Pub Date : 2016-07-19DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000158
Md. Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan, Sabrina Qureshi, A. Kamal, Sheikh AftabUddin, M. Siddique
Background: Nutritional fact study has prime importance to make the species edible and commercially viable to the consumers. Proximate chemical composition and amino acid profile were investigated to understand the nutritional value and protein quality of an edible algae Caulerpa racemosa. Methods: Samples were collected randomly by hand from the intertidal zone of the sub-tropical coastal Island St. Martin’s Island from February 2013 to May 2014. Samples were preserved using standard methods for chemical analysis. Proximate composition was determined using standard methods, Kjeldahl method for protein, Soxhlet method for crude lipid, H2SO4 (0.3 N) and NaOH (0.5 N) for dietary fibre, muffle furnace method for moisture content, ion-exchange chromatography for amino acid and statistical package used for validating the data. Results: The result of the study reveals that C. racemosa contains higher amount of proteins (19.72±0.77%), crude lipid (7.65±1.19%) and fibre (11.51±1.32%) compared to other green and brown algae. The higher concentration of aspartic acid (12.7±0.2%) and glutamic acid (9.2±0.7%) were observed in C. racemosa, while histidine (2.6±0.7%), methionine (1.4±0.4%) and tyrosine (3.8±0.2%) were the limiting amino acids. Lysine (6.6±0.2%), leusine (6.9±0.6%), glycine (6.5±0.4%), arginine (6.4±0.3%), alanine (7.6±0.6%) and threonine (6.2±0.5%) were obtained at a higher percentage of total amino acids. Conclusion: This study suggests that C. racemosa could be potentially used as a nutritious and functional food item for human consumption. Further studies on this edible species should be focused on fatty acid composition, vitamins, non-starch polysaccharide constituents, trace elements and sensory perceptions in order to depict safer and versatile utilization.
{"title":"Proximate chemical composition of sea grapes Caulerpa racemosa (J. Agardh, 1873) collected from a sub-tropical coast","authors":"Md. Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan, Sabrina Qureshi, A. Kamal, Sheikh AftabUddin, M. Siddique","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000158","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nutritional fact study has prime importance to make the species edible and commercially viable to the consumers. Proximate chemical composition and amino acid profile were investigated to understand the nutritional value and protein quality of an edible algae Caulerpa racemosa. Methods: Samples were collected randomly by hand from the intertidal zone of the sub-tropical coastal Island St. Martin’s Island from February 2013 to May 2014. Samples were preserved using standard methods for chemical analysis. Proximate composition was determined using standard methods, Kjeldahl method for protein, Soxhlet method for crude lipid, H2SO4 (0.3 N) and NaOH (0.5 N) for dietary fibre, muffle furnace method for moisture content, ion-exchange chromatography for amino acid and statistical package used for validating the data. Results: The result of the study reveals that C. racemosa contains higher amount of proteins (19.72±0.77%), crude lipid (7.65±1.19%) and fibre (11.51±1.32%) compared to other green and brown algae. The higher concentration of aspartic acid (12.7±0.2%) and glutamic acid (9.2±0.7%) were observed in C. racemosa, while histidine (2.6±0.7%), methionine (1.4±0.4%) and tyrosine (3.8±0.2%) were the limiting amino acids. Lysine (6.6±0.2%), leusine (6.9±0.6%), glycine (6.5±0.4%), arginine (6.4±0.3%), alanine (7.6±0.6%) and threonine (6.2±0.5%) were obtained at a higher percentage of total amino acids. Conclusion: This study suggests that C. racemosa could be potentially used as a nutritious and functional food item for human consumption. Further studies on this edible species should be focused on fatty acid composition, vitamins, non-starch polysaccharide constituents, trace elements and sensory perceptions in order to depict safer and versatile utilization.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-0517.1000158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70456473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-13DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000156
A. Domashevskiy
Agriculture is an indispensable part of every person’s life, ensuring that nutritious and inexpensive food is readily available. Agriculture continues to be confronted with epidemics, having devastating effects on economies and the plant sources essential for human and animal life. Plants and their pathogens have developed evolutionary adaptations, each shaping the other’s defence and invasive strategies. Many different plants produce toxic ribosome inactivating proteins that aid in their defence mechanisms against pathogenic invaders. Viruses must adapt to the host translational machinery, several having evolved to include viral genome-linked proteins that carry numerous viral functions. Here, we review how a potyviral protein from turnip mosaic virus linked to its genome is able to inhibit pokeweed plant defence protein, and perhaps potentially conferring viral resistance to the toxin.
