Building and Environment最新文献_第7页

AI-driven morphological optimization for resilient retrofitting of mediterranean housing stock under compounded urban heat island and heatwave effects 城市热岛和热浪复合效应下地中海住宅存量弹性改造的人工智能驱动形态优化

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114266

Alireza Karimi, David Moreno-Rangel, Antonio García-Martínez

The compounded effects of urban heatwaves (HW) and the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon threaten the thermal resilience of Mediterranean residential buildings; yet, few studies evaluate building performance under localized future climate conditions. This study addresses this gap by combining high-resolution climate projections (EUROCORDEX) with UHI adjustments to generate localized weather files for Madrid across historical (2006–2020), mid-term (2040–2060), and long-term (2080–2100) periods under RCP8.5. Twenty residential building archetypes were simulated in EnergyPlus to evaluate energy use intensity (EUI) and operational carbon intensity (OCI) during peak thermal stress events.

Key findings show that mean air temperature during HW events may increase by ∼3.5 °C by 2100, potentially doubling cooling energy demand. The results identify a significant "resilience gap": compact, well-oriented buildings achieved up to 27% lower EUI compared to less resilient typologies under identical code-compliant upgrades. Geometry-optimized designs identified via machine learning and genetic algorithms reduced EUI by up to 18% and OCI by up to 22% relative to baseline designs. Notably, up to 45% of today’s retrofitted buildings are projected to fail compliance with future CTE cooling limits, highlighting a critical need for regulatory reform.

This study demonstrates the combined value of localized climate data and generative AI to inform "form-first" resilience strategies. We propose a three-tier reform for building codes, incorporating morphological resilience coefficients and AI-assisted compliance probes to ensure Mediterranean housing remains habitable and sustainable under 21st-century climatic extremes.

城市热浪（HW）和城市热岛（UHI）现象的复合效应威胁着地中海住宅的热恢复能力；然而，很少有研究评估建筑在局部未来气候条件下的性能。本研究通过将高分辨率气候预测（EUROCORDEX）与热岛热岛调整相结合，在RCP8.5下生成马德里历史（2006-2020年）、中期（2040-2060年）和长期（2080-2100年）的局部天气文件，解决了这一差距。在EnergyPlus中模拟了20个住宅建筑原型，以评估峰值热应力事件时的能源使用强度（EUI）和运行碳强度（OCI）。主要研究结果表明，到2100年，高通量事件期间的平均气温可能增加~ 3.5℃，可能使冷却能源需求增加一倍。结果发现了一个显著的“弹性差距”：紧凑型、面向良好的建筑在相同的符合规范的升级下，与弹性较小的类型相比，EUI降低了27%。与基线设计相比，通过机器学习和遗传算法确定的几何优化设计将EUI和OCI分别降低了18%和22%。值得注意的是，目前高达45%的改造建筑预计不符合未来的CTE冷却限制，这凸显了监管改革的迫切需要。本研究展示了局部气候数据和生成式人工智能在为“形式优先”的复原力战略提供信息方面的综合价值。我们建议对建筑规范进行三层改革，结合形态弹性系数和人工智能辅助的合规调查，以确保地中海地区的住房在21世纪极端气候条件下仍然适合居住和可持续发展。

{"title":"AI-driven morphological optimization for resilient retrofitting of mediterranean housing stock under compounded urban heat island and heatwave effects","authors":"Alireza Karimi, David Moreno-Rangel, Antonio García-Martínez","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The compounded effects of urban heatwaves (HW) and the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon threaten the thermal resilience of Mediterranean residential buildings; yet, few studies evaluate building performance under localized future climate conditions. This study addresses this gap by combining high-resolution climate projections (EURO<img>CORDEX) with UHI adjustments to generate localized weather files for Madrid across historical (2006–2020), mid-term (2040–2060), and long-term (2080–2100) periods under RCP8.5. Twenty residential building archetypes were simulated in EnergyPlus to evaluate energy use intensity (EUI) and operational carbon intensity (OCI) during peak thermal stress events.</div><div>Key findings show that mean air temperature during HW events may increase by ∼3.5 °C by 2100, potentially doubling cooling energy demand. The results identify a significant \"resilience gap\": compact, well-oriented buildings achieved up to 27% lower EUI compared to less resilient typologies under identical code-compliant upgrades. Geometry-optimized designs identified via machine learning and genetic algorithms reduced EUI by up to 18% and OCI by up to 22% relative to baseline designs. Notably, up to 45% of today’s retrofitted buildings are projected to fail compliance with future CTE cooling limits, highlighting a critical need for regulatory reform.</div><div>This study demonstrates the combined value of localized climate data and generative AI to inform \"form-first\" resilience strategies. We propose a three-tier reform for building codes, incorporating morphological resilience coefficients and AI-assisted compliance probes to ensure Mediterranean housing remains habitable and sustainable under 21st-century climatic extremes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114266"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of urban block morphology on seasonal solar irradiation in high-density urban canyons 高密度城市峡谷中城市街区形态对季节性太阳辐照的影响

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114221

Jingjin Li, Zijun He, Jiajie Lu, Yuxiao Wang

As essential public realms, street canyons play a critical role in shaping both pedestrian thermal comfort and the potential for solar energy utilization. In high-density urban settings, however, maintaining adequate solar access is increasingly constrained by intensive surrounding development. This study investigates the city of Wuxi, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, to explore how urban morphology influences seasonal solar radiation distribution. A ∼10 km² representative area was selected, encompassing three prototypical block typologies—setback towers, courtyard blocks, and linear blocks—each reflecting distinct development intensities. Parametric solar radiation simulations were performed using Grasshopper and Radiance to assess solar exposure on vehicular lanes and pedestrian sidewalks across different seasonal periods. Random Forest regression and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis were employed to identify key morphological determinants of street-level solar access. The findings reveal that streets within courtyard block typologies receive 25.3%–26.3% less cumulative solar radiation compared to the other forms under equivalent conditions. Sidewalks consistently receive 4.2%–7.5% less radiation than adjacent carriageways. A strong negative correlation (R² ≈ 0.63) was observed between overall building intensity and street-level solar exposure, while single-variable metrics (e.g., building coverage ratio, height) showed limited predictive value. These insights offer a quantitative foundation for early-stage urban design decisions, enabling planners to optimize block typologies for enhanced solar performance in dense urban contexts.

