Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.008
S. Rizvi, S. P. Sawant
The sternum is a crucial component of the thoracic cage. Its articulations and divisions play an important role in providing structural support to the thoracic cage and facilitating movements. The body of the sternum originates from four mesenchymal bars known as sternebrae, Incomplete fusion of the sternebrae or failure of fusion can lead to the development of a sternal foramen. The clinical significance of a sternal foramen lies in the potential risks associated with medical procedures such as acupuncture or sternal puncture for bone marrow biopsy. A study was conducted on 100 sterna at K. J. Somaiya Medical College to find out the presence of sternal foramen, to study their site, size and shape and to discuss its clinical Implications. 20% of the specimens were found to possess a sternal foramen. The vertical to transverse diameter of these foramina were in the range of 4.4 – 6.9mm. Most of the foramen were found to be at the level of 3 and 4 costal notches followed by Xiphoid process. The study also observed the variations in the shape of the manubrium and the body of the sternum and the variations of the Xiphoid process. Failure to recognize the presence of sternal foramina can pose serious risks during medical procedures, potentially leading to damage to the pericardium and heart. Therefore, it is essential for healthcare practitioners to be aware of these variations and consider obtaining X-ray or CT scans to assess sternum morphology before performing invasive procedures. The study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive anatomical knowledge and careful clinical assessment when dealing with the sternum and underscores the need for precautionary measures to prevent complications associated with sternal foramina.
胸骨是胸廓的重要组成部分。其关节和分节在为胸廓提供结构支撑和促进运动方面发挥着重要作用。胸骨的主体起源于四条间质，称为胸骨嵴，胸骨嵴的不完全融合或融合失败可导致胸骨孔的形成。胸骨孔的临床意义在于与针灸或胸骨穿刺进行骨髓活检等医疗程序相关的潜在风险。K. J. Somaiya 医学院对 100 例胸骨标本进行了研究，以发现胸骨孔的存在，研究其部位、大小和形状，并讨论其临床意义。发现 20% 的标本具有胸骨孔。这些孔的纵横直径在 4.4 - 6.9 毫米之间。大多数胸骨孔位于第 3 和第 4 肋骨切迹处，其次是剑突。研究还观察到胸骨嵴和胸骨体形状的变化以及剑突的变化。在医疗过程中，如果不能识别胸骨孔的存在，就会带来严重的风险，有可能导致心包和心脏受损。因此，医疗从业人员必须了解这些变化，并考虑在进行侵入性手术前获取 X 光或 CT 扫描以评估胸骨形态。该研究强调了在处理胸骨时全面解剖知识和仔细临床评估的重要性，并强调有必要采取预防措施来防止与胸骨孔相关的并发症。
{"title":"Morphometric assessment of sternal foramina and sternal variations","authors":"S. Rizvi, S. P. Sawant","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.008","url":null,"abstract":"The sternum is a crucial component of the thoracic cage. Its articulations and divisions play an important role in providing structural support to the thoracic cage and facilitating movements. The body of the sternum originates from four mesenchymal bars known as sternebrae, Incomplete fusion of the sternebrae or failure of fusion can lead to the development of a sternal foramen. The clinical significance of a sternal foramen lies in the potential risks associated with medical procedures such as acupuncture or sternal puncture for bone marrow biopsy. A study was conducted on 100 sterna at K. J. Somaiya Medical College to find out the presence of sternal foramen, to study their site, size and shape and to discuss its clinical Implications. 20% of the specimens were found to possess a sternal foramen. The vertical to transverse diameter of these foramina were in the range of 4.4 – 6.9mm. Most of the foramen were found to be at the level of 3 and 4 costal notches followed by Xiphoid process. The study also observed the variations in the shape of the manubrium and the body of the sternum and the variations of the Xiphoid process. Failure to recognize the presence of sternal foramina can pose serious risks during medical procedures, potentially leading to damage to the pericardium and heart. Therefore, it is essential for healthcare practitioners to be aware of these variations and consider obtaining X-ray or CT scans to assess sternum morphology before performing invasive procedures. The study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive anatomical knowledge and careful clinical assessment when dealing with the sternum and underscores the need for precautionary measures to prevent complications associated with sternal foramina.