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Generative models for visualizing idiosyncratic impