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Defensive emotions and evaluative judgements: Sensitivity to anger and fear predicts moral judgements, whereas sensitivity to disgust predicts aesthetic judgements 防御性情绪和评价性判断:对愤怒和恐惧的敏感性预测道德判断,而对厌恶的敏感性预测审美判断
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-15 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12590
Alejandro Dorado, Martin Skov, Jaume Rosselló, Marcos Nadal

Aesthetic and moral evaluations engage appetitive and defensive emotions. While the role played by pleasure in positive aesthetic and moral judgements has been extensively researched, little is known about how defensive emotions influence negative aesthetic and moral judgements. Specifically, it is unknown which defensive emotions such judgements tap into, and whether both kinds of judgement share a common emotional root. Here, we investigated how participants' individual sensitivity to disgust, fear, anger and sadness predicted subjective judgements of aesthetic and moral stimuli. Bayesian modelling revealed that participants who were more sensitive to anger and fear found conventional and moral transgressions more wrong. In contrast, participants who were more sensitive to disgust disliked asymmetrical geometric patterns and untidy rooms more. These findings suggest that aesthetic and moral evaluations engage multiple defensive emotions, not just disgust, and that they may rely on different defensive emotions as part of their computational mechanism.

审美和道德评价涉及食欲和防御情绪。虽然快乐在积极的审美和道德判断中所起的作用已经得到了广泛的研究,但人们对防御性情绪如何影响消极的审美和道德判断却知之甚少。具体来说,我们不知道这种判断是基于哪种防御性情绪,也不知道这两种判断是否有共同的情感根源。在这里,我们研究了参与者对厌恶、恐惧、愤怒和悲伤的个体敏感性如何预测审美和道德刺激的主观判断。贝叶斯模型显示,对愤怒和恐惧更敏感的参与者认为传统和道德违规行为更错误。相比之下,对厌恶感更敏感的参与者更不喜欢不对称的几何图案和不整洁的房间。这些发现表明,审美和道德评价涉及多种防御情绪,而不仅仅是厌恶,它们可能依赖于不同的防御情绪作为其计算机制的一部分。
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引用次数: 1
Alternating time spent on social interactions and solitude in healthy older adults 健康老年人在社交互动和独处上交替花费的时间
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12586
Minxia Luo, Theresa Pauly, Christina Röcke, Gizem Hülür

Time spent on being with others (social interactions) and being alone (solitude) in day to day life might reflect older adults' agentic regulatory strategies to balance the needs to belong and to conserve energy. Motivated from a joint lifespan psychological and social relationship theoretical perspective, this study examined how time spent on social interactions and solitude alternatively unfolds within individuals in daily life, relating to individual differences in trait-level well-being and fatigue. Over 21 days, a total of 11,172 valid records of social interactions were collected from 118 older adults (aged 65–94 years) in a smartphone-based event-contingent ambulatory assessment study in Switzerland. On average, a social interaction episode lasted 39 min and a solitude episode lasted 5.03 hr. Multilevel models showed that, at the within-person level, a longer-than-usual social interaction preceded and was followed by a longer-than-usual solitude episode. Moderator analyses showed that older adults with higher trait life satisfaction and lower trait fatigue spent even more time in social interactions after longer solitude episodes, amplifying the solitude-then-interaction association. Our findings suggest that whereas social interaction is a means to improve well-being, solitude is also an integral part in older adults' daily life supporting energy recovery.

在日常生活中与他人相处(社会互动)和独处(孤独)的时间可能反映了老年人为了平衡归属感和保存能量的需要而采取的代理调节策略。从共同寿命心理和社会关系理论的角度出发,本研究考察了在日常生活中,人们在社交互动和独处上所花费的时间是如何在个体内部交替展开的,这与特质水平上的幸福感和疲劳的个体差异有关。在瑞士的一项基于智能手机的事件偶然动态评估研究中,研究人员在21天内从118名老年人(65-94岁)中收集了11,172份有效的社会互动记录。平均而言,社交活动持续39分钟,独处持续5.03小时。多层次模型表明,在人际层面上,比平时更长时间的社会互动之前和之后都是比平时更长时间的孤独插曲。调节分析表明,具有较高特质生活满意度和较低特质疲劳的老年人在较长的孤独期后花更多的时间进行社交互动,放大了孤独-互动的关联。我们的研究结果表明,虽然社会互动是改善幸福感的一种手段,但独处也是老年人日常生活中支持能量恢复的一个组成部分。
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引用次数: 6
Impact of similarity on recognition of faces of Black and White targets 相似度对黑白目标人脸识别的影响
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12589
Kerry Kawakami, Larissa Vingilis-Jaremko, Justin P. Friesen, Chanel Meyers, Xia Fang