作为必不可少的公共领域，街道峡谷在塑造行人热舒适和太阳能利用潜力方面发挥着关键作用。然而，在高密度的城市环境中，保持充足的太阳能供应越来越受到周围密集发展的限制。本研究以夏热冬冷的无锡市为研究对象，探讨城市形态对季节太阳辐射分布的影响。选择了一个10平方公里的代表性区域，包括三种典型的街区类型-挫折塔，庭院街区和线性街区-每一个都反映了不同的开发强度。利用Grasshopper和Radiance软件进行参数化太阳辐射模拟，评估不同季节车辆车道和人行道上的太阳辐射。采用随机森林回归和SHapley加性解释（SHapley Additive explanation）分析来确定街道太阳能接入的关键形态决定因素。研究结果表明，在同等条件下，庭院街区类型内的街道比其他形式的街道接收的累积太阳辐射少25.3%-26.3%。人行道受到的辐射始终比相邻的行车道少4.2%-7.5%。总体建筑强度与街道日照强度呈显著负相关（R²≈0.63），而单变量指标（如建筑覆盖率、高度）的预测价值有限。这些见解为早期城市设计决策提供了定量基础，使规划者能够优化街区类型，以增强密集城市环境中的太阳能性能。

{"title":"Impact of urban block morphology on seasonal solar irradiation in high-density urban canyons","authors":"Jingjin Li, Zijun He, Jiajie Lu, Yuxiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As essential public realms, street canyons play a critical role in shaping both pedestrian thermal comfort and the potential for solar energy utilization. In high-density urban settings, however, maintaining adequate solar access is increasingly constrained by intensive surrounding development. This study investigates the city of Wuxi, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, to explore how urban morphology influences seasonal solar radiation distribution. A ∼10 km² representative area was selected, encompassing three prototypical block typologies—setback towers, courtyard blocks, and linear blocks—each reflecting distinct development intensities. Parametric solar radiation simulations were performed using Grasshopper and Radiance to assess solar exposure on vehicular lanes and pedestrian sidewalks across different seasonal periods. Random Forest regression and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis were employed to identify key morphological determinants of street-level solar access. The findings reveal that streets within courtyard block typologies receive 25.3%–26.3% less cumulative solar radiation compared to the other forms under equivalent conditions. Sidewalks consistently receive 4.2%–7.5% less radiation than adjacent carriageways. A strong negative correlation (R² ≈ 0.63) was observed between overall building intensity and street-level solar exposure, while single-variable metrics (e.g., building coverage ratio, height) showed limited predictive value. These insights offer a quantitative foundation for early-stage urban design decisions, enabling planners to optimize block typologies for enhanced solar performance in dense urban contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114221"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-energy complementary optimization for low-carbon public buildings with thermal comfort and time-of-use electricity constraints: life-cycle cost-benefit and global sensitivity analysis 具有热舒适和用电时间约束的低碳公共建筑多能互补优化：全生命周期成本效益和全局敏感性分析

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114222

Ya Sun , Yu-Jie Hu , Yao Tao , Bao-Jun Tang

In trying to solve the surge in carbon emissions (CO₂) caused by the growth in energy demand in Chinese public buildings (PB), scholars have focused on PB’s low-carbon development. However, existing research has mainly focused on the low-carbon benefits of buildings, with further investigation needed into user comfort and electricity pricing considerations. Therefore, this study develops a multi‑energy optimization framework to support low‑carbon transitions of Chinese PB while ensuring occupant thermal comfort and accounting for time‑of‑use (TOU) electricity pricing. Firstly, this study employs SketchUp and EnergyPlus to simulate the initial Energy Consumption (EC). Secondly, it develops four scenarios. Scenario 1 focuses solely on photovoltaic (PV) systems. Scenario 2 incorporates Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) as well as photovoltaics. Scenario 3 builds on Scenario 2 by improving the energy efficiency of the building envelope. Scenario 4 builds on Scenario 3 by incorporating TOU pricing. We then develop a multi-energy life-cycle cost-benefit (LCB) optimization model that includes carbon emission (ECO₂) reduction, which is solved using NSGA-II. Moreover, user behaviors are explicitly modelled and thermal comfort is quantified by Predicted Mean Vote and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied indicators metrics to capture dynamic interactions among thermal comfort, EC and Electricity Price (EP). Results indicate Scenario 1 attains the lowest LCB, whereas Scenario 2 reduces ECO₂ by about 60.06% at a 53.25% higher LCB relative to Scenario 1, highlighting trade‑offs between cost and decarbonization. Scenario 4 is preferred by low‑carbon‑oriented stakeholders; cost‑sensitive users favor Scenario 1; balanced objectives point to Scenario 2. Under TOU, Scenario 4 moderates peak EC growth (7.83% at 10:00–12:00 vs. max 16.14% at 02:00–04:00). Global sensitivity analysis shows electricity price, peak sunlight hours and investment cost dominate system outcomes (sensitivity indices > 0.98). The findings provide practical guidance for prioritizing PV and GSHP deployment, envelope retrofits and TOU design to achieve comfort‑compliant, cost‑effective decarbonization of PB.

为了解决中国公共建筑因能源需求增长而导致的二氧化碳排放量激增的问题，学者们将重点放在了公共建筑的低碳发展上。然而，现有的研究主要集中在建筑的低碳效益上，需要进一步研究用户舒适度和电价考虑。因此，本研究开发了一个多能优化框架，以支持中国PB的低碳转型，同时确保乘员热舒适并考虑使用时间（TOU）电价。首先，本研究使用SketchUp和EnergyPlus模拟初始能耗（EC）。其次，开发了四种场景。场景1只关注光伏（PV）系统。方案2结合了地源热泵（GSHP）和光伏。方案3以方案2为基础，通过提高建筑围护结构的能源效率。通过合并TOU定价，场景4建立在场景3的基础上。然后，我们建立了包括碳排放（ECO2）减少在内的多能源生命周期成本效益（LCB）优化模型，并使用NSGA-II进行求解。此外，对用户行为进行了明确的建模，并通过预测平均投票和预测不满意百分比指标来量化热舒适，以捕捉热舒适、EC和电价（EP）之间的动态相互作用。结果表明，情景1的LCB最低，而情景2的LCB比情景1高53.25%，减少了约60.06%的ECO2，突出了成本和脱碳之间的权衡。低碳导向的利益相关者更倾向于情景4；对成本敏感的用户青睐场景1；平衡目标指向场景2。在分时电价下，情景4缓和了EC的峰值增长（10:00-12:00为7.83%，02:00-04:00为16.14%）。全局敏感性分析显示，电价、峰值日照时数和投资成本主导系统结果（敏感性指数>； 0.98）。研究结果为优先考虑PV和GSHP的部署、围护结构改造和TOU设计提供了实用指导，以实现符合舒适性和成本效益的PB脱碳。

{"title":"Multi-energy complementary optimization for low-carbon public buildings with thermal comfort and time-of-use electricity constraints: life-cycle cost-benefit and global sensitivity analysis","authors":"Ya Sun , Yu-Jie Hu , Yao Tao , Bao-Jun Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In trying to solve the surge in carbon emissions (CO₂) caused by the growth in energy demand in Chinese public buildings (PB), scholars have focused on PB’s low-carbon development. However, existing research has mainly focused on the low-carbon benefits of buildings, with further investigation needed into user comfort and electricity pricing considerations. Therefore, this study develops a multi‑energy optimization framework to support low‑carbon transitions of Chinese PB while ensuring occupant thermal comfort and accounting for time‑of‑use (TOU) electricity pricing. Firstly, this study employs SketchUp and EnergyPlus to simulate the initial Energy Consumption (EC). Secondly, it develops four scenarios. Scenario 1 focuses solely on photovoltaic (PV) systems. Scenario 2 incorporates Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) as well as photovoltaics. Scenario 3 builds on Scenario 2 by improving the energy efficiency of the building envelope. Scenario 4 builds on Scenario 3 by incorporating TOU pricing. We then develop a multi-energy life-cycle cost-benefit (LCB) optimization model that includes carbon emission (ECO<sub>2</sub>) reduction, which is solved using NSGA-II. Moreover, user behaviors are explicitly modelled and thermal comfort is quantified by Predicted Mean Vote and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied indicators metrics to capture dynamic interactions among thermal comfort, EC and Electricity Price (EP). Results indicate Scenario 1 attains the lowest LCB, whereas Scenario 2 reduces ECO<sub>2</sub> by about 60.06% at a 53.25% higher LCB relative to Scenario 1, highlighting trade‑offs between cost and decarbonization. Scenario 4 is preferred by low‑carbon‑oriented stakeholders; cost‑sensitive users favor Scenario 1; balanced objectives point to Scenario 2. Under TOU, Scenario 4 moderates peak EC growth (7.83% at 10:00–12:00 vs. max 16.14% at 02:00–04:00). Global sensitivity analysis shows electricity price, peak sunlight hours and investment cost dominate system outcomes (sensitivity indices > 0.98). The findings provide practical guidance for prioritizing PV and GSHP deployment, envelope retrofits and TOU design to achieve comfort‑compliant, cost‑effective decarbonization of PB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114222"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CFD investigation of indoor airflow and heat removal during night cooling with ceiling and attic ventilation in a residential building 某住宅楼天花板和阁楼夜间制冷时室内气流和排热的CFD研究

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114159

Mutmainnah Sudirman , Twan van Hooff , Stefanie Gillmeier , Bert Blocken

This paper investigates the cooling potential of a perforated ceiling as part of a night-time ventilation technique for residential buildings in tropical climates. 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics simulations were carried out under non-isothermal conditions (wind and buoyancy-driven ventilation) for an isolated realistic single-story residential building with internal partitions and a pitched roof. Three different building ventilation configurations were assessed, i.e. cross-ventilation through window openings on the windward and leeward walls (C1), configuration C1 but with a perforated ceiling and attic ventilation (C2), single-sided ventilation through the windward window opening combined with a perforated ceiling and attic ventilation (C3). The results show that C2 performs better than C1 and C3, as it allows the most efficient heat removal from the occupied zone, resulting in a reduction of the volume-average mean air temperature within the rooms. Configuration C2 resulted in a 98% higher heat removal effectiveness (HRE) and a 20% higher air exchange rate (ACH) than the reference case (C1). Decreasing the porosity of the perforated ceiling for C2, from φ = 40% to φ = 33%, resulted in a reduction of HRE and ACH of 32% and 7%, respectively. Furthermore, different approach-flow angles (i.e. α = -60°; α = -30°; α = 0°; α = 30°; α = 60°) did not significantly affect HRE and ACH within the unpartitioned side of the building (Room 1 (R1)), while a substantial effect was found for the partitioned side (R2/R3). Overall, C2 outperforms C1 and C3 with respect to heat removal.

本文研究了穿孔天花板作为热带气候下住宅建筑夜间通风技术的一部分的冷却潜力。在非等温条件下（风和浮力驱动的通风），对具有内部隔墙和斜屋顶的孤立真实单层住宅建筑进行了三维稳态reynolds -average Navier-Stokes计算流体动力学模拟。评估了三种不同的建筑通风配置，即通过迎风和背风墙壁上的窗户开口进行交叉通风（C1），配置C1但带有穿孔天花板和阁楼通风（C2），通过迎风窗户开口结合穿孔天花板和阁楼通风进行单面通风（C3）。结果表明，C2的性能优于C1和C3，因为它可以最有效地从占用区域排出热量，从而减少房间内的平均空气温度。与参考情况（C1）相比，配置C2的散热效率（HRE）提高了98%，空气交换率（ACH）提高了20%。将C2的孔顶孔隙率从φ = 40%降低到φ = 33%，可使HRE和ACH分别降低32%和7%。此外，不同的进流角（α = -60°，α = -30°，α = 0°，α = 30°，α = 60°）对建筑物未分隔的一侧（1号房间（R1））的HRE和ACH没有显著影响，而对分隔的一侧（R2/R3）有显著影响。总体而言，C2在散热方面优于C1和C3。

{"title":"CFD investigation of indoor airflow and heat removal during night cooling with ceiling and attic ventilation in a residential building","authors":"Mutmainnah Sudirman , Twan van Hooff , Stefanie Gillmeier , Bert Blocken","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the cooling potential of a perforated ceiling as part of a night-time ventilation technique for residential buildings in tropical climates. 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics simulations were carried out under non-isothermal conditions (wind and buoyancy-driven ventilation) for an isolated realistic single-story residential building with internal partitions and a pitched roof. Three different building ventilation configurations were assessed, i.e. cross-ventilation through window openings on the windward and leeward walls (C1), configuration C1 but with a perforated ceiling and attic ventilation (C2), single-sided ventilation through the windward window opening combined with a perforated ceiling and attic ventilation (C3). The results show that C2 performs better than C1 and C3, as it allows the most efficient heat removal from the occupied zone, resulting in a reduction of the volume-average mean air temperature within the rooms. Configuration C2 resulted in a 98% higher heat removal effectiveness (HRE) and a 20% higher air exchange rate (ACH) than the reference case (C1). Decreasing the porosity of the perforated ceiling for C2, from <em>φ</em> = 40% to <em>φ</em> = 33%, resulted in a reduction of HRE and ACH of 32% and 7%, respectively. Furthermore, different approach-flow angles (i.e. α = -60°; α = -30°; α = 0°; α = 30°; α = 60°) did not significantly affect HRE and ACH within the unpartitioned side of the building (Room 1 (R1)), while a substantial effect was found for the partitioned side (R2/R3). Overall, C2 outperforms C1 and C3 with respect to heat removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114159"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seasonal and architectural drivers of microbial and potential pathogen communities in dormitories 宿舍中微生物和潜在病原体群落的季节和建筑驱动因素

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114257

Junming Ye , Hafiz Adeel Ahmad , Zhengyu Chen , Dehong Chen , Yiqi Tao , Jiang Wu , Lei Su , Bo Yang , Tang Liu

The indoor microbiome significantly influences resident health, particularly in densely populated environments like student dormitories. These settings are influenced by both architectural design and seasonal variations, both of which subsequently affect the dynamics of microbial communities and the occurrence of potential pathogens. However, little is known about how architectural features influence dormitory microorganisms across different seasons in hot-humid climates. In this study, 96 samples were collected from dormitories in Shenzhen with varying architectural characteristics across both dry and wet seasons. 16S rRNA sequencing identified 14,156 high-quality amplicon sequence variants. Dormitories, incorporating commercial shops on the first floor, enhanced human activity and external microbial input, exhibited higher Shannon diversity and richness. Conversely, reduced openness and living spaces were correlated with a higher abundance of potential pathogens. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling indicated microbial dynamics were jointly driven by seasons and architecture, with Procrustes analysis showing strong congruence between pathogenic and total microbial communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that design factors and seasonal changes jointly regulated potential pathogenic abundance. During the dry season, dormitory openness (DO) and sunshade construction length mainly affected the pathogen via illuminance. In the wet season, DO and per capita living area significantly impacted pathogens by affecting relative humidity. Null and neutral models showed stochastic processes dominated microbial assembly, especially among pathogens. Modularity analyses revealed stronger clustering within pathogenic bacteria promoting persistence and spread. Pathogen variation was greater across architectural features than between seasons. Overall, architectural design critically shaped indoor microbiomes and potential health risks, underscoring its role in developing healthier building strategies.

