Pub Date : 2017-03-18DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000149
L. Al-Tarawneh, S. Taebi
Elastic optical networks (EONs) based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) are considered a promising solution for the next optical network’s generation. It basically makes it possible to choose an adequate portion of the available spectrum to satisfy the requested capacity. In this paper, we consider the impact of spectrum fragmentation along the optical single/multipath routing transmission on the efficiency of the EONs. This involves reducing the fragmentation effects by dynamically updating and controlling the minimum bandwidth allocation granularity (g).We adopt linear and nonlinear dynamic mechanisms, which are denoted as LDAEi and NLDAEi, respectively, to choose proper band width granularities that are proportional to the optical link/path bandwidth fragmentation status. In order to avoid neither splitting the capacity request over many routing paths, which would increase the management complexity, nor encouraging single path transmission, the proposed schemes aim to choose a proper bandwidth allocation granularity (g) of a predefined set of suggested values. Simulation results show that varying the bandwidth granularity based on the optical path fragmentation status can offer improved performance over fixed granularity with respect to the bandwidth blocking probability, the number of path splitting, the throughput, and differential delay constraint issue in terms of: the network bandwidth utilization and multipath distribution.
{"title":"Minimizing Blocking Probability in Elastic Optical Networks by Varyingthe Bandwidth Granularity Based on Optical Path Fragmentation","authors":"L. Al-Tarawneh, S. Taebi","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000149","url":null,"abstract":"Elastic optical networks (EONs) based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) are considered a promising solution for the next optical network’s generation. It basically makes it possible to choose an adequate portion of the available spectrum to satisfy the requested capacity. In this paper, we consider the impact of spectrum fragmentation along the optical single/multipath routing transmission on the efficiency of the EONs. This involves reducing the fragmentation effects by dynamically updating and controlling the minimum bandwidth allocation granularity (g).We adopt linear and nonlinear dynamic mechanisms, which are denoted as LDAEi and NLDAEi, respectively, to choose proper band width granularities that are proportional to the optical link/path bandwidth fragmentation status. In order to avoid neither splitting the capacity request over many routing paths, which would increase the management complexity, nor encouraging single path transmission, the proposed schemes aim to choose a proper bandwidth allocation granularity (g) of a predefined set of suggested values. Simulation results show that varying the bandwidth granularity based on the optical path fragmentation status can offer improved performance over fixed granularity with respect to the bandwidth blocking probability, the number of path splitting, the throughput, and differential delay constraint issue in terms of: the network bandwidth utilization and multipath distribution.","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77266202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-15DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000148
Y. Kharzheev
The scintillation detector (SD) based on organic plastic scintillator (OPS) is one of the basic detectors in HEP experiments. Technologies for production of OPSs as strips and tiles, their optical and physical properties, light collection based on wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers coupled to multipixel vacuum and silicon PMs are presented. SDs are multifunctional: calorimeters, triggers, tracking, time-of-flight and veto systems are the examples of their applications. The use of SDs in many HEP experiments on the search for quarks, new particles and H bosons (D0, ATLAS, CMS), quark-gluon plasma (ALICE), CP violation (LHCb, KLOE), ν-oscillation (MINOS, OPERA), cosmic particles (AMS-02) are discussed. SDs hold great promise for future HEP experiments due to their ability of high segmentation, WLS fiber light collection and multipixel silicon PM readout.