{"title":"Potyviral Genome-Linked Protein and its Interaction with Plant Defense Ribosome Inactivating Protein from Phytolacca Americana","authors":"A. Domashevskiy","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000156","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is an indispensable part of every person’s life, ensuring that nutritious and inexpensive food is readily available. Agriculture continues to be confronted with epidemics, having devastating effects on economies and the plant sources essential for human and animal life. Plants and their pathogens have developed evolutionary adaptations, each shaping the other’s defence and invasive strategies. Many different plants produce toxic ribosome inactivating proteins that aid in their defence mechanisms against pathogenic invaders. Viruses must adapt to the host translational machinery, several having evolved to include viral genome-linked proteins that carry numerous viral functions. Here, we review how a potyviral protein from turnip mosaic virus linked to its genome is able to inhibit pokeweed plant defence protein, and perhaps potentially conferring viral resistance to the toxin.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70456316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-30DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.C1.007
K. Barakat
Introduction. The MHC II genes encode the polymorphic -DR and -DQ molecules, which are expressed as α and β chain heterodimers on the cell surface. MHC II molecules are central in the initiation of cellular and humoral immune responses, but they have also been indicated as contributing factors for a variety of immune disorders. The constitutive expression of MHC II molecules is tissue specific and is restricted to professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system. Because of their crucial role in the adaptive immune response, the genes encoding MHC II molecules are tightly regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms at the transcriptional level to provide an effective immune response against pathogens.
{"title":"Toward potent immunotherapy drugs: Rational design of inhibitors of the immune checkpoints proteins","authors":"K. Barakat","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.C1.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.C1.007","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The MHC II genes encode the polymorphic -DR and -DQ molecules, which are expressed as α and β chain heterodimers on the cell surface. MHC II molecules are central in the initiation of cellular and humoral immune responses, but they have also been indicated as contributing factors for a variety of immune disorders. The constitutive expression of MHC II molecules is tissue specific and is restricted to professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system. Because of their crucial role in the adaptive immune response, the genes encoding MHC II molecules are tightly regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms at the transcriptional level to provide an effective immune response against pathogens.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"05 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70460356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-30DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.C1.008
R. Rodrigues
Hepatitis E is caused by a RNA virus, mostly transmitted by the fecal–oral route and is the cause of sporadic and epidemic forms of acute hepatitis. The causative agent of hepatitis E is a member of the Hepeviridae family, consisting two genera, Orthohepevirus (A, B, C and D) and Piscihepevirus. Members of species Orthohepevirus A are divided into four genotypes ; HEV-1 and HEV-2 are human specific while HEV-3 and HEV-4 are known to have zoonotic potential. Because of the possibility of zoonotic transmission by contact with infected animals or through environmental exposure Hepatitis E is an important public health problem. A comprehensive survey based on viral RNA detection was carried out in Croatia including IgM positive human sera samples and blood, tissue and feces samples originating from swine and wild boars. Molecular characterization of ORF1 genomic region confirmed the phylogenetic clustering of the obtained sequences into genotype 3, previously reported in Europe. Furthermore, our results proved the presence of identical sequence variants in different samples, regardless of their origin, age or habitat of the host, suggesting mutual source of infection or interspecies transmission. Moreover, a close genetic relationship of Croatian animal strains and known human HEV strains from the GenBank opens the question of possible cross-species HEV transmission in Croatia.
