding process. However, when freshly isolated SVF cells were used, the average normalized tissue factor did not significantly change even after luminal flow. When these cell-coated vascular grafts were implanted into the carotid arteries of dogs, they remained patent for at least 140 days. This novel method of pressure sodding is critical to rapid fabrication of tissue-engineered vascular grafts which can facilitate a successful point-of-care treatment for a number of vascular diseases.
{"title":"Fabrication of tissue-engineered vascular grafts using low sustained intraluminal pressure to sod human adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells onto ePTFE","authors":"H. J. Paek, Stuart K. Williams, A. Yang, Courtney Kim, Shannon Iwami, Todd Case, S. Berman, Eugene Bol, P. Kosnik","doi":"10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00064","url":null,"abstract":"Every year millions of Americans are affected by cardiovascular and peripheral arterial diseases. When a patient’s own blood vessels are not suitable for surgical intervention, alternative graft sources are necessary. In this study, the lumens of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) conduits were coated with freshly isolated adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells or cultured adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) by a single-stage method called “pressure sodding,” using low sustained intraluminal pressure. ePTFE vascular conduits were sodded in as short as 5 minutes. The luminal surface coverage of grafts immediately following pressure sodding and subsequent exposure to physiological luminal flow was evaluated by nuclear staining of the attached cells to the conduit. Cell behavior associated with the sodding process and subsequent shear stress via luminal flow was examined through tissue factor quantification. After exposure to luminal flow at a rate approximating physiological shear in human coronary arteries, the sodded cells remained on the ePTFE conduits. When cultured SVF cells (ASCs, attached stromal cells) were used, average normalized tissue factor levels increased with the application of a luminal flow following the cell sodding process. However, when freshly isolated SVF cells were used, the average normalized tissue factor did not significantly change even after luminal flow. When these cell-coated vascular grafts were implanted into the carotid arteries of dogs, they remained patent for at least 140 days. This novel method of pressure sodding is critical to rapid fabrication of tissue-engineered vascular grafts which can facilitate a successful point-of-care treatment for a number of vascular diseases.","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88544293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-21DOI: 10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00063
Patrik Ivert, Alex, er Otterbeck, M. Panchenko, Jan Hoeber, S. Vasylovska, Chunfang Zhou, A. Garcia‐Bennett, E. Kozlova
Mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) are characterized by ordered porosity, sharp pore size distributions, high internal surface areas, and large pore volumes.1,2 Control over these structural parameters makes them an ideal candidate for drug encapsulation, perfectly suited to uptake and carry large amounts of drugs that then get released with constant concentration.3–5 The release of the actives can be diffusion controlled or may be triggered by a change in media temperature or pH.6 Creation of simultaneous release profiles is possible by using different pore structures (e. g., 2D hexagonal and 3D cubic) that enable a continuous discharge of a fine tuned mixture of active drugs over a given period of time.
{"title":"The effect of mesoporous silica particles on stem cell differentiation","authors":"Patrik Ivert, Alex, er Otterbeck, M. Panchenko, Jan Hoeber, S. Vasylovska, Chunfang Zhou, A. Garcia‐Bennett, E. Kozlova","doi":"10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00063","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) are characterized by ordered porosity, sharp pore size distributions, high internal surface areas, and large pore volumes.1,2 Control over these structural parameters makes them an ideal candidate for drug encapsulation, perfectly suited to uptake and carry large amounts of drugs that then get released with constant concentration.3–5 The release of the actives can be diffusion controlled or may be triggered by a change in media temperature or pH.6 Creation of simultaneous release profiles is possible by using different pore structures (e. g., 2D hexagonal and 3D cubic) that enable a continuous discharge of a fine tuned mixture of active drugs over a given period of time.","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"138 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77509711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-21DOI: 10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00062
M. Leclerc
{"title":"Evidence of C1q tumor necrosis factor gene family in the sea star asterias rubens","authors":"M. Leclerc","doi":"10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00062","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84978035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-28DOI: 10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00061
J. Melrose
Disc degeneration (DD) is a major musculoskeletal condition affecting 80% of the general global population [1]. The associated low back pain (LBP) has major socioeconomic impact reviewed in [2]. In the past 25 years a number of promising biological therapies have been investigated for the treatment of degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) and these have identified many potential molecular targets for biologic intervention [3-5]. These include agents which induce cellular proliferation, matrix production, regulate matrix metallo protease (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metallo protease (TIMP) production, inflammation, vascular ingrowth and cell viability [6]. The cell density in the IVD is low [7] and disc cells are exposed to a hostile environment of low oxygen tension, high lactic acid levels, low nutrition and a high hydrostatic pressure leading to cell death and a diminution in cell numbers over time due to cellular senescence [8,9], apoptosis [10,11] and autophagy [12,13]. The resultant decline in cell number with DD places severe demands on any therapeutic measures to alleviate this condition.
