Pub Date : 2016-10-20DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2016.3.00115
Kugili Sathanantham Muhammad Junaid Sultan, P. Lumley
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes a Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) as ‘an infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other health care facility in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission’ [1]. Current statistics estimate that the financial repercussions of nosocomial infections amounts to around one billion per annum [2]. HAIs cause considerable morbidity and mortality. A prevalence study conducted by WHO demonstrates that infectious complications seen in hospital are predominantly established in intensive care units and acute surgical wards [1].
{"title":"Design of Hand Held Doppler: A Potential Source of Contami-nation!!","authors":"Kugili Sathanantham Muhammad Junaid Sultan, P. Lumley","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2016.3.00115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2016.3.00115","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization (WHO) describes a Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) as ‘an infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other health care facility in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission’ [1]. Current statistics estimate that the financial repercussions of nosocomial infections amounts to around one billion per annum [2]. HAIs cause considerable morbidity and mortality. A prevalence study conducted by WHO demonstrates that infectious complications seen in hospital are predominantly established in intensive care units and acute surgical wards [1].","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-20DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00115
Muhammad Muhammad
{"title":"Design of Hand Held Doppler: A Potential Source of Contami-nation!!","authors":"Muhammad Muhammad","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-14DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00113
Oluyege Adekemi Olubukunola, Oloruntuyi, Adedayo Blessing, D. Moses, E. Olawale, B. Adekunle
The increase in the rate of carrier of typhoid fever is on the increase in the recent time and this present a serious threat to the public health. Students in most cases are living in densely populated hostels with poor sanitary conditions. This coupled with poor hygienic practices constitute pre-disposing factors. This study investigates the carriage rate and antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella among students in a tertiary institution who had suffered gastroenteritis and typhoid fever within one year of infection. Seventy four (74) stool samples were obtained from students in the university. Isolates were identified using standard methods, subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method. The incidence of the infection was found to be highest among participants of 20 - 24 years age group. Fifty-one (51) faecal samples were positive for enteric pathogens. Six (11.76%) Salmonella species were isolated from stool culture and all were Salmonella paratyphi B serotype. All the Salmonella paratyphi B showed hundred percent (100%) resistance to Ceftazidime, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin clavulanic acid and Cefuroxime but were susceptible to Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. High carriage of Salmonella observed from this study calls for proactive action since most of the isolates were resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotic drugs.
{"title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility and Carriage Rate of Salmonella Serotypes among Healthy Individuals with History of Salmonella Infection within One Year in a University Community in Nigeria","authors":"Oluyege Adekemi Olubukunola, Oloruntuyi, Adedayo Blessing, D. Moses, E. Olawale, B. Adekunle","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00113","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in the rate of carrier of typhoid fever is on the increase in the recent time and this present a serious threat to the public health. Students in most cases are living in densely populated hostels with poor sanitary conditions. This coupled with poor hygienic practices constitute pre-disposing factors. This study investigates the carriage rate and antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella among students in a tertiary institution who had suffered gastroenteritis and typhoid fever within one year of infection. Seventy four (74) stool samples were obtained from students in the university. Isolates were identified using standard methods, subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method. The incidence of the infection was found to be highest among participants of 20 - 24 years age group. Fifty-one (51) faecal samples were positive for enteric pathogens. Six (11.76%) Salmonella species were isolated from stool culture and all were Salmonella paratyphi B serotype. All the Salmonella paratyphi B showed hundred percent (100%) resistance to Ceftazidime, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin clavulanic acid and Cefuroxime but were susceptible to Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. High carriage of Salmonella observed from this study calls for proactive action since most of the isolates were resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotic drugs.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-19DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00112
Vurayai Ruhanya, ry Kabego, J. Gichana
It is generally accepted by municipalities and public health authorities that monitoring microbial water quality is performed by enumerating faecal coliforms. These bacterial indicators of faecal contamination are used because of the assumption that they have the same behaviour in the water as enteric pathogens, which is not true with regards to viruses. Therefore, there is need for a supplementary viral indicator or to directly detect viruses from water. Detection of viruses in water is complicated because of occurrence of viruses in low numbers. There is need for concentration of the viruses from large volumes water to aliquots that can be used in PCR or cell culture. We present the adsorption-elution techniques for the recovery and concentration of enteric viruses from water and subsequent detection by quantitative real time RT-PCR/PCR.