{"title":"Scintillation Detectors in Modern High Energy Physics Experiments and Prospect of Their use in Future Experiments","authors":"Y. Kharzheev","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000148","url":null,"abstract":"The scintillation detector (SD) based on organic plastic scintillator (OPS) is one of the basic detectors in HEP experiments. Technologies for production of OPSs as strips and tiles, their optical and physical properties, light collection based on wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers coupled to multipixel vacuum and silicon PMs are presented. SDs are multifunctional: calorimeters, triggers, tracking, time-of-flight and veto systems are the examples of their applications. The use of SDs in many HEP experiments on the search for quarks, new particles and H bosons (D0, ATLAS, CMS), quark-gluon plasma (ALICE), CP violation (LHCb, KLOE), ν-oscillation (MINOS, OPERA), cosmic particles (AMS-02) are discussed. SDs hold great promise for future HEP experiments due to their ability of high segmentation, WLS fiber light collection and multipixel silicon PM readout.","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79012899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-15DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000147
N. Muduli
The effect of ellipticity ratio on low bend loss, high nonlinearity, wideband high birefringence and low confinement loss in a hexagonal spiral thermoplastic polymer based PCF having air holes with Kerr nonlinearity is investigated. Moreover, the above all property are simulated initially with wide range of wavelength (for different value ellipticity ratio) and secondly with ellipticity ratio at an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm. Through the optimization of arrangement and diameter of elliptical air holes, the designed spiral PCF offers low bend loss, high nonlinearity depends on mode field area (As small as mode field area, increase the nonlinearity), high birefringence and nonzero dispersion for X/Y polarization within the wavelength range of 0.5 to 1.75 μm. These results seem to be most useful in optical communication.
{"title":"Polymer Based PCF with High Nonlinearity and Low Bend Loss: A NewModeling","authors":"N. Muduli","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000147","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of ellipticity ratio on low bend loss, high nonlinearity, wideband high birefringence and low confinement loss in a hexagonal spiral thermoplastic polymer based PCF having air holes with Kerr nonlinearity is investigated. Moreover, the above all property are simulated initially with wide range of wavelength (for different value ellipticity ratio) and secondly with ellipticity ratio at an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm. Through the optimization of arrangement and diameter of elliptical air holes, the designed spiral PCF offers low bend loss, high nonlinearity depends on mode field area (As small as mode field area, increase the nonlinearity), high birefringence and nonzero dispersion for X/Y polarization within the wavelength range of 0.5 to 1.75 μm. These results seem to be most useful in optical communication.","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78243375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-10DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000146
Kamjoo Mj
Femtosecond oscillator is first step to generate femtosecond laser pulse. Simulation of the laser beam behavior in the oscillator cavity, especially in the gain medium is essential to realize and optimize the oscillator output pulse characteristics. In this work, at first we simulate the laser beam propagation in a folded cavity with curved mirrors in symmetric and asymmetric designs using the ABCD ray tracing technique for a Gaussian beam shape to achieve influence of Kerr lens modelocking in sagittal plane. We use split-step method to obtain the beam intensity changes in the ti:sa rod and shooting method to calculate the beam spot size on the first cavity mirror. In following the influence of the gain medium position changes on the size and position of the beam waist and also on the misalignment sensitivity parameter for the sagittal plane is simulated. Furthermore the misalignment sensitivity parameter and the size and position of the beam waist are not identical for the beams in the sagittal plane, therefore to actualize an optimum design it is necessary to simulate the beam propagation in plane which is not usually considered in early design because of complication of the simulation.
{"title":"Simulation of Kerr Lens Modelocking Behavior in Sagittal Plane","authors":"Kamjoo Mj","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000146","url":null,"abstract":"Femtosecond oscillator is first step to generate femtosecond laser pulse. Simulation of the laser beam behavior in the oscillator cavity, especially in the gain medium is essential to realize and optimize the oscillator output pulse characteristics. In this work, at first we simulate the laser beam propagation in a folded cavity with curved mirrors in symmetric and asymmetric designs using the ABCD ray tracing technique for a Gaussian beam shape to achieve influence of Kerr lens modelocking in sagittal plane. We use split-step method to obtain the beam intensity changes in the ti:sa rod and shooting method to calculate the beam spot size on the first cavity mirror. In following the influence of the gain medium position changes on the size and position of the beam waist and also on the misalignment sensitivity parameter for the sagittal plane is simulated. Furthermore the misalignment sensitivity parameter and the size and position of the beam waist are not identical for the beams in the sagittal plane, therefore to actualize an optimum design it is necessary to simulate the beam propagation in plane which is not usually considered in early design because of complication of the simulation.","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77256330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000169
H. Sattela, I. Loubiri, M. Gharbia
It’s well known that the optical retardation measurement depends directly on the birefringence of the liquid crystal. We are interested by the simplest distorted texture of discotic columnar liquid crystals (DCLC) where the columns curve circularly their structures around the core line. The present opportunity is to use a hexagonal columnar structure where the topology of columns hemispheres is well known. We have observed the DCLC interference fringes from a half drop in the hexa-n-hexyloxytriphenylene close to the isotropic transition. Using polychromatic spectral lamp, the optical retardation symmetry has been used to describe the spherical texture of the columns. The present work shows that the optical retardation exhibits a noticeable difference between the birefringence measurement Δn versus the wavelength λ. The birefringence is given by the relationship: , (Δno=-0,196 and B=0,023 μm2).