{"title":"The promise of mesenchymal stem cells for intervertebral disc repair","authors":"J. Melrose","doi":"10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00061","url":null,"abstract":"Disc degeneration (DD) is a major musculoskeletal condition affecting 80% of the general global population [1]. The associated low back pain (LBP) has major socioeconomic impact reviewed in [2]. In the past 25 years a number of promising biological therapies have been investigated for the treatment of degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) and these have identified many potential molecular targets for biologic intervention [3-5]. These include agents which induce cellular proliferation, matrix production, regulate matrix metallo protease (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metallo protease (TIMP) production, inflammation, vascular ingrowth and cell viability [6]. The cell density in the IVD is low [7] and disc cells are exposed to a hostile environment of low oxygen tension, high lactic acid levels, low nutrition and a high hydrostatic pressure leading to cell death and a diminution in cell numbers over time due to cellular senescence [8,9], apoptosis [10,11] and autophagy [12,13]. The resultant decline in cell number with DD places severe demands on any therapeutic measures to alleviate this condition.","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73153395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-24DOI: 10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00060
A. Revilla
{"title":"Out with the old, in with the new… strategies based on stem cells to design new models of alzheimer’s disease","authors":"A. Revilla","doi":"10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77064535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-23DOI: 10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00058
M. Leclerc
In the present paper, we show a survey of the A. rubens sea star genome for genes associated with NF-kappa-B proteins implied in the immune response: the Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 4 (a cytokine) which modulates the NF-kappa-B action in mammals, is described in sea star model.
{"title":"Evidence of complement c1q tumor necrosis factorrelated protein 4 in the sea star asterias rubens: a new sea star cytokine","authors":"M. Leclerc","doi":"10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00058","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, we show a survey of the A. rubens sea star genome for genes associated with NF-kappa-B proteins implied in the immune response: the Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 4 (a cytokine) which modulates the NF-kappa-B action in mammals, is described in sea star model.","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88325753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-23DOI: 10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00059
M. Leclerc
{"title":"Evidence of complement decay-accelerating factor transmembrane isoform gene of complement factor b of complement factor h genes in the sea star asterias rubens: three vertebrate regulators of complement pathways in an invertebrate","authors":"M. Leclerc","doi":"10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JSRT.2017.02.00059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81355652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-20DOI: 10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00057
Tripurari Mishra, Aditi Sarswat, Kirtishri Mishra, An, S. Srivastava
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic and progressively deteriorating in nature without many promising curative treatments. Chronic inflammation of not well defined origins is considered to be the root cause of the problem which affects intestinal mucosa with or without transmural involvement. IBDs are divided in two main categories: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). While there is no long lasting cure for IBDs, current therapies can only reduce the causative inflammatory process with the hope to induce long-term remission. Treatment modalities for the IBDs are still evolving. The increased understanding of the underlying immunopathology has helped identify new targeted treatment options like immunosuppressive antibodies directed against signaling molecules. Use of stem cells, which are capable of modulating the immune system, can offer a long lasting relief to the patients suffering from the disease. The goal for stem cell-based therapy is to achieve long lasting cure, if not a permanent one. To achieve this, it would be desirable to obtain cell types, whether genetically modified or naturally occurring, having a high migratory ability in addition to homing ability into the afflicted parts of intestine. These cells should also have high in vivosurvival potential, and then be able to regulate the immune reaction without provoking any response from the host’s immune system and repair the injured tissue. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) therapies are being investigated as a treatment for IBDs. MSC therapy is well tolerated and has minimal established side-effects compared to HSC therapy, which involves ablative chemotherapy. Several clinical studies using MSCs have been initiated and some early results suggest several inherent problems. In each study, optimization of MSC therapy appears to be the most urgent problem, which can be resolved only by scientifically unveiling the mechanisms of therapeutic action of stem cells. In this review, we summarize current therapies for IBDs and recent advances in the field of stem cell therapy, which offer promise to become the next generation treatment of choice.