{"title":"Adsorption-Elution Techniques and Molecular Detection of Enteric Viruses from Water","authors":"Vurayai Ruhanya, ry Kabego, J. Gichana","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00112","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally accepted by municipalities and public health authorities that monitoring microbial water quality is performed by enumerating faecal coliforms. These bacterial indicators of faecal contamination are used because of the assumption that they have the same behaviour in the water as enteric pathogens, which is not true with regards to viruses. Therefore, there is need for a supplementary viral indicator or to directly detect viruses from water. Detection of viruses in water is complicated because of occurrence of viruses in low numbers. There is need for concentration of the viruses from large volumes water to aliquots that can be used in PCR or cell culture. We present the adsorption-elution techniques for the recovery and concentration of enteric viruses from water and subsequent detection by quantitative real time RT-PCR/PCR.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-14DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00111
S. Gupte, Ravikant, eep kaur
Molecular epidemiology is progressively a vast area of research and now molecular biology techniques have become increasingly integrated into the practice of infectious disease epidemiology. By definition molecular epidemiology is molecular strain-typing or we can say fingerprinting techniques regardless any epidemiologic application. Molecular is basically the use of the techniques of molecular biology and the epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease occurrence in human populations. The benefits and challenges of applying these techniques to disease and their affected host is the core which gets served by molecular epidemiologist.
{"title":"Role of Molecular Epidemiology in Infectious Disease Surveillance","authors":"S. Gupte, Ravikant, eep kaur","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00111","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular epidemiology is progressively a vast area of research and now molecular biology techniques have become increasingly integrated into the practice of infectious disease epidemiology. By definition molecular epidemiology is molecular strain-typing or we can say fingerprinting techniques regardless any epidemiologic application. Molecular is basically the use of the techniques of molecular biology and the epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease occurrence in human populations. The benefits and challenges of applying these techniques to disease and their affected host is the core which gets served by molecular epidemiologist.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-07DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00110
M. Atif, M. Imran, Z. Qamar, Muhammad Usama Javaid, Muhammad Irfan, Aqsa Ahmed, M. Shahzad, Hakeem Jan, A. Sarwar, Z. Fatima, A. Waqar
Dengue virus is an arbovirus belonging to family flaviviridae causes dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Dengue virus circulates in most tropical and subtropical regions or the world with 50–100 million human cases annually. Dengue viruses have four known serotypes designated as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, with each serotype can cause full spectrum of sign and symptoms associated with DF and DHF. Despite the threat of the dengue virus studies of nucleotide divergence among the different serotypes has largely been limited to a single gene. This lack of basic knowledge of viral diversity severely limits vaccine and anti-viral therapy development efforts. Previously core and pre membrane genes of Dengue have been used for phylogenetic analysis. We used NS3 gene of dengue virus, which is a conserved region of the dengue virus 2 to study the phylogeny of dengue among Philippine, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan, China, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Phylogenetic Analysis revealed that serotypes of Singapore, Sri Lanka, China, USA and Taiwan are likely ancestors. Serotypes of Thailand occupy an intermediate position and serotypes of Japan, Philippine and Vietnam are descendant from serotypes of Thailand.
{"title":"Phylogeny of Dengue Virus 2 based upon the NS3 Gene among USA, Thailand, Singapore, Japan and Philippine","authors":"M. Atif, M. Imran, Z. Qamar, Muhammad Usama Javaid, Muhammad Irfan, Aqsa Ahmed, M. Shahzad, Hakeem Jan, A. Sarwar, Z. Fatima, A. Waqar","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00110","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue virus is an arbovirus belonging to family flaviviridae causes dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Dengue virus circulates in most tropical and subtropical regions or the world with 50–100 million human cases annually. Dengue viruses have four known serotypes designated as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, with each serotype can cause full spectrum of sign and symptoms associated with DF and DHF. Despite the threat of the dengue virus studies of nucleotide divergence among the different serotypes has largely been limited to a single gene. This lack of basic knowledge of viral diversity severely limits vaccine and anti-viral therapy development efforts. Previously core and pre membrane genes of Dengue have been used for phylogenetic analysis. We used NS3 gene of dengue virus, which is a conserved region of the dengue virus 2 to study the phylogeny of dengue among Philippine, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan, China, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Phylogenetic Analysis revealed that serotypes of Singapore, Sri Lanka, China, USA and Taiwan are likely ancestors. Serotypes of Thailand occupy an intermediate position and serotypes of Japan, Philippine and Vietnam are descendant from serotypes of Thailand.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-31DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00109
B. Sharma, Shweta Singh
The infection of a healthy person with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a serious public health threat around the world. In the United States, approximately 80,000 (6 percent) of known cases of HIV are 50 years of age and older and about 11 percent of all US cases of AIDS are in this age group. AIDS has been identified as the 15th leading cause of death in those over 65 years of age in the United States similar to other developed countries of the world. UNAIDS and WHO have estimated that out of the 40 million people living with HIV/AIDS in the world, approximately 2.8 million were 50 years and older. As treated HIV-infected patients live longer and the number of new HIV diagnoses in older patients rise, clinicians need to be aware of these trends and become familiar with the management of HIV infection in the older patients. Long-term treated HIV infected patients remain at higher than expected risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and other diseases along with a number of complications typically associated with aging. However, additional research is needed to generate deeper insights regarding mutual impacts of HIV infection and aging in order to develop and implement effective prevention measures for safe antiretroviral therapy in the older HIV-infected patient. No guidelines are available as on date to specifically address the needs of the elderly HIV-infected patient. This article illustrates the recent updates on current global scenario of HIV-AIDS, aging, complications due to HIV infection and application of antiretroviral treatment (ART), aging and medical management strategies which might be useful for health care agencies and policy makers involved in addressing such issues associated to the older HIV-infected patients.