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"37 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140972936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The superior sagittal sinus and its draining veins are important venous structures that pose a formidable obstacle to surgical management. It is crucial and essential for the surgeon to acquire the knowledge of the normal course and variations of the sinus and its draining veins. This helps in pre-operative planning and execution of pre-operative measures or manoeuvres needed to minimize blood loss or intra-operative injuries to the sinus.This study was conducted to delineate the microsurgical anatomy of the superior sagittal sinus to look for any variations among Sabah people as compared to the general studies available. This study was based on dissection of fresh cadavers. Thirty fresh cadavers were examined in Forensic Department, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah between August 2020 to June 2021. They were anatomically analysed and studied through a data collection sheet. All data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The study revealed that male was predominantly significant and forty-three percent were of Bajau race. Fifty percent of cadavers were around the 50-60 years old age group. The position of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) was variable and within 1cm distance from the midline. The origin of SSS varied from at the foramen caecum to posterior from the foramen caecum. The total length of SSS averages around 321-351mm. The number of draining veins on the right and left side of SSS were divided into anterior, middle and posterior components with an average of three to six veins respectively on each side. The number of venous lacunae on the right and left side of SSS were divided as well into anterior, middle and posterior components with an average of one to two venous lacunae on each side respectively. The central sulcus was located 48.87mm posterior to coronal suture and 131.1mm anterior to the lambdoid suture. The Trolard vein was located 53.56mm posterior to coronal suture and 127.36mm anterior to the lambdoid suture. The Trolard vein was situated in average 3.68mm posterior to central sulcus and predominantly drains into the venous lacuna. Ninety percent of SSS terminate on the right of the transverse sinus. The position of torcula varies from the location on the external occipital protuberance to slightly on the right side of the external occipital protuberance. This study shows that anatomical landmarks among the local population did not differ significantly from that reported by other studies throughout the world. Therefore, the basic neurosurgical principles and craniometric points outlined universally is applicable to this population without the need for any modifications.
{"title":"A cadaveric study of superior sagittal sinus and its draining veins among population in Sabah, Malaysia","authors":"Ananda Arumugam, Vicnesh Thillynathan, Dewaraj Velayudhan, Jessie Hiu, Emad. M.N Abdelwahab","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.002","url":null,"abstract":"The superior sagittal sinus and its draining veins are important venous structures that pose a formidable obstacle to surgical management. It is crucial and essential for the surgeon to acquire the knowledge of the normal course and variations of the sinus and its draining veins. This helps in pre-operative planning and execution of pre-operative measures or manoeuvres needed to minimize blood loss or intra-operative injuries to the sinus.This study was conducted to delineate the microsurgical anatomy of the superior sagittal sinus to look for any variations among Sabah people as compared to the general studies available. This study was based on dissection of fresh cadavers. Thirty fresh cadavers were examined in Forensic Department, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah between August 2020 to June 2021. They were anatomically analysed and studied through a data collection sheet. All data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The study revealed that male was predominantly significant and forty-three percent were of Bajau race. Fifty percent of cadavers were around the 50-60 years old age group. The position of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) was variable and within 1cm distance from the midline. The origin of SSS varied from at the foramen caecum to posterior from the foramen caecum. The total length of SSS averages around 321-351mm. The number of draining veins on the right and left side of SSS were divided into anterior, middle and posterior components with an average of three to six veins respectively on each side. The number of venous lacunae on the right and left side of SSS were divided as well into anterior, middle and posterior components with an average of one to two venous lacunae on each side respectively. The central sulcus was located 48.87mm posterior to coronal suture and 131.1mm anterior to the lambdoid suture. The Trolard vein was located 53.56mm posterior to coronal suture