{"title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases: current therapeutic approaches and potential of using stem cells","authors":"Tripurari Mishra, Aditi Sarswat, Kirtishri Mishra, An, S. Srivastava","doi":"10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jsrt.2017.02.00057","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic and progressively deteriorating in nature without many promising curative treatments. Chronic inflammation of not well defined origins is considered to be the root cause of the problem which affects intestinal mucosa with or without transmural involvement. IBDs are divided in two main categories: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). While there is no long lasting cure for IBDs, current therapies can only reduce the causative inflammatory process with the hope to induce long-term remission. Treatment modalities for the IBDs are still evolving. The increased understanding of the underlying immunopathology has helped identify new targeted treatment options like immunosuppressive antibodies directed against signaling molecules. Use of stem cells, which are capable of modulating the immune system, can offer a long lasting relief to the patients suffering from the disease. The goal for stem cell-based therapy is to achieve long lasting cure, if not a permanent one. To achieve this, it would be desirable to obtain cell types, whether genetically modified or naturally occurring, having a high migratory ability in addition to homing ability into the afflicted parts of intestine. These cells should also have high in vivosurvival potential, and then be able to regulate the immune reaction without provoking any response from the host’s immune system and repair the injured tissue. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) therapies are being investigated as a treatment for IBDs. MSC therapy is well tolerated and has minimal established side-effects compared to HSC therapy, which involves ablative chemotherapy. Several clinical studies using MSCs have been initiated and some early results suggest several inherent problems. In each study, optimization of MSC therapy appears to be the most urgent problem, which can be resolved only by scientifically unveiling the mechanisms of therapeutic action of stem cells. In this review, we summarize current therapies for IBDs and recent advances in the field of stem cell therapy, which offer promise to become the next generation treatment of choice.","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74746020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-06DOI: 10.15406/JSRT.2017.2.00056
A. Mathur, H. Malhotra
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is arguably one of the most significant therapeutic measures initiated in the recent era, however this therapeutic entity from the outset was significantly limited by HLA matched donor availability. The advent of haploidentical stem cell transplantation with recently improving outcomes and reduced graft failure rates has provided the much needed boom to this aspect of modern day therapeutics by expanding the donor pool and reducing the wait time for a stem cell transplant which is prognostically important especially in aggressive leukemia’s and lymphomas.
{"title":"Haploidentical stem cell transplantation: a mini review","authors":"A. Mathur, H. Malhotra","doi":"10.15406/JSRT.2017.2.00056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JSRT.2017.2.00056","url":null,"abstract":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is arguably one of the most significant therapeutic measures initiated in the recent era, however this therapeutic entity from the outset was significantly limited by HLA matched donor availability. The advent of haploidentical stem cell transplantation with recently improving outcomes and reduced graft failure rates has provided the much needed boom to this aspect of modern day therapeutics by expanding the donor pool and reducing the wait time for a stem cell transplant which is prognostically important especially in aggressive leukemia’s and lymphomas.","PeriodicalId":91560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of stem cell research & therapeutics","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76886074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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