{"title":"HIV-AIDS and Aging: Challenges and Management","authors":"B. Sharma, Shweta Singh","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00109","url":null,"abstract":"The infection of a healthy person with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a serious public health threat around the world. In the United States, approximately 80,000 (6 percent) of known cases of HIV are 50 years of age and older and about 11 percent of all US cases of AIDS are in this age group. AIDS has been identified as the 15th leading cause of death in those over 65 years of age in the United States similar to other developed countries of the world. UNAIDS and WHO have estimated that out of the 40 million people living with HIV/AIDS in the world, approximately 2.8 million were 50 years and older. As treated HIV-infected patients live longer and the number of new HIV diagnoses in older patients rise, clinicians need to be aware of these trends and become familiar with the management of HIV infection in the older patients. Long-term treated HIV infected patients remain at higher than expected risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and other diseases along with a number of complications typically associated with aging. However, additional research is needed to generate deeper insights regarding mutual impacts of HIV infection and aging in order to develop and implement effective prevention measures for safe antiretroviral therapy in the older HIV-infected patient. No guidelines are available as on date to specifically address the needs of the elderly HIV-infected patient. This article illustrates the recent updates on current global scenario of HIV-AIDS, aging, complications due to HIV infection and application of antiretroviral treatment (ART), aging and medical management strategies which might be useful for health care agencies and policy makers involved in addressing such issues associated to the older HIV-infected patients.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-25DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00107
Ravikant, S. Gupte, eep kaur
Molecular methods for the detection and characterization of microorganisms have transformed diagnostic microbiology. Detection of microorganisms was previously laborious and time taking by conventional microbiological methods but now more rapid detection by molecular methods is possible for pathogens of public health importance. Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and their characterization by genotyping is also feasible. Detection of viral resistance gene and testing of viral load for the monitoring of antiviral therapies are possible because of molecular technique and automation of molecular microbiology. This review will focus on basic molecular techniques and the clinical utility of these molecular methods in the management of infectious diseases.
{"title":"Clinical Relevance of Molecular Microbiology","authors":"Ravikant, S. Gupte, eep kaur","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00107","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular methods for the detection and characterization of microorganisms have transformed diagnostic microbiology. Detection of microorganisms was previously laborious and time taking by conventional microbiological methods but now more rapid detection by molecular methods is possible for pathogens of public health importance. Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and their characterization by genotyping is also feasible. Detection of viral resistance gene and testing of viral load for the monitoring of antiviral therapies are possible because of molecular technique and automation of molecular microbiology. This review will focus on basic molecular techniques and the clinical utility of these molecular methods in the management of infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-25DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00108
eep kaur, S. Gupte, Tanveer Kaur
Zika, a flavivirus transmitted mainly by mosquitoes in the genus Aedes, was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. From the 1960s to 1980s, human infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness. The first reported large outbreak occurred in 2007 on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia.The second and largest ZIKV outbreak occurred in French Polynesia in 2013/2014.The symptoms of Zika virus infection may last up to one week and include a maculopapular rash, fever, joint and muscle pain, and conjunctivitis. Previous outbreaks in the Pacific Islands and the current outbreak have revealed a potential association with neurologic illnesses such as Guillain-Barre syndrome.The diagnosis of Zika virus infection is based on results of serum polymerase chain reaction or serologic testing. Acetaminophen can be used to relieve the fever and pain associated with infection.
{"title":"Emergence of Zika Virus Infection","authors":"eep kaur, S. Gupte, Tanveer Kaur","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00108","url":null,"abstract":"Zika, a flavivirus transmitted mainly by mosquitoes in the genus Aedes, was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. From the 1960s to 1980s, human infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness. The first reported large outbreak occurred in 2007 on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia.The second and largest ZIKV outbreak occurred in French Polynesia in 2013/2014.The symptoms of Zika virus infection may last up to one week and include a maculopapular rash, fever, joint and muscle pain, and conjunctivitis. Previous outbreaks in the Pacific Islands and the current outbreak have revealed a potential association with neurologic illnesses such as Guillain-Barre syndrome.The diagnosis of Zika virus infection is based on results of serum polymerase chain reaction or serologic testing. Acetaminophen can be used to relieve the fever and pain associated with infection.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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