One reason for the persistence of racial inequality may be anticipated dissimilarity with racial outgroups. In the present research, we explored the impact of perceived similarity with White and Black targets on facial identity recognition accuracy. In two studies, participants first completed an ostensible personality survey. Next, in a Learning Phase, Black and White faces were presented on one of three background colours. Participants were led to believe that these colours indicated similarities between them and the target person in the image. Specifically, they were informed that the background colours were associated with the extent to which responses by the target person on the personality survey and their own responses overlapped. In actual fact, faces were randomly assigned to colour. In both studies, non-Black participants (Experiment 1) and White participants (Experiment 2) showed better recognition of White than Black faces. More importantly in the present context, a positive linear effect of similarity was found in both studies, with better recognition of increasingly similar Black and White targets. The independent effects for race of target and similarity, with no interaction, indicated that participants responded to Black and White faces according to category membership as well as on an interpersonal level related to similarity with specific targets. Together these findings suggest that while perceived similarity may enhance identity recognition accuracy for Black and White faces, it may not reduce differences in facial memory for these racial categories.

种族不平等持续存在的一个原因可能是与种族外群体的预期差异。在本研究中,我们探讨了与白人和黑人目标的感知相似度对面部身份识别准确性的影响。在两项研究中,参与者首先完成了一项表面上的性格调查。接下来,在学习阶段,黑人和白人的脸被呈现在三种背景颜色中的一种上。参与者被引导相信这些颜色表示他们和照片中的目标人物之间的相似之处。具体来说,他们被告知,背景颜色与目标人物在性格调查中的回答与他们自己的回答重叠的程度有关。事实上,人脸的颜色是随机分配的。在两项研究中,非黑人参与者(实验1)和白人参与者(实验2)对白人面孔的识别能力都高于黑人面孔。更重要的是,在目前的背景下,两项研究都发现了相似性的正线性效应,对越来越相似的黑人和白人目标有更好的识别。在没有相互作用的情况下,目标种族和相似性的独立效应表明,参与者根据类别成员以及与特定目标相似的人际关系水平对黑人和白人面孔做出反应。总之,这些发现表明,虽然感知到的相似性可能会提高黑人和白人面孔的身份识别准确性,但它可能不会减少这些种族类别的面部记忆差异。
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引用次数: 4
A recognition advantage for members of higher-status racial groups 社会地位较高的种族群体的成员获得认可的优势
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12587
Deja Simon, Jacqueline M. Chen, Jeffrey W. Sherman, Jimmy Calanchini

The other-race effect (ORE) is a recognition memory advantage afforded to one's racial ingroup versus outgroup. The motivational relevance of the ingroup—because of relationships, belonging and self-esteem—is central to many theoretical explanations for the ORE. However, to date, the motivational relevance of outgroups has received considerably less attention in the ORE literature. Across six experiments, Black, White, Asian and Latinx American participants consistently demonstrated better recognition memory for the faces of relatively higher-status racial/ethnic group members than those of lower-status groups. This higher-status recognition advantage even appeared to override the ORE, such that participants better recognized members of higher-status outgroups—but not an outgroup of equivalent status—compared to members of their own ingroup. However, across a variety of self-reported perceived status measures, status differences between the high- and low-status groups generally did not moderate the documented recognition advantage. These findings provide initial evidence for the potential role of group status in the ORE and in recognition memory more broadly, but future work is needed to rule out alternative explanations.

另一种种族效应(ORE)是一种认知记忆优势,赋予一个人的种族内群体相对于外群体。由于关系、归属感和自尊,内群体的动机相关性是ORE许多理论解释的核心。然而,到目前为止,外群体的动机关联在ORE文献中受到的关注要少得多。在六项实验中,黑人、白人、亚裔和拉丁裔美国人的参与者对地位相对较高的种族/族裔群体成员的面部始终表现出比地位较低的群体更好的识别记忆。这种更高的身份识别优势甚至似乎凌驾于ORE之上,因此与他们自己的内群体成员相比,参与者更好地识别身份更高的外群体成员,但不是同等身份的外群体。然而,在各种自我报告的感知状态测量中,高状态组和低状态组之间的状态差异通常不会缓和记录在案的识别优势。这些发现为群体地位在ORE和更广泛的识别记忆中的潜在作用提供了初步证据,但未来的工作需要排除其他解释。
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引用次数: 5
Before/after Bayes: A comparison of frequentist and Bayesian mixed-effects models in applied psychological research 贝叶斯之前/之后:频率模型与贝叶斯混合效应模型在应用心理学研究中的比较
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12585
Ronald D. Flores, Christopher A. Sanders, Sean X. Duan, Brittney M. Bishop-Chrzanowski, Danielle L. Oyler, Hyejin Shim, Hayley E. Clocksin, Alex P. Miller, Edgar C. Merkle

Bayesian methods are becoming increasingly used in applied psychological research. Previous researchers have thoroughly written about much of the details already, including the philosophy underlying Bayesian methods, computational issues associated with Bayesian model estimation, Bayesian model development and summary, and the role of Bayesian methods in the so-called replication crisis. In this paper, we seek to provide case studies comparing the use of frequentist methods to the use of Bayesian methods in applied psychological research. These case studies are intended to ‘illustrate by example’ the ways that Bayesian modelling differs from frequentist modelling and the differing conclusions that one may arrive at using the two methods. The intended audience is applied psychological researchers who have been trained in the traditional frequentist framework, who are familiar with mixed-effects models and who are curious about how statistical results might look in a Bayesian context. Along with our case studies, we provide general opinions and guidance on the use of Bayesian methods in applied psychological research.

贝叶斯方法在应用心理学研究中得到越来越多的应用。以前的研究人员已经详细地写了很多细节,包括贝叶斯方法的基础哲学,与贝叶斯模型估计相关的计算问题,贝叶斯模型的开发和总结,以及贝叶斯方法在所谓的复制危机中的作用。在本文中,我们试图提供案例研究,比较使用频率方法和使用贝叶斯方法在应用心理学研究中的应用。这些案例研究旨在“举例说明”贝叶斯建模与频率建模的不同之处,以及使用这两种方法可能得出的不同结论。本书的目标读者是接受过传统频率论框架训练的应用心理学研究人员,他们熟悉混合效应模型,并对统计结果在贝叶斯背景下的表现感到好奇。通过我们的案例研究,我们对贝叶斯方法在应用心理学研究中的应用提供了一般性的意见和指导。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding trait impressions from faces 理解面部特征的印象
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-07-26 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12583
Clare A. M. Sutherland, Andrew W. Young

Impressions from faces are made remarkably quickly and they can underpin behaviour in a wide variety of social contexts. Over the last decade many studies have sought to trace the links between facial cues and social perception and behaviour. One such body of work has shown clear overlap between the fields of face perception and social stereotyping by demonstrating a role for conceptual stereotypes in impression formation from faces. We integrate these results involving conceptual influences on impressions with another substantial body of research in visual cognition which demonstrates that much of the variance in impressions can be predicted from perceptual, data-driven models using physical cues in face images. We relate this discussion to the phylogenetic, cultural, individual and developmental origins of facial impressions and define priority research questions for the field including investigating non-WEIRD cultures, tracking the developmental trajectory of impressions and determining the malleability of impression formation.