室内微生物组显著影响居民健康，特别是在学生宿舍等人口密集的环境中。这些环境受到建筑设计和季节变化的影响，这两者随后都会影响微生物群落的动态和潜在病原体的发生。然而，在湿热气候下，建筑特征对宿舍微生物在不同季节的影响却知之甚少。在本研究中，从深圳的宿舍中收集了96个样本，这些样本在干湿季节具有不同的建筑特征。16S rRNA测序鉴定出14156个高质量扩增子序列变体。宿舍楼一楼设有商业商店，人类活动和外部微生物输入增强，Shannon多样性和丰富度更高。相反，减少开放和生活空间与潜在病原体的高丰度相关。非度量多维尺度表明，季节和建筑共同驱动微生物动态，Procrustes分析显示病原微生物群落和总微生物群落之间具有很强的一致性。结构方程模型表明，设计因素和季节变化共同调控潜在致病性丰度。在旱季，宿舍开放度和遮阳结构长度主要通过照度影响病原菌。在雨季，DO和人均居住面积通过影响相对湿度显著影响病原菌。零和中性模型显示随机过程主导微生物组装，特别是在病原体中。模块化分析显示，病原菌内部的聚类更强，促进了持久性和传播。病原菌在不同建筑特征间的变异大于季节间的变异。总体而言，建筑设计至关重要地塑造了室内微生物群和潜在的健康风险，强调了其在制定更健康的建筑策略中的作用。

{"title":"Seasonal and architectural drivers of microbial and potential pathogen communities in dormitories","authors":"Junming Ye , Hafiz Adeel Ahmad , Zhengyu Chen , Dehong Chen , Yiqi Tao , Jiang Wu , Lei Su , Bo Yang , Tang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The indoor microbiome significantly influences resident health, particularly in densely populated environments like student dormitories. These settings are influenced by both architectural design and seasonal variations, both of which subsequently affect the dynamics of microbial communities and the occurrence of potential pathogens. However, little is known about how architectural features influence dormitory microorganisms across different seasons in hot-humid climates. In this study, 96 samples were collected from dormitories in Shenzhen with varying architectural characteristics across both dry and wet seasons. 16S rRNA sequencing identified 14,156 high-quality amplicon sequence variants. Dormitories, incorporating commercial shops on the first floor, enhanced human activity and external microbial input, exhibited higher Shannon diversity and richness. Conversely, reduced openness and living spaces were correlated with a higher abundance of potential pathogens. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling indicated microbial dynamics were jointly driven by seasons and architecture, with Procrustes analysis showing strong congruence between pathogenic and total microbial communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that design factors and seasonal changes jointly regulated potential pathogenic abundance. During the dry season, dormitory openness (DO) and sunshade construction length mainly affected the pathogen via illuminance. In the wet season, DO and per capita living area significantly impacted pathogens by affecting relative humidity. Null and neutral models showed stochastic processes dominated microbial assembly, especially among pathogens. Modularity analyses revealed stronger clustering within pathogenic bacteria promoting persistence and spread. Pathogen variation was greater across architectural features than between seasons. Overall, architectural design critically shaped indoor microbiomes and potential health risks, underscoring its role in developing healthier building strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114257"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mitigating near-wall contaminant exposure in industrial plants via local swirling-flow ventilation system 通过局部旋流通风系统减轻工业厂房近壁污染物暴露

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114261

Yifan An, Yonggang Lei, Baocun Du, Chongfang Song, Wuxuan Pan

Vortex-flow ventilation systems have demonstrated substantial potential for contaminant control and energy efficiency in industrial environments. However, their performance deteriorates when addressing near-wall contaminant sources, which restricts wider applications. To overcome this limitation, a novel local swirling-flow (LSF) ventilation system was developed and evaluated. The system was evaluated through a 1:50 scale model experiment and three-dimensional numerical simulations. Key geometric and operational parameters—including the rectangular cylinder (bluff body) width and offset, exhaust outlet position, and airflow rate—were systematically investigated using dimensionless analysis and orthogonal testing. The swirl strength criterion was employed to accurately identify vortex regions, ensuring reliable assessment of vortex stability and contaminant capture. Results indicate that the rectangular cylinder width, lateral offset, and exhaust outlet location are the dominant factors controlling the effective contaminant capture area (A_eff). Optimal performance is achieved with a non-dimensional cylinder offset of 0.5 and the exhaust outlet adjacent to the narrow-side supply jet. Reduced cylinder thickness enhances vortex formation and stability, while airflow rate exhibits a non-monotonic effect: moderate increases improve A_eff, whereas excessive airflow rate can destabilize the columnar swirling-flow and facilitate contminant escape. These findings not only provide practical design guidelines for near-wall contaminant control but also demonstrate the methodological and application novelty of the LSF ventilation system, extending the applicability of vortex-based ventilation in industrial workshops.

涡流通风系统在工业环境中的污染物控制和能源效率方面已经证明了巨大的潜力。然而，当处理近壁污染源时，它们的性能会下降，这限制了它们的广泛应用。为了克服这一限制，开发并评估了一种新型的局部旋流通风系统。通过1:50比例模型实验和三维数值模拟对该系统进行了评价。关键的几何和操作参数，包括矩形圆柱（钝体）的宽度和偏移量，排气口的位置，以及气流速率，系统地研究了无因次分析和正交试验。采用涡流强度准则准确识别涡流区域，保证了涡流稳定性和污染物捕获的可靠评估。结果表明，矩形柱体宽度、横向偏移量和排气口位置是控制有效污染物捕获面积（Aeff）的主要因素。最佳性能是实现无量纲圆柱偏移0.5和排气口相邻的窄侧供应射流。减小柱体厚度有利于涡流的形成和稳定，而气流速率表现出非单调效应：适度增大可改善Aeff，而过大的气流速率会破坏柱状旋流的稳定性，有利于污染物的逸出。这些发现不仅为近壁污染物控制提供了实用的设计指南，而且还展示了LSF通风系统的方法和应用新颖性，扩展了涡流通风在工业车间的适用性。