{"title":"Optical Retardation and Dispersion of Developable Domains in Columnar Hexagonal Liquid Crystal","authors":"H. Sattela, I. Loubiri, M. Gharbia","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000169","url":null,"abstract":"It’s well known that the optical retardation measurement depends directly on the birefringence of the liquid crystal. We are interested by the simplest distorted texture of discotic columnar liquid crystals (DCLC) where the columns curve circularly their structures around the core line. The present opportunity is to use a hexagonal columnar structure where the topology of columns hemispheres is well known. We have observed the DCLC interference fringes from a half drop in the hexa-n-hexyloxytriphenylene close to the isotropic transition. Using polychromatic spectral lamp, the optical retardation symmetry has been used to describe the spherical texture of the columns. The present work shows that the optical retardation exhibits a noticeable difference between the birefringence measurement Δn versus the wavelength λ. The birefringence is given by the relationship: , (Δno=-0,196 and B=0,023 μm2).","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83456753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000165
Rumyantsev V, Aparajita U, Roslyak O
We study electromagnetic excitations in non-ideal 1D microcavity lattice with the use of the virtual crystal approximation. The effect of elastic deformation on the excitation spectrum of a microcavity chain is numerically modeled for 1D non-ideal microcavity supercrystal containing quantum dots and without them. The adopted approach helps us obtain the dispersion dependence of collective excitation frequencies and the energy. The analytical expressions for polaritonic frequencies, effective mass and group velocities as functions of corresponding quantum dots and vacancies concentrations are obtained.
{"title":"Effect of Elastic Deformation on the Dispersion Characteristics of a Chain of Microcavities","authors":"Rumyantsev V, Aparajita U, Roslyak O","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000165","url":null,"abstract":"We study electromagnetic excitations in non-ideal 1D microcavity lattice with the use of the virtual crystal approximation. The effect of elastic deformation on the excitation spectrum of a microcavity chain is numerically modeled for 1D non-ideal microcavity supercrystal containing quantum dots and without them. The adopted approach helps us obtain the dispersion dependence of collective excitation frequencies and the energy. The analytical expressions for polaritonic frequencies, effective mass and group velocities as functions of corresponding quantum dots and vacancies concentrations are obtained.","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88088554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000171
T. RavindraReddy, S. Kaneko, T. Endo, S. LakshmiReddy
A light yellow colored bentonite clay mineral obtained from India is studied. X ray diffraction (XRD) studies are suggesting that Fe2O3, Al2O3, quartz and Ca bentonite phases are present in the compound. Ca-bentonite is the major constituent and its unit cell is monoclinic with a=5.16, b=8.798, c=9.347A and β=100.46°. Internal structure studied using Transimission electron microscope (TEM) suggests that the clay consists of iron oxide, aluminium oxide, quartz, Ca bentonite. Tetrahedral and octahedral layers are present. Fe3+ is present in the location of Al3+ in the unit cell of Ca-bentonite. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results indicate that the unit cell of the crystal contains Fe(III), and its g values are found to be 4.19 and 2.13. IR studies are indicating that the presence of silicate and hydroxyl anions as ligands. Nonlinear optical measurements are indicating that the compound is having good potential applications in laser safety devices.