{"title":"Defining the nature of the cellular receptor for LGTV","authors":"R. Rodrigues","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.C1.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.C1.008","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis E is caused by a RNA virus, mostly transmitted by the fecal–oral route and is the cause of sporadic and epidemic forms of acute hepatitis. The causative agent of hepatitis E is a member of the Hepeviridae family, consisting two genera, Orthohepevirus (A, B, C and D) and Piscihepevirus. Members of species Orthohepevirus A are divided into four genotypes ; HEV-1 and HEV-2 are human specific while HEV-3 and HEV-4 are known to have zoonotic potential. Because of the possibility of zoonotic transmission by contact with infected animals or through environmental exposure Hepatitis E is an important public health problem. A comprehensive survey based on viral RNA detection was carried out in Croatia including IgM positive human sera samples and blood, tissue and feces samples originating from swine and wild boars. Molecular characterization of ORF1 genomic region confirmed the phylogenetic clustering of the obtained sequences into genotype 3, previously reported in Europe. Furthermore, our results proved the presence of identical sequence variants in different samples, regardless of their origin, age or habitat of the host, suggesting mutual source of infection or interspecies transmission. Moreover, a close genetic relationship of Croatian animal strains and known human HEV strains from the GenBank opens the question of possible cross-species HEV transmission in Croatia.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70460414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-17DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000154
Kindu Wondmnew, D. Teshome
Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) compromises the welfare of working horses and has a serious negative impact on the livelihoods of cart horse owners/drivers in the affected parts of Ethiopia. Unfortunately, antifungal drugs for the treatment of EL are unavailable in both private and government clinics. The spread of multidrug-resistant strains of fungi motivates to discover new classes of antifungal compounds that inhibit these resistant strains. Therapeutic alternative compounds, particularly those isolated from plants have shown promising empirical effect on different fungal strains, which are unresponsive to chemical anti fungi drugs. Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum obtained from Aklilu Lema Institue of Patho Biology (ALIPB) was used as test organism. Agar dilution assay was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Combretum molle seed extract and to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Ketaconazole was used as a positive control. Combretum molle seed extracts inhibit the growth of HCF up to 0.0156%. Hydrolysable tannins have a great potential in inhibition of fungal growth. In case of topical application, tannins have haemostatic effect and wound closure property
{"title":"The Effect of Combretum molle Seed Extracts on the Growth of the MycelialForm of Histoplasma capsulatum Var Farciminosum-an In Vitro Trial","authors":"Kindu Wondmnew, D. Teshome","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000154","url":null,"abstract":"Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) compromises the welfare of working horses and has a serious negative impact on the livelihoods of cart horse owners/drivers in the affected parts of Ethiopia. Unfortunately, antifungal drugs for the treatment of EL are unavailable in both private and government clinics. The spread of multidrug-resistant strains of fungi motivates to discover new classes of antifungal compounds that inhibit these resistant strains. Therapeutic alternative compounds, particularly those isolated from plants have shown promising empirical effect on different fungal strains, which are unresponsive to chemical anti fungi drugs. Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum obtained from Aklilu Lema Institue of Patho Biology (ALIPB) was used as test organism. Agar dilution assay was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Combretum molle seed extract and to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Ketaconazole was used as a positive control. Combretum molle seed extracts inhibit the growth of HCF up to 0.0156%. Hydrolysable tannins have a great potential in inhibition of fungal growth. In case of topical application, tannins have haemostatic effect and wound closure property","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70456388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-17DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000155
Fridolin Mujuni, M. Mirambo, Müller Andreas, Korn Klaus, D. Matovelo, M. Mushi, M. Majigo, S. Mshana
Objective: Here we report the prevalence and predictors of genital CMV infection among HIV infected women in Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: A total of 255 HIV seropositive women were investigated between August and October, 2014. Demographic and clinical data were collected using standardized data collection tool. Exfoliated cells from endocervix were obtained and detection of CMV DNA was done using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Results: A total number of 255 HIV infected women were enrolled with the mean age of 39.2 ± 9.1.The overall prevalence of genital CMV among HIV infected women was 43(16.7%, 95% CI: 12-21). Inflammatory changes and dysplasia did not show any association with genital CMV infection (p>0.05). Only good socio-economic status (OR=2.36, 95% CI; 1.1-5.02, p=.0.027), young age at first sexual intercourse (OR=2.18, 95% CI; 1.04-4.62, p=0.04) and lower CD4+ counts (OR=2.07, 95% CI; 1.23-3.48, p=.0.027) were found to be independent predictors of genital CMV infection among HIV infected women. Conclusion: A significant proportion of HIV infected women are genitally infected with CMV in the genital tract. More studies to ascertain the clinical role of this virus in the female genital tract are recommended especially in HIV infected women.
{"title":"Low CD4 Counts and Early Sexual Debut Predict Genital CytomegalovirusInfection among HIV Infected Women in Mwanza, Tanzania","authors":"Fridolin Mujuni, M. Mirambo, Müller Andreas, Korn Klaus, D. Matovelo, M. Mushi, M. Majigo, S. Mshana","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000155","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Here we report the prevalence and predictors of genital CMV infection among HIV infected women in Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: A total of 255 HIV seropositive women were investigated between August and October, 2014. Demographic and clinical data were collected using standardized data collection tool. Exfoliated cells from endocervix were obtained and detection of CMV DNA was done using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Results: A total number of 255 HIV infected women were enrolled with the mean age of 39.2 ± 9.1.The overall prevalence of genital CMV among HIV infected women was 43(16.7%, 95% CI: 12-21). Inflammatory changes and dysplasia did not show any association with genital CMV infection (p>0.05). Only good socio-economic status (OR=2.36, 95% CI; 1.1-5.02, p=.0.027), young age at first sexual intercourse (OR=2.18, 95% CI; 1.04-4.62, p=0.04) and lower CD4+ counts (OR=2.07, 95% CI; 1.23-3.48, p=.0.027) were found to be independent predictors of genital CMV infection among HIV infected women. Conclusion: A significant proportion of HIV infected women are genitally infected with CMV in the genital tract. More studies to ascertain the clinical role of this virus in the female genital tract are recommended especially in HIV infected women.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70456547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-22DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000152
Dawria Adam, Abdalhafeez Oman, Alsadig Soba, K. Haroon, A. Hussein
Background: High immunisation coverage is important to stop the transmission of vaccine preventable diseases among children population. Objective: Our assignment aimed to help health workers to develop sensitive early warning system able to detect any coverage gabs among catchment areas self-evaluate their immunisation coverage twice per month in Ombada locality. Methodology: This work was applied in Ombada locality which is located in western northern part of Khartoum state. Out of 42 health centres we were select initially 16 (67%) health centres been the official sample for assessing the immunisation coverage twice per month. These centres were the fixed facilities with reference to the 3 immunisation strategies. The vaccinators were trained about how to report and intervene to elevate the immunisation coverage. Results: Our work revealed that, slight increase in DPT1 coverage through (2009-2010) and remarkable changes progress in (2011-2012). Significant DPT3 coverage progress in 2009 compared with (87%) in 2008.Then dramatically decline noted through (2010-2011) especially in outreach facilities, Measles and DPT drop-out rate was appear very low and acceptable, but after deep investigation we indicate several reasons lead to this experience, such as underestimating of data reported. Recommendations: we recommended that, the local health authority should continue maintaining the early warning reporting system and include other districts, Develop new evidence-based innovative approaches to enhance accessibility to immunization and effective supportive supervision with tools and resources, it is highly recommend to support system implementation. Furthermost understanding of strategies to elevate and sustain immunization levels is necessary in order to create lasting, effective immunization delivery systems. Limitations: limited resources provided and poor supportive supervision to health facilities noted as limitations of this assignment.
{"title":"Experience of Developing Early Warning Reporting System forImmunisation Coverage in Ombada Locality, Sudan","authors":"Dawria Adam, Abdalhafeez Oman, Alsadig Soba, K. Haroon, A. Hussein","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000152","url":null,"abstract":"Background: High immunisation coverage is important to stop the transmission of vaccine preventable diseases among children population. Objective: Our assignment aimed to help health workers to develop sensitive early warning system able to detect any coverage gabs among catchment areas self-evaluate their immunisation coverage twice per month in Ombada locality. Methodology: This work was applied in Ombada locality which is located in western northern part of Khartoum state. Out of 42 health centres we were select initially 16 (67%) health centres been the official sample for assessing the immunisation coverage twice per month. These centres were the fixed facilities with reference to the 3 immunisation strategies. The vaccinators were trained about how to report and intervene to elevate the immunisation coverage. Results: Our work revealed that, slight increase in DPT1 coverage through (2009-2010) and remarkable changes progress in (2011-2012). Significant DPT3 coverage progress in 2009 compared with (87%) in 2008.Then dramatically decline noted through (2010-2011) especially in outreach facilities, Measles and DPT drop-out rate was appear very low and acceptable, but after deep investigation we indicate several reasons lead to this experience, such as underestimating of data reported. Recommendations: we recommended that, the local health authority should continue maintaining the early warning reporting system and include other districts, Develop new evidence-based innovative approaches to enhance accessibility to immunization and effective supportive supervision with tools and resources, it is highly recommend to support system implementation. Furthermost understanding of strategies to elevate and sustain immunization levels is necessary in order to create lasting, effective immunization delivery systems. Limitations: limited resources provided and poor supportive supervision to health facilities noted as limitations of this assignment.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"4-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70456255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-07DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000150
J. Smith-Sonneborn
Telomerase can be touted as the miracle anti-aging enzyme that reverses the age-related attrition of telomere ends. The catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT telomerase reverse transcriptase, is known to function as an RNA dependent DNA polymerase in the nucleus (TERT-TERC), as an RNA dependent RNA polymerase, an RdRP (TERT-RMRP), in mitochondria, and, as TERT alone interacting with master regulators for cell and organellar protection to promote global survival and rejuvenation potential. TERT shows conservation of the viral polymerase structure, and like viral polymerases, is capable of producing cDNA, double stranded RNA, and like HIV reverse transcriptase, is inhibited by some HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. TERT also shows promiscuous partnering with RNA elements, RMPR, tRNA, and TERC. TERT, with its versatile viral-like functions, seems like a valuable hostage for viral infection. Telomerase is inhibited by viral proteins. When the role of telomerase in HIV infection is reviewed, telomerase modulation emerges as a valuable player in HIV therapy intervention. Induced viral protein and some reverse transcriptase HIV drugs promote TERT deficit which might be counteracted by TERT up regulation, or preference for use of drugs that do not target host reverse transcriptase, in order to preserve the health promotion of TERT pathways especially mitochondrial protection against oxidative stress, and inhibition of pathways that promote immune deficiency. Telomerase “dark side” dysfunctional overexpression might be targeted using an anti-cancer-like vaccine, delivered selectively to viral reservoirs. The use of siRNA’s to inactivate proteins that promote viral survival offer promising potential success in anti-retroviral therapy, with the ability to block mico RNAs favorable for viral progression. Strategies and therapy that interfere with the HIV-TAR interaction offer the desirable ability to stop infection before it starts. Mimetics of exercise, hibernation, anti-aging supplements, and mitochondrial targeted antioxidants offer antiviral potential and disease vulnerability from fallout of immune deficiency.