and 127.36mm anterior to the lambdoid suture. The Trolard vein was situated in average 3.68mm posterior to central sulcus and predominantly drains into the venous lacuna. Ninety percent of SSS terminate on the right of the transverse sinus. The position of torcula varies from the location on the external occipital protuberance to slightly on the right side of the external occipital protuberance. This study shows that anatomical landmarks among the local population did not differ significantly from that reported by other studies throughout the world. Therefore, the basic neurosurgical principles and craniometric points outlined universally is applicable to this population without the need for any modifications.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140972098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.012
J. Banu, N. Dhakshnamoorthy, S. Sakthivel
The persistent median artery (PMA) is an example of a supernumerary artery in the forearm. During embryonic development, the median artery regresses as the ulnar and radial arteries take over the blood supply of the forearm. Non-regression of the median artery will lead to its persistence into adulthood. We are reporting a bilateral presence of a palmar type of PMA, which was a branch of the ulnar artery, and the PMA passed through the carpal tunnel to supply the hand. On the right side, PMA pierced the median nerve in the upper forearm. In the palm, PMA did not form the superficial palmar arch. However, a communicating twig between the PMA and ulnar artery was observed on the left side. The presence of PMA could cause compression of the median nerve, leading to carpal tunnel syndrome. PMA of larger calibre could be used as a graft and in harvesting reconstructive free flap. Knowledge about these vascular variations is important in diagnosing nerve compression syndromes and avoiding unanticipated surgical complications.
{"title":"Bilateral palmar type of persistent median artery: A case report","authors":"J. Banu, N. Dhakshnamoorthy, S. Sakthivel","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.012","url":null,"abstract":"The persistent median artery (PMA) is an example of a supernumerary artery in the forearm. During embryonic development, the median artery regresses as the ulnar and radial arteries take over the blood supply of the forearm. Non-regression of the median artery will lead to its persistence into adulthood. We are reporting a bilateral presence of a palmar type of PMA, which was a branch of the ulnar artery, and the PMA passed through the carpal tunnel to supply the hand. On the right side, PMA pierced the median nerve in the upper forearm. In the palm, PMA did not form the superficial palmar arch. However, a communicating twig between the PMA and ulnar artery was observed on the left side. The presence of PMA could cause compression of the median nerve, leading to carpal tunnel syndrome. PMA of larger calibre could be used as a graft and in harvesting reconstructive free flap. Knowledge about these vascular variations is important in diagnosing nerve compression syndromes and avoiding unanticipated surgical complications.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"69 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We describe a unique triad of arterial variations that include vertebral, renal, and obturator arteries in a single cadaver. A combination of arterial variations was observed in a 60-year male; formalin embalmed cadaver during the routine dissection while teaching undergraduate students. The origin, course, branching pattern, and termination of the vertebral, renal, and obturator arterial systems were noted, along with the vessels' diameter close to their origin. The following variations were observed: a) Hypoplastic V4 segment of the right vertebral artery; Right Posterior Inferior Cerebellar artery had a relatively proximal origin from the V4 segment of vertebral artery and coursed in an inverted ‘U’ shaped manner cranially, which resembled duplicated V4 segment of the right vertebral artery, b) Right accessory renal artery originated from abdominal aorta distal to the right renal artery and the right gonadal artery originated from the right accessory renal artery, c) Right obturator artery originated from the posterior division of the right internal iliac artery, and the left obturator artery originated from the trunk of the left external iliac artery. Such a combination of variations in the anatomy of vertebral, renal, and obturator arteries was not reported previously. This case report will interest neurosurgeons and radiologists because of the possibility of concomitant arterial variations.
{"title":"Cluster of variations involving vertebral, renal, and obturator arteries in a single human body- A cadaveric case report","authors":"Rajasekhar SSSN, Kalaivani Kaliyamoorthy, Sankaranarayanan Govindarajan","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.059","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a unique triad of arterial variations that include vertebral, renal, and obturator arteries in a single cadaver. A combination of arterial variations was observed in a 60-year male; formalin embalmed cadaver during the routine dissection while teaching undergraduate students. The origin, course, branching pattern, and termination of the vertebral, renal, and obturator arterial systems were noted, along with the vessels' diameter close to their origin. The following variations were observed: a) Hypoplastic V4 segment of the right vertebral artery; Right Posterior Inferior Cerebellar artery had a relatively proximal origin from the V4 segment of vertebral artery and coursed in an inverted ‘U’ shaped manner cranially, which resembled duplicated V4 segment of the right vertebral artery, b) Right accessory renal artery originated from abdominal aorta distal to the right renal artery and the right gonadal artery originated from the right accessory renal artery, c) Right obturator artery originated from the posterior division of the right internal iliac artery, and the left obturator artery originated from the trunk of the left external iliac artery. Such a combination of variations in the anatomy of vertebral, renal, and obturator arteries was not reported previously. This case report will interest neurosurgeons and radiologists because of the possibility of concomitant arterial variations. ","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139529580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-15DOI: 10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.047
D. Ghosh, Suvendu Ghosh
There exists an immunoendocrine interactive relationship in men which is known to account for male infertility in certain cases. The primary products of the testis are the testosterone hormone and sperms. Production and release of both the products of the testis are regulated by the hormones from the pituitary namely the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and hormones from the hypothalamus and some more hormones which are produced locally within the testis. These endocrine components of the male reproductive system together contribute to the maintenance of the immune environment of the testis. In aged men, compromised energy metabolism contributes to a compromised immune system leading to infertility. Endocrine dysregulation plays a role in immune compromisation mediated infertility in men.
{"title":"Renal-testicular cross talk mediated immunoendocrine interaction in infertility in men: A mini review","authors":"D. Ghosh, Suvendu Ghosh","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.047","url":null,"abstract":"There exists an immunoendocrine interactive relationship in men which is known to account for male infertility in certain cases. The primary products of the testis are the testosterone hormone and sperms. Production and release of both the products of the testis are regulated by the hormones from the pituitary namely the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and hormones from the hypothalamus and some more hormones which are produced locally within the testis. These endocrine components of the male reproductive system together contribute to the maintenance of the immune environment of the testis. In aged men, compromised energy metabolism contributes to a compromised immune system leading to infertility. Endocrine dysregulation plays a role in immune compromisation mediated infertility in men.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"120 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139529990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-15DOI: 10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.053
Qazi Imtiaz Rasool, Fahad Bin Showkat, Sheikh Umar Farooq, Mursaleen Gani
: Regular attendance is a fundamental component of professionalism, especially in the context of medical schools. It involves consistently being present at a designated location and plays a crucial role in fostering the exploration of diverse skills deemed essential in the contemporary scientific landscape. Recent medical literature underscores a clear and mutually beneficial link between medical student attendance and academic achievement, particularly within the framework of the Competency-based curriculum introduced by the National Medical Commission (NMC). This curriculum prioritizes the development of necessary competence through mandatory clinical contact and skills. Despite the mandate imposed by medical universities, absenteeism remains a significant challenge in medical schools. University policies outline specific expectations, including reporting times, allowed break durations, and daily expected working hours, approved by the College Committee across all campuses. Emphasizing the importance of learning activities, the NMC requires attendance for all assessments, ranging from exams and Readiness Assurance Tests (RATs) to quizzes and Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs). The study was conducted in the Department of Physiology at GMC Baramulla and its associated hospitals. A total of 198 students from the 2019–20 batches of the first year MBBS, who participated in all internal assessments for both theory and practicals, were included in this study.: The retrospective observational study involved retrieving attendance and theory plus practical marks from all internal assessments conducted on 198 students of 2019–20 batches of first-year MBBS. Two groups were established on attendance: Group A < 75% theory and < 80% in practicals, and Group B > 75% in theory and > 80% in practicals, The mean marks were compared with their attendance. Karl Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to assess the strength of the association between the two. Correlation studies were conducted based on gender and residence (hosteller vs. non-hosteller), revealing that female students and non-hostellers exhibited higher attendance and scores in both internal assessments and university examinations. Significantly higher marks in internal assessment and University examination were observed in students with high attendance percentage both in theory and practical’s.: There was a significant positive association between attendance and the performance of students in both theory and practical aspects of physiology among Phase 1st MBBS students.
{"title":"Exploring the correlation between attendance and academic performance in physiology among phase 1st MBBS students: A comprehensive study","authors":"Qazi Imtiaz Rasool, Fahad Bin Showkat, Sheikh Umar Farooq, Mursaleen Gani","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.053","url":null,"abstract":": Regular attendance is a fundamental component of professionalism, especially in the context of medical schools. It involves consistently being present at a designated location and plays a crucial role in fostering the exploration of diverse skills deemed essential in the contemporary scientific landscape. Recent medical literature underscores a clear and mutually beneficial link between medical student attendance and academic achievement, particularly within the framework of the Competency-based curriculum introduced by the National Medical Commission (NMC). This curriculum prioritizes the development of necessary competence through mandatory clinical contact and skills. Despite the mandate imposed by medical universities, absenteeism remains a significant challenge in medical schools. University policies outline specific expectations, including reporting times, allowed break durations, and daily expected working hours, approved by the College Committee across all campuses. Emphasizing the importance of learning activities, the NMC requires attendance for all assessments, ranging from exams and Readiness Assurance Tests (RATs) to quizzes and Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs). The study was conducted in the Department of Physiology at GMC Baramulla and its associated hospitals. A total of 198 students from the 2019–20 batches of the first year MBBS, who participated in all internal assessments for both theory and practicals, were included in this study.: The retrospective observational study involved retrieving attendance and theory plus practical marks from all internal assessments conducted on 198 students of 2019–20 batches of first-year MBBS. Two groups were established on attendance: Group A < 75% theory and < 80% in practicals, and Group B > 75% in theory and > 80% in practicals, The mean marks were compared with their attendance. Karl Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to assess the strength of the association between the two. Correlation studies were conducted based on gender and residence (hosteller vs. non-hosteller), revealing that female students and non-hostellers exhibited higher attendance and scores in both internal assessments and university examinations. Significantly higher marks in internal assessment and University examination were observed in students with high attendance percentage both in theory and practical’s.: There was a significant positive association between attendance and the performance of students in both theory and practical aspects of physiology among Phase 1st MBBS students.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139528772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-15DOI: 10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.052
Anita Verma, Harsida Gosai
: Passive smoking is a world health problem and part of the tobacco epidemic which victimizes mostly adolescents. Epidemiological studies have, essentially, addressed the association between passive smoke exposure and respiratory health in adult population, and increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) & lung cancer among adult nonsmokers. Relatively few studies have been reported on lung function in relation to effects of passive smoking among nonsmoking individuals.To investigate the effects of passive smoking on lung functions among individuals in urban region. The present study was composed of smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers (control), aged between 17 and 25 years. Ninety healthy individuals were placed in three different groups on the basis of questionnaire (Group A: active smoker, Group B: passive smoker, Group C: control). Study was done with the help of spirometer (RMS Helios 401).FEFFEV1/FVC% values were significantly decreased in passive smokers as compared to control individuals (P<0.001, P<0.05). The present study suggests a significant reduction of lung functions in individuals exposed to passive smoke.