{"title":"Spectroscopic Characterization of Bentonite","authors":"T. RavindraReddy, S. Kaneko, T. Endo, S. LakshmiReddy","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000171","url":null,"abstract":"A light yellow colored bentonite clay mineral obtained from India is studied. X ray diffraction (XRD) studies are suggesting that Fe2O3, Al2O3, quartz and Ca bentonite phases are present in the compound. Ca-bentonite is the major constituent and its unit cell is monoclinic with a=5.16, b=8.798, c=9.347A and β=100.46°. Internal structure studied using Transimission electron microscope (TEM) suggests that the clay consists of iron oxide, aluminium oxide, quartz, Ca bentonite. Tetrahedral and octahedral layers are present. Fe3+ is present in the location of Al3+ in the unit cell of Ca-bentonite. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results indicate that the unit cell of the crystal contains Fe(III), and its g values are found to be 4.19 and 2.13. IR studies are indicating that the presence of silicate and hydroxyl anions as ligands. Nonlinear optical measurements are indicating that the compound is having good potential applications in laser safety devices.","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80649386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000166
V. Maslov, H. Dorozinska, Yu.V. Ushenin, G. Dorozinsky
Main centers for the development of applied plasmonics in Ukraine are Institute of Cybernetics and Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics. The most significant advantage of biosensors “Plasmon” series produced by Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics are block-modular design, which makes it easy to update the device for various applications and possibility investigation gaseous media. Original technical solutions allowed making quite inexpensive and affordable analytical device for researches in Ukraine, yet comparable in detection limit (3 × 10-6 RIU) and accuracy (± 1 × 10-6 RIU) with the most applicable instruments from the world’s leading manufacturers. Wide measuring range from 1,0 to 1,5 RIU allowed study liquids with high refractive index like motor oils and polymers. So, promising areas of development of SPR-devices are increasing their accuracy, improving the technology of manufacturing a sensitive element and developing algorithms for processing results. This makes it possible to expand the use of SPR in medicine, microbiology and industry.
{"title":"Prospective Directions for the Development of Surface Plasmon Resonance Studies in Ukraine","authors":"V. Maslov, H. Dorozinska, Yu.V. Ushenin, G. Dorozinsky","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000166","url":null,"abstract":"Main centers for the development of applied plasmonics in Ukraine are Institute of Cybernetics and Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics. The most significant advantage of biosensors “Plasmon” series produced by Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics are block-modular design, which makes it easy to update the device for various applications and possibility investigation gaseous media. Original technical solutions allowed making quite inexpensive and affordable analytical device for researches in Ukraine, yet comparable in detection limit (3 × 10-6 RIU) and accuracy (± 1 × 10-6 RIU) with the most applicable instruments from the world’s leading manufacturers. Wide measuring range from 1,0 to 1,5 RIU allowed study liquids with high refractive index like motor oils and polymers. So, promising areas of development of SPR-devices are increasing their accuracy, improving the technology of manufacturing a sensitive element and developing algorithms for processing results. This makes it possible to expand the use of SPR in medicine, microbiology and industry.","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74821428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000168
Martnez Lo, G. Je, Ríos La
We present a scheme for conversion of pulsed light from 1.06 to 2.1 μm using a periodically poled ferroelectric crystal within a resonant cavity in which Optical Parametric Generation (OPG) nonlinear optical process occur when pumped with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. This device emits 9 ns pulses of over 300 μJ and is a viable source for use with PhS-OCT system for generation of shear waves in a soft medium.
{"title":"Generation of Shear Waves in a Soft Medium Using an OPO that Emits 2.1 μm Wavelength as Light Source","authors":"Martnez Lo, G. Je, Ríos La","doi":"10.4172/2469-410X.1000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-410X.1000168","url":null,"abstract":"We present a scheme for conversion of pulsed light from 1.06 to 2.1 μm using a periodically poled ferroelectric crystal within a resonant cavity in which Optical Parametric Generation (OPG) nonlinear optical process occur when pumped with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. This device emits 9 ns pulses of over 300 μJ and is a viable source for use with PhS-OCT system for generation of shear waves in a soft medium.","PeriodicalId":92245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lasers, optics & photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86884287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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