人们对面部的印象形成得非常快,而且可以在各种各样的社会环境中支撑行为。在过去的十年中,许多研究试图追踪面部线索与社会感知和行为之间的联系。一项这样的研究表明,面孔感知和社会刻板印象领域之间存在明显的重叠,证明了概念刻板印象在面部印象形成中的作用。我们将这些涉及概念对印象影响的结果与另一个视觉认知领域的大量研究结合起来,这些研究表明,印象的许多差异可以通过使用面部图像中的物理线索的感知数据驱动模型来预测。我们将这一讨论与面部印象的系统发育、文化、个体和发展起源联系起来,并确定该领域的优先研究问题,包括调查非怪异文化、跟踪印象的发展轨迹和确定印象形成的可塑性。
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引用次数: 20
Ingroup and outgroup differences in face detection 人脸检测的群内和群外差异
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12588
Jonathan E. Prunty, Rob Jenkins, Rana Qarooni, Markus Bindemann

Humans show improved recognition for faces from their own social group relative to faces from another social group. Yet before faces can be recognized, they must first be detected in the visual field. Here, we tested whether humans also show an ingroup bias at the earliest stage of face processing – the point at which the presence of a face is first detected. To this end, we measured viewers' ability to detect ingroup (Black and White) and outgroup faces (Asian, Black, and White) in everyday scenes. Ingroup faces were detected with greater speed and accuracy relative to outgroup faces (Experiment 1). Removing face hue impaired detection generally, but the ingroup detection advantage was undiminished (Experiment 2). This same pattern was replicated by a detection algorithm using face templates derived from human data (Experiment 3). These findings demonstrate that the established ingroup bias in face processing can extend to the early process of detection. This effect is ‘colour blind’, in the sense that group membership effects are independent of general effects of image hue. Moreover, it can be captured by tuning visual templates to reflect the statistics of observers' social experience. We conclude that group bias in face detection is both a visual and a social phenomenon.

相对于来自另一个社会群体的面孔,人类对自己社会群体面孔的识别能力有所提高。然而,在人脸被识别之前,它们必须首先在视野中被检测到。在这里,我们测试了人类在面部处理的最初阶段是否也表现出内群体偏见——这是第一次检测到人脸的存在。为此,我们测量了观众在日常场景中识别群内面孔(黑人和白人)和群外面孔(亚洲人、黑人和白人)的能力。相对于外组人脸,内组人脸的检测速度和准确性更高(实验1)。去除人脸色调通常会损害检测,但内组检测优势并未减弱(实验2)。使用源自人类数据的人脸模板的检测算法复制了相同的模式(实验3)。这些发现表明,在人脸处理中建立的内组偏见可以扩展到检测的早期过程。这种效果是“色盲”的,从某种意义上说,群体成员的效果是独立于图像色调的一般效果。此外,它可以通过调整视觉模板来反映观察者的社会经验统计来捕获。我们的结论是,群体偏见在人脸识别中既是一种视觉现象,也是一种社会现象。
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引用次数: 1
Handbook of Embodied Psychology: Thinking, Feeling, and Acting , Michael D. Robinson & Laura E. Thomas (Eds.) Springer International Publishing, 2021. Hardcover US$349.99, ISBN 9783030784713 体现心理学手册:思考,感觉,和表演,迈克尔D.罗宾逊和劳拉E.托马斯(编)斯普林格国际出版社,2021。精装本349.99美元,ISBN 9783030784713
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12584
Ying Jiang, Zhuo Chen
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引用次数: 0
Reactions to research on sex differences: Effect of sex favoured, researcher sex, and importance of sex-difference domain 对性别差异研究的反应:性别偏好的影响,研究者性别,以及性别差异领域的重要性
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12580
Steve Stewart-Williams, Xiu Ling Wong, Chern Yi Marybeth Chang, Andrew G. Thomas

Two studies (total N = 778) looked at (1) how people react to research finding a sex difference depending on whether the research puts men or women in a better light and (2) how well people can predict the average man and average woman's reactions. Participants read a fictional popular-science article about fictional research finding either a male- or a female-favouring sex difference. The research was credited to either a male or a female lead researcher. In both studies, both sexes reacted less positively to differences favouring males; in contrast to our earlier research, however, the effect was larger among female participants. Contrary to a widespread expectation, participants did not react less positively to research led by a female. Participants did react less positively, though, to research led by a male when the research reported a male-favouring difference in a highly valued trait. Participants judged male-favouring research to be lower in quality than female-favouring research, apparently in large part because they saw the former as more harmful. In both studies, participants predicted that the average man and woman would exhibit substantial own-sex favouritism, with both sexes predicting more own-sex favouritism from the other sex than the other sex predicted from itself. In making these predictions, participants overestimated women's own-sex favouritism, and got the direction of the effect wrong for men. A greater understanding of the tendency to overestimate gender-ingroup bias could help quell antagonisms between the sexes.