{"title":"Novel Anti-Retroviral Drug Targets: Interfering siRNA and MitochondrialTERT Expression","authors":"J. Smith-Sonneborn","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000150","url":null,"abstract":"Telomerase can be touted as the miracle anti-aging enzyme that reverses the age-related attrition of telomere ends. The catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT telomerase reverse transcriptase, is known to function as an RNA dependent DNA polymerase in the nucleus (TERT-TERC), as an RNA dependent RNA polymerase, an RdRP (TERT-RMRP), in mitochondria, and, as TERT alone interacting with master regulators for cell and organellar protection to promote global survival and rejuvenation potential. TERT shows conservation of the viral polymerase structure, and like viral polymerases, is capable of producing cDNA, double stranded RNA, and like HIV reverse transcriptase, is inhibited by some HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. TERT also shows promiscuous partnering with RNA elements, RMPR, tRNA, and TERC. TERT, with its versatile viral-like functions, seems like a valuable hostage for viral infection. Telomerase is inhibited by viral proteins. When the role of telomerase in HIV infection is reviewed, telomerase modulation emerges as a valuable player in HIV therapy intervention. Induced viral protein and some reverse transcriptase HIV drugs promote TERT deficit which might be counteracted by TERT up regulation, or preference for use of drugs that do not target host reverse transcriptase, in order to preserve the health promotion of TERT pathways especially mitochondrial protection against oxidative stress, and inhibition of pathways that promote immune deficiency. Telomerase “dark side” dysfunctional overexpression might be targeted using an anti-cancer-like vaccine, delivered selectively to viral reservoirs. The use of siRNA’s to inactivate proteins that promote viral survival offer promising potential success in anti-retroviral therapy, with the ability to block mico RNAs favorable for viral progression. Strategies and therapy that interfere with the HIV-TAR interaction offer the desirable ability to stop infection before it starts. Mimetics of exercise, hibernation, anti-aging supplements, and mitochondrial targeted antioxidants offer antiviral potential and disease vulnerability from fallout of immune deficiency.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-0517.1000150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70455753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-07DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000151
F. Maner, H. Ersen, O. Cetinkaya, D. İpekçioğlu, N. Ergen, M. Aktepe, H. Kan, M. Yerebakan, G. Teksin, H. Iri
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a neuromedical disorder associated with infection by virus of the retroviridae class known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [1]. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is a global pandemic, was first identified in 1981 and by 2009 it has led to nearly 30 million deaths. Homosexual men are the largest risk group for HIV infection and constitute about two- thirds of the reported cases in the United States. In African countries heterosexual transmission is more common. The next largest group is injection drug users. Heterosexual persons infected sexual intercourse, new-borns infected via placental transmission, and recipients of HIV-contaminated blood transfusions, including persons with haemophilia make up the rest. According to the data of Turkish Ministry of Health and Social Services in 2012 there were total of 5740 cases (Male: 4093, Female: 1635, Unknown: 12). 1024 of the cases were AIDS disease and 4716 HIV seropositive [2].The distribution of etiology during 2012 is as follows: The total number of HIV cases is 1024. Heterosexual persons infected sexual intercourse are 368 (35.9%); unknown etiology is 500 (48.8%); homosexual persons infected sexual intercourse are 136 (13.3%); new-borns infected via placental transmission are 11 (1.1%); injection drug users are 6 (0.6%); recipients of HIV-contaminated blood transfusions are 3 (0.3%). In central nervous system infection of cells primary astrocytes is responsible for neuropsychiatric manifestation. Recent medical advances have begun to alter natural progression of the illness from one of the accelerating deterioration to more chronic course. Many studies have been done to know prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in HIV positive patients and they found high psychiatric morbidity that ranged from 4-60% [3-11]. Among all psychiatric morbidity, depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Depression is 2-4 times more prevalent in HIV in comparison to general population [12-15]. Discovery of the infection has a dramatic psychological impact on the patient, as does the disease relentless progression. The neurotropic of virus itself produces neuropath logical changes in deep grey structure whose dysfunction is known to cause depression. Depression often goes undiagnosed and untreated. As many as one in three persons with HIV may suffer from depression. Mario Maj (1990) [16] and Ayuso Mateo (2002) [17] also support this fact that the dramatic psychological impact of the discovery of the infection causes acute stress reaction. Mario Maj (1996) [18] reported that the possible effects of the cognitive impairment related to HIV infection of the brain (psychomotor slowing, forgetfulness and difficulties in concentration are early symptoms of this impairment) may inflate estimates of depression in HIV infected people.