{"title":"Effects of passive smoking on pulmonary functions of individuals in an urban area","authors":"Anita Verma, Harsida Gosai","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.052","url":null,"abstract":": Passive smoking is a world health problem and part of the tobacco epidemic which victimizes mostly adolescents. Epidemiological studies have, essentially, addressed the association between passive smoke exposure and respiratory health in adult population, and increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) & lung cancer among adult nonsmokers. Relatively few studies have been reported on lung function in relation to effects of passive smoking among nonsmoking individuals.To investigate the effects of passive smoking on lung functions among individuals in urban region. The present study was composed of smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers (control), aged between 17 and 25 years. Ninety healthy individuals were placed in three different groups on the basis of questionnaire (Group A: active smoker, Group B: passive smoker, Group C: control). Study was done with the help of spirometer (RMS Helios 401).FEFFEV1/FVC% values were significantly decreased in passive smokers as compared to control individuals (P<0.001, P<0.05). The present study suggests a significant reduction of lung functions in individuals exposed to passive smoke.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139530208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-15DOI: 10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.055
S. S. Jyothish, Swarnalatha P. K, Ranjit Kumar K C
: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common comorbidities and is the major risk factor for many diseases. This study is aimed at evaluating the pulmonary function tests in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their correlation with glycaemic control. The objective of this study is to evaluate pulmonary function test parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. To correlate pulmonary function tests with HbA1c. To evaluate association of pulmonary function tests in type 2 diabetics with duration of diabetes. : This is a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of one year on 30 diabetics with good glycaemic control and 30 diabetics with poor glycaemic control who were admitted or visited the outpatient department of the Department of General Medicine, and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Required history, general examination was done, lab results of HbA1c, FBS, PPBS were collected. Spirometry data collected and values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR were analysed and restriction in lungs was found out. 60% of the uncontrolled diabetic patients were having a restrictive lung disease when compared to only 30% controlled diabetics having restrictive disease in their lungs. When comparing restriction in lungs in both groups with independent t test, it was found to be significant with a p- value of 0.019 (p value< 0.05 was considered significant at 95% confident interval).Hyperglycaemia is one of the risk factors for developing restrictive type of lung dysfunction. Adequate glycaemic control and timely pulmonary function testing and follow-up are very important to prevent pulmonary complications of lung.
{"title":"Pulmonaryfunction tests and their correlation with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care centre","authors":"S. S. Jyothish, Swarnalatha P. K, Ranjit Kumar K C","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.055","url":null,"abstract":": Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common comorbidities and is the major risk factor for many diseases. This study is aimed at evaluating the pulmonary function tests in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their correlation with glycaemic control. The objective of this study is to evaluate pulmonary function test parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. To correlate pulmonary function tests with HbA1c. To evaluate association of pulmonary function tests in type 2 diabetics with duration of diabetes. : This is a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of one year on 30 diabetics with good glycaemic control and 30 diabetics with poor glycaemic control who were admitted or visited the outpatient department of the Department of General Medicine, and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Required history, general examination was done, lab results of HbA1c, FBS, PPBS were collected. Spirometry data collected and values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR were analysed and restriction in lungs was found out. 60% of the uncontrolled diabetic patients were having a restrictive lung disease when compared to only 30% controlled diabetics having restrictive disease in their lungs. When comparing restriction in lungs in both groups with independent t test, it was found to be significant with a p- value of 0.019 (p value< 0.05 was considered significant at 95% confident interval).Hyperglycaemia is one of the risk factors for developing restrictive type of lung dysfunction. Adequate glycaemic control and timely pulmonary function testing and follow-up are very important to prevent pulmonary complications of lung.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139529643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Autonomic nervous system controls and balances sympathetic and parasympathetic system to maintain homeostasis without conscious control. The sympathetic nervous system controls the dilation of the pupil or mydriasis. HR variation (HRV) analysis is a popular non-invasive tool for assessing functions of autonomic nervous system. Medical students are under constant cognitive load, it is required to follow-up on status on their autonomic control during their education phase. The objective of this study was to observe any correlation between pupillary size and heart rate.Total of 30 students participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements and vitals like pulse, blood pressure was recorded. Pupillary size of the participants was measured using the pupillometer in the illuminated. HRV recording was done by placing electrodes for standard Lead II ECG. HRV reports were generated using Kubios HRV 3.5 software standard version. The pupillary size Right and Left are negatively correlated with the SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, HF, SDI and SD2. However, LF, LF/HF and SD2/SD1 ratio are positively correlated. These findings support the notion that pupillary size can serve as a non-invasive indicator of autonomic nervous system activity.