{"title":"Mitigating near-wall contaminant exposure in industrial plants via local swirling-flow ventilation system","authors":"Yifan An, Yonggang Lei, Baocun Du, Chongfang Song, Wuxuan Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vortex-flow ventilation systems have demonstrated substantial potential for contaminant control and energy efficiency in industrial environments. However, their performance deteriorates when addressing near-wall contaminant sources, which restricts wider applications. To overcome this limitation, a novel local swirling-flow (LSF) ventilation system was developed and evaluated. The system was evaluated through a 1:50 scale model experiment and three-dimensional numerical simulations. Key geometric and operational parameters—including the rectangular cylinder (bluff body) width and offset, exhaust outlet position, and airflow rate—were systematically investigated using dimensionless analysis and orthogonal testing. The swirl strength criterion was employed to accurately identify vortex regions, ensuring reliable assessment of vortex stability and contaminant capture. Results indicate that the rectangular cylinder width, lateral offset, and exhaust outlet location are the dominant factors controlling the effective contaminant capture area (<em>A</em><sub>eff</sub>). Optimal performance is achieved with a non-dimensional cylinder offset of 0.5 and the exhaust outlet adjacent to the narrow-side supply jet. Reduced cylinder thickness enhances vortex formation and stability, while airflow rate exhibits a non-monotonic effect: moderate increases improve <em>A</em><sub>eff</sub>, whereas excessive airflow rate can destabilize the columnar swirling-flow and facilitate contminant escape. These findings not only provide practical design guidelines for near-wall contaminant control but also demonstrate the methodological and application novelty of the LSF ventilation system, extending the applicability of vortex-based ventilation in industrial workshops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114261"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Uncovering biases in standard occupancy assumptions using urban-scale mobile signaling data 使用城市规模移动信号数据揭示标准占用假设中的偏差

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114161

Shuyi Chen , Yihu Zhang , Jun Xiao , Ziliang Wei , Yangyang Wang , Yixing Chen , Hao Zhou , Yang Geng , Borong Lin

Accurate representation of building occupancy is essential for energy demand estimation and urban energy system planning. However, most studies still rely on standard reference occupancy patterns from design codes, which neither reflect recent societal shifts nor capture the complexity required for urban building energy modeling (UBEM). To address these challenges, this study conducts a comprehensive investigation of building occupancy using urban-scale mobile signaling data (MSD). By integrating MSD with building attributes and behavioral knowledge, we develop a downscaling framework that generates hourly building occupancy profiles (persons/m²) and quantifies the biases in standard reference patterns. Applied to more than 200,000 buildings in Beijing, the framework reveals the actual occupancy dynamics across nine building types. The MSD-based profiles achieve 50–86 % higher accuracy than standard references, with an RMSE of 0.003–0.005 when validated against on-site counts. Results reveal substantial discrepancies in widely used standard reference occupancy patterns particularly during weekday daytime: residential occupancy is underestimated by 46–93 %, whereas non-residential occupancy is overestimated by 158–277 %. These deviations propagate into energy simulations, leading to deviations ranging from -15.1 % to +21.8 % in annual end-use consumption and -71.7 % to +36.6 % in hourly electricity use under hot weather. The occupancy biases likely stem from evolving building use patterns and the limits of building-level standards in capturing urban-scale uncertainty. This study underscores the need for updated, scenario-specific reference values to improve occupancy assumptions in both building- and urban-scale energy modeling.

建筑物占用率的准确表示对于能源需求估计和城市能源系统规划至关重要。然而，大多数研究仍然依赖于设计规范中的标准参考占用模式，这些模式既不能反映最近的社会变化，也不能反映城市建筑能源建模（UBEM）所需的复杂性。为了应对这些挑战，本研究利用城市规模的移动信号数据（MSD）对建筑物占用情况进行了全面调查。通过将MSD与建筑属性和行为知识相结合，我们开发了一个降尺度框架，该框架可以生成每小时的建筑占用概况（人/平方米），并量化标准参考模式中的偏差。该框架应用于北京20多万幢建筑，揭示了九种建筑类型的实际占用动态。基于msd的配置文件比标准参考文件的准确度高50 - 86%，当对现场计数进行验证时，RMSE为0.003-0.005。结果显示，广泛使用的标准参考入住率模式存在巨大差异，特别是在工作日白天：住宅入住率被低估了46 - 93%，而非住宅入住率被高估了158 - 277%。这些偏差传播到能源模拟中，导致年最终用电量的偏差范围为- 15.1%至+ 21.8%，炎热天气下每小时用电量的偏差范围为- 71.7%至+ 36.6%。占用偏差可能源于不断发展的建筑使用模式和建筑层面的标准在捕捉城市规模不确定性方面的局限性。本研究强调需要更新特定场景的参考值，以改进建筑和城市尺度能源模型中的占用假设。

{"title":"Uncovering biases in standard occupancy assumptions using urban-scale mobile signaling data","authors":"Shuyi Chen , Yihu Zhang , Jun Xiao , Ziliang Wei , Yangyang Wang , Yixing Chen , Hao Zhou , Yang Geng , Borong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate representation of building occupancy is essential for energy demand estimation and urban energy system planning. However, most studies still rely on standard reference occupancy patterns from design codes, which neither reflect recent societal shifts nor capture the complexity required for urban building energy modeling (UBEM). To address these challenges, this study conducts a comprehensive investigation of building occupancy using urban-scale mobile signaling data (MSD). By integrating MSD with building attributes and behavioral knowledge, we develop a downscaling framework that generates hourly building occupancy profiles (persons/m<sup>2</sup>) and quantifies the biases in standard reference patterns. Applied to more than 200,000 buildings in Beijing, the framework reveals the actual occupancy dynamics across nine building types. The MSD-based profiles achieve 50–86 % higher accuracy than standard references, with an RMSE of 0.003–0.005 when validated against on-site counts. Results reveal substantial discrepancies in widely used standard reference occupancy patterns particularly during weekday daytime: residential occupancy is underestimated by 46–93 %, whereas non-residential occupancy is overestimated by 158–277 %. These deviations propagate into energy simulations, leading to deviations ranging from -15.1 % to +21.8 % in annual end-use consumption and -71.7 % to +36.6 % in hourly electricity use under hot weather. The occupancy biases likely stem from evolving building use patterns and the limits of building-level standards in capturing urban-scale uncertainty. This study underscores the need for updated, scenario-specific reference values to improve occupancy assumptions in both building- and urban-scale energy modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114161"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decoding occupant behavior in shared spaces of open-plan offices: A multi-sensor data fusion and machine learning approach 解码开放式办公室共享空间中的乘员行为：多传感器数据融合和机器学习方法