获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)是一种与逆转录病毒类人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)[1]感染相关的神经医学疾病。获得性免疫缺陷综合症(艾滋病)是一种全球性流行病，于1981年首次发现，到2009年已导致近3 000万人死亡。男同性恋者是感染艾滋病毒的最大危险群体，占美国报告病例的三分之二。在非洲国家，异性传播更为常见。第二大群体是注射吸毒者。异性恋者、经胎盘传播感染的新生儿和受艾滋病毒污染的输血者(包括血友病患者)构成了其余部分。根据土耳其卫生和社会服务部2012年的数据，共有5740例病例(男性:4093例，女性:1635例，未知:12例)。其中1024例为艾滋病，4716例为艾滋病毒血清阳性。2012年的病原学分布情况如下:艾滋病毒病例总数为1024例。异性恋者性交感染368例(35.9%);病因不明500例(48.8%);同性恋者性交感染136例(13.3%);经胎盘传播感染的新生儿11例(1.1%);注射吸毒者6人(0.6%);受艾滋病毒污染的输血者为3人(0.3%)。在中枢神经系统细胞感染中，原代星形胶质细胞负责神经精神表现。最近的医学进步已经开始改变疾病的自然进程，从加速恶化到更慢性的过程。许多研究了解HIV阳性患者的精神患病率，他们发现精神患病率在4-60%之间[3-11]。在所有精神疾病中，抑郁症是最常见的精神疾病之一。与一般人群相比，艾滋病毒感染者中抑郁症的患病率为2-4倍[12-15]。发现感染会对患者产生巨大的心理影响，疾病也会不断恶化。嗜神经性病毒本身在深灰色结构中产生神经性改变，其功能障碍已知可导致抑郁症。抑郁症往往得不到诊断和治疗。多达三分之一的艾滋病毒感染者可能患有抑郁症。Mario Maj (1990) b[16]和Ayuso Mateo (2002) b[17]也支持这一事实，即发现感染后的巨大心理影响会导致急性应激反应。Mario Maj(1996)[18]报告说，与艾滋病毒感染有关的大脑认知障碍的可能影响(精神运动减慢、健忘和注意力不集中是这种损害的早期症状)可能会夸大艾滋病毒感染者的抑郁估计。
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Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000153
J. Akhtar, Hemkant Ch, R. Lal, P. Singh, S. Gautam, Atul Kumar
The cultivation of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) and black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) in Jharkhand, India, is adversely affected by most destructive yellow mosaic disease (YMD), but the etiological agent in this region is not identified so far. Disease incidence and severity as high as 100 per cent in farmers' fields is common, often resulting in considerable yield losses in both the crops. Therefore, an attempt was made during crop seasons 2009 and 2010 at three locations viz., Ranchi, Dumka and Chianki of Jharkhand state with aim to confirm the identity of etiological agent of YMD as well as to identify the resistant sources of green gram and black gram against YMD. The identity of the etiological agent causing YMD in Vigna spp. in Jharkhand, India was confirmed as Munbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) in polymerase chain reaction using species specific primers. Out of twelve genotypes of green gram, only two genotypes, Meha and ML 1477 and two of eight genotypes of black gram, KU 323 and BS 23-13 were recorded either as resistant or highly resistant at all the three locations of Jharkhand which could be used as resistant donors against MYMIV in crop improvement programmes to develop high-yielding lines/ varieties and increased acreage of green gram and black gram crops.
{"title":"Identification of Resistant Sources of Vigna spp. against Yellow MosaicDisease","authors":"J. Akhtar, Hemkant Ch, R. Lal, P. Singh, S. Gautam, Atul Kumar","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000153","url":null,"abstract":"The cultivation of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) and black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) in Jharkhand, India, is adversely affected by most destructive yellow mosaic disease (YMD), but the etiological agent in this region is not identified so far. Disease incidence and severity as high as 100 per cent in farmers' fields is common, often resulting in considerable yield losses in both the crops. Therefore, an attempt was made during crop seasons 2009 and 2010 at three locations viz., Ranchi, Dumka and Chianki of Jharkhand state with aim to confirm the identity of etiological agent of YMD as well as to identify the resistant sources of green gram and black gram against YMD. The identity of the etiological agent causing YMD in Vigna spp. in Jharkhand, India was confirmed as Munbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) in polymerase chain reaction using species specific primers. Out of twelve genotypes of green gram, only two genotypes, Meha and ML 1477 and two of eight genotypes of black gram, KU 323 and BS 23-13 were recorded either as resistant or highly resistant at all the three locations of Jharkhand which could be used as resistant donors against MYMIV in crop improvement programmes to develop high-yielding lines/ varieties and increased acreage of green gram and black gram crops.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70456308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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