{"title":"Correlation between pupillary size and heart rate variability parameters among medical students","authors":"Arun Kumar Mohan, Gopi Kumar Shivaramaiah, Neelam Dwivedi, Ayaz Siddiqui","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.057","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomic nervous system controls and balances sympathetic and parasympathetic system to maintain homeostasis without conscious control. The sympathetic nervous system controls the dilation of the pupil or mydriasis. HR variation (HRV) analysis is a popular non-invasive tool for assessing functions of autonomic nervous system. Medical students are under constant cognitive load, it is required to follow-up on status on their autonomic control during their education phase. The objective of this study was to observe any correlation between pupillary size and heart rate.Total of 30 students participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements and vitals like pulse, blood pressure was recorded. Pupillary size of the participants was measured using the pupillometer in the illuminated. HRV recording was done by placing electrodes for standard Lead II ECG. HRV reports were generated using Kubios HRV 3.5 software standard version. The pupillary size Right and Left are negatively correlated with the SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, HF, SDI and SD2. However, LF, LF/HF and SD2/SD1 ratio are positively correlated. These findings support the notion that pupillary size can serve as a non-invasive indicator of autonomic nervous system activity.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"114 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139530508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-15DOI: 10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.051
Shilpakala L B
: Spleen is the largest and secondary lymphoid organ with high vascularity which has important role in immunological and haematological functions of human body. Spleen developes from mesoderm and in the initial stages of development, different lobules are formed, which fuses later. The lobulated structure of spleen disappears, but is indicated by the presence of notches in superior border in adults. The aim of study was to find morphological variations of spleen with respect to its number of notches in borders and anomalous fissure on its surfaces.: The study was done on 40 formalin fixed cadaveric spleens from the department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, and Karnataka. Out of 40 spleens studied, the various shapes such as wedge shaped, tetrahedral, oval and triangular were found. The number of spleen showing notches in superior border was 28(70%) and in the inferior border it was 3(7.5%). Absence of Splenic notches was observed in 5(12.5%) and 2(5%) spleens had notches in both borders. The anomalous fissure was found in 2(5%) spleen on its diaphragmatic surface.: The knowledge of variations in morphology of spleen are essential for physician, surgeon, radiologists and forensic surgeon to differentiate from the splenic pathology and splenic injury. Morphological variations of spleen and its clinical importance need to be discussed at dissection tables during routine anatomy dissection hours.
{"title":"A study of splenic notches in human cadavers and its clinical implications","authors":"Shilpakala L B","doi":"10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.051","url":null,"abstract":": Spleen is the largest and secondary lymphoid organ with high vascularity which has important role in immunological and haematological functions of human body. Spleen developes from mesoderm and in the initial stages of development, different lobules are formed, which fuses later. The lobulated structure of spleen disappears, but is indicated by the presence of notches in superior border in adults. The aim of study was to find morphological variations of spleen with respect to its number of notches in borders and anomalous fissure on its surfaces.: The study was done on 40 formalin fixed cadaveric spleens from the department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, and Karnataka. Out of 40 spleens studied, the various shapes such as wedge shaped, tetrahedral, oval and triangular were found. The number of spleen showing notches in superior border was 28(70%) and in the inferior border it was 3(7.5%). Absence of Splenic notches was observed in 5(12.5%) and 2(5%) spleens had notches in both borders. The anomalous fissure was found in 2(5%) spleen on its diaphragmatic surface.: The knowledge of variations in morphology of spleen are essential for physician, surgeon, radiologists and forensic surgeon to differentiate from the splenic pathology and splenic injury. Morphological variations of spleen and its clinical importance need to be discussed at dissection tables during routine anatomy dissection hours.","PeriodicalId":91698,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology","volume":"22 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139529325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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