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114281

Xinting Gao , Mufeng Yuan , Yuren Yang , Shuyang Zhang , Jiazhi Ni , Weimin Zhuang , Yang Geng

Open-plan office shared spaces are essential to employee well-being, reflecting genuine behavioral responses to environmental quality. This study proposes a data-driven approach using multi-sensor spatiotemporal data fusion for automated spatial evaluation. In a representative open-plan technology office building, ubiquitous sensing collected approximately 210 thousand positioning records and 5.6 million light–thermal environment measurements, together with structured spatial design data, from 25 breakout areas over 21 days. The data revealed distinct spatial patterns of behavior and environment, allowing shared spaces to be classified into four stay-duration types. Based on a 10-min average stay interval, univariate regression identified key factors influencing occupancy. Random forest and interpretable models further confirmed that openness, distance to workstations, temperature, illumination, and area were the most influential variables affecting space utilization. Subjective comfort assessments validated the reliability of the sensor-based results, showing a consistency coefficient of 0.81. These findings establish a multi-dimensional framework for behavioral research in the built environment and provide practical guidance for architects, facility managers, employees, and corporate administrators.

开放式办公室共享空间对员工的幸福感至关重要，反映了对环境质量的真实行为反应。本研究提出了一种数据驱动的方法，利用多传感器时空数据融合实现自动空间评估。在一个典型的开放式技术办公大楼中，在21天的时间里，无处不在的传感系统从25个休息区收集了大约21万份定位记录和560万份光热环境测量数据，以及结构化的空间设计数据。数据揭示了不同的行为和环境空间模式，将共享空间分为四种停留时间类型。基于10分钟的平均住宿间隔，单变量回归确定了影响入住率的关键因素。随机森林模型和可解释模型进一步证实，开放程度、与工作站的距离、温度、照明和面积是影响空间利用的最重要变量。主观舒适度评估验证了基于传感器的结果的可靠性，一致性系数为0.81。这些发现为建筑环境中的行为研究建立了多维框架，并为建筑师、设施管理人员、员工和企业管理人员提供了实用指导。

{"title":"Decoding occupant behavior in shared spaces of open-plan offices: A multi-sensor data fusion and machine learning approach","authors":"Xinting Gao , Mufeng Yuan , Yuren Yang , Shuyang Zhang , Jiazhi Ni , Weimin Zhuang , Yang Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Open-plan office shared spaces are essential to employee well-being, reflecting genuine behavioral responses to environmental quality. This study proposes a data-driven approach using multi-sensor spatiotemporal data fusion for automated spatial evaluation. In a representative open-plan technology office building, ubiquitous sensing collected approximately 210 thousand positioning records and 5.6 million light–thermal environment measurements, together with structured spatial design data, from 25 breakout areas over 21 days. The data revealed distinct spatial patterns of behavior and environment, allowing shared spaces to be classified into four stay-duration types. Based on a 10-min average stay interval, univariate regression identified key factors influencing occupancy. Random forest and interpretable models further confirmed that openness, distance to workstations, temperature, illumination, and area were the most influential variables affecting space utilization. Subjective comfort assessments validated the reliability of the sensor-based results, showing a consistency coefficient of 0.81. These findings establish a multi-dimensional framework for behavioral research in the built environment and provide practical guidance for architects, facility managers, employees, and corporate administrators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114281"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clustering-derived prototypical spectral profiles of glazing for energy, daylighting, and circadian performance 用于能源、采光和昼夜节律性能的玻璃的聚类衍生原型光谱剖面

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114239

Neda Ghaeili Ardabili, Julian Wang

Window systems’ spectral profiles influence energy use, daylight availability, and circadian-effective light; however, standard performance metrics rely on single-parameter, integrated values that do not capture the underlying spectral behavior governing these outcomes. This study develops a representative spectral library for architectural glazing through a two-stage clustering framework applied to 6269 spectral power distributions (SPDs) from the International Glazing Database. Using K-means, hierarchical clustering, and Gaussian Mixture Models, and evaluating with the Davies–Bouldin Index, Silhouette Score, WCSS, EVR, and CHI, the dataset is reduced to 25 prototypical SPDs that achieve an average coverage ratio of 70.1% of the spectral patterns in current glazing products. A new circadian-focused design metric, Spatial Circadian Daylight Autonomy (sCDA), is introduced to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of melanopic daylight. This metric, together with spatial daylight autonomy and ENERGY STAR criteria, is used to assess the representative glazing systems, assembled as insulated glazing units and evaluated across four ENERGY STAR climate zones. Results indicate that the North-Central climate zone is less sensitive to variations in glazing spectral behavior, with 44% of samples meeting all three performance criteria simultaneously. Overall, the study produces a reproducible, data-driven spectral library that supports future research and practical window selection.