两项研究(总N = 778)研究了(1)人们对研究发现性别差异的反应,这取决于研究是把男性还是女性放在更好的位置上;(2)人们能在多大程度上预测男性和女性的平均反应。参与者阅读了一篇虚构的科普文章,文章讲述了一项虚构的研究,发现男性或女性偏好性别差异。这项研究归功于一位男性或一位女性首席研究员。在这两项研究中,两性对有利于男性的差异的反应都不那么积极;然而,与我们之前的研究相反,女性参与者的影响更大。与普遍的预期相反,参与者对女性领导的研究并没有做出不积极的反应。然而,当一项由男性领导的研究报告了男性在一项高度重视的特质上的偏好差异时,参与者的反应确实不那么积极。参与者认为,偏袒男性的研究比偏袒女性的研究质量更低,显然在很大程度上是因为他们认为前者更有害。在这两项研究中,参与者都预测,男性和女性一般都会表现出明显的同性偏袒,两性都预测对方会比对方预测自己更偏袒自己。在做出这些预测时,参与者高估了女性对自己性别的偏爱,而对男性的影响方向是错误的。对高估性别群体偏见的倾向有更深入的了解,可能有助于平息两性之间的对立。
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引用次数: 2
Asymmetrical responding to male versus female other-race categories in 9- to 12-month-old infants 9- 12个月婴儿对男性和女性其他种族分类的不对称反应
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-07-09 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12582
Fabrice Damon, Paul C. Quinn, David Méary, Olivier Pascalis

Faces can be categorized along various dimensions including gender or race, an ability developing in infancy. Infant categorization studies have focused on facial attributes in isolation, but the interaction between these attributes remains poorly understood. Experiment 1 examined gender categorization of other-race faces in 9- and 12-month-old White infants. Nine- and 12-month-olds were familiarized with Asian male or female faces, and tested with a novel exemplar from the familiarized category paired with a novel exemplar from a novel category. Both age groups showed novel category preferences for novel Asian female faces after familiarization with Asian male faces, but showed no novel category preference for novel Asian male faces after familiarization with Asian female faces. This categorization asymmetry was not due to a spontaneous preference hindering novel category reaction (Experiment 2), and both age groups displayed difficulty discriminating among male, but not female, other-race faces (Experiment 3). These results indicate that category formation for male other-race faces is mediated by categorical perception. Overall, the findings suggest that even by 12 months of age, infants are not fully able to form gender category representations of other-race faces, responding categorically to male, but not female, other-race faces.

面孔可以根据不同的维度进行分类,包括性别或种族,这是一种在婴儿时期发展起来的能力。婴儿分类研究集中在孤立的面部属性上,但对这些属性之间的相互作用仍知之甚少。实验1研究了9个月和12个月大的白人婴儿其他种族面孔的性别分类。9个月和12个月大的孩子熟悉亚洲男性或女性的面孔,并用熟悉类别的小说样本与小说类别的小说范例配对进行测试。两个年龄组在熟悉亚洲男性面孔后都表现出对亚洲女性面孔的新颖类别偏好,但在熟悉亚洲女性面孔后对亚洲男性面孔没有表现出新颖类别偏好。这种分类不对称并不是由于自发的偏好阻碍了新的分类反应(实验2),并且两个年龄组都表现出难以区分男性而非女性的其他种族面孔(实验3)。这些结果表明,其他种族男性面孔的类别形成是由类别感知介导的。总的来说,研究结果表明,即使到12 在几个月大的时候,婴儿不能完全形成其他种族面孔的性别类别表征,对男性而不是女性的其他种族面孔做出明确的反应。
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引用次数: 4
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British journal of psychology
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