窗户系统的光谱分布影响能源使用、日光可用性和昼夜有效光；然而，标准的性能指标依赖于单一参数、综合值，而不能捕获控制这些结果的潜在光谱行为。本研究通过两阶段聚类框架，应用于国际玻璃数据库中的6269个光谱功率分布（spd），开发了一个具有代表性的建筑玻璃光谱库。使用K-means、分层聚类和高斯混合模型，并使用davis - bouldin指数、Silhouette Score、WCSS、EVR和CHI进行评估，将数据集减少到25个原型spd，这些spd的平均覆盖率达到当前玻璃产品中光谱模式的70.1%。引入了一种新的以昼夜节律为中心的设计度量，即空间昼夜节律自主（sCDA），以量化黑视日光的空间和时间分布。该指标与空间日光自主性和能源之星标准一起用于评估代表性的玻璃系统，这些系统被组装为隔热玻璃单元，并在四个能源之星气候区进行评估。结果表明，中北部气候区对玻璃光谱行为的变化不太敏感，44%的样品同时满足所有三个性能标准。总的来说，该研究产生了一个可重复的、数据驱动的光谱库，支持未来的研究和实际的窗口选择。

{"title":"Clustering-derived prototypical spectral profiles of glazing for energy, daylighting, and circadian performance","authors":"Neda Ghaeili Ardabili, Julian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Window systems’ spectral profiles influence energy use, daylight availability, and circadian-effective light; however, standard performance metrics rely on single-parameter, integrated values that do not capture the underlying spectral behavior governing these outcomes. This study develops a representative spectral library for architectural glazing through a two-stage clustering framework applied to 6269 spectral power distributions (SPDs) from the International Glazing Database. Using K-means, hierarchical clustering, and Gaussian Mixture Models, and evaluating with the Davies–Bouldin Index, Silhouette Score, WCSS, EVR, and CHI, the dataset is reduced to 25 prototypical SPDs that achieve an average coverage ratio of 70.1% of the spectral patterns in current glazing products. A new circadian-focused design metric, Spatial Circadian Daylight Autonomy (sCDA), is introduced to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of melanopic daylight. This metric, together with spatial daylight autonomy and ENERGY STAR criteria, is used to assess the representative glazing systems, assembled as insulated glazing units and evaluated across four ENERGY STAR climate zones. Results indicate that the North-Central climate zone is less sensitive to variations in glazing spectral behavior, with 44% of samples meeting all three performance criteria simultaneously. Overall, the study produces a reproducible, data-driven spectral library that supports future research and practical window selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114239"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Minimal modification to displacement ventilation for significant improvement through air redistribution 对置换通风进行最小程度的修改，通过空气再分配实现显著改善

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114254

Zi Cheng , Jingkai Wang , Zhenying Zhang , Hao Simone Wang , Yibin Lu , Zekai Mu , Jian Liu , Zhang Lin

Due to its excellent performance in energy efficiency and air quality, displacement ventilation has become a standard in many existing buildings. However, traditional solutions of ventilation system replacement for improving its performance are often difficult to implement due to high costs and invasive construction work. This study aims to propose and validate a non-invasive retrofit concept of air redistribution to address this issue. Specifically, an integrated ventilation and air purification system is introduced and validated to overcome the limitation. By designing the airflow patterns of the integrated system, this approach not only enhances indoor environmental quality but also reduces energy consumption. Full-scale experiments are conducted, and computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed to provide further insight into airflow patterns. The findings indicate that the retrofit provides a thermal environment approaching thermal neutrality while reducing vertical temperature difference to a negligible degree. The retrofit decreases the mean air age at the breathing zone by 14%. Furthermore, the retrofit enhances the energy utilisation coefficient by 15%. The air redistribution concept proposed in this study provides a novel theoretical framework and technical approach for upgrading existing ventilation systems under strict structural constraints.

由于其在能源效率和空气质量方面的优异性能，置换通风已成为许多现有建筑的标准。然而，传统的更换通风系统以提高其性能的解决方案往往难以实施，因为其成本高且施工过程具有侵入性。本研究旨在提出并验证一种非侵入性的空气再分配改造概念来解决这一问题。具体来说，介绍并验证了一种集成通风和空气净化系统来克服限制。通过设计集成系统的气流模式，既提高了室内环境质量，又降低了能耗。进行了全尺寸实验，并进行了计算流体动力学模拟，以进一步了解气流模式。研究结果表明，改造提供了一个接近热中性的热环境，同时将垂直温差降低到可以忽略不计的程度。改造后，呼吸区的平均空气龄降低了14%。此外，改造后的能源利用系数提高了15%。本研究提出的空气再分配概念为在严格的结构约束下升级现有通风系统提供了新的理论框架和技术方法。

{"title":"Minimal modification to displacement ventilation for significant improvement through air redistribution","authors":"Zi Cheng , Jingkai Wang , Zhenying Zhang , Hao Simone Wang , Yibin Lu , Zekai Mu , Jian Liu , Zhang Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to its excellent performance in energy efficiency and air quality, displacement ventilation has become a standard in many existing buildings. However, traditional solutions of ventilation system replacement for improving its performance are often difficult to implement due to high costs and invasive construction work. This study aims to propose and validate a non-invasive retrofit concept of air redistribution to address this issue. Specifically, an integrated ventilation and air purification system is introduced and validated to overcome the limitation. By designing the airflow patterns of the integrated system, this approach not only enhances indoor environmental quality but also reduces energy consumption. Full-scale experiments are conducted, and computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed to provide further insight into airflow patterns. The findings indicate that the retrofit provides a thermal environment approaching thermal neutrality while reducing vertical temperature difference to a negligible degree. The retrofit decreases the mean air age at the breathing zone by 14%. Furthermore, the retrofit enhances the energy utilisation coefficient by 15%. The air redistribution concept proposed in this study provides a novel theoretical framework and technical approach for upgrading existing ventilation systems under strict structural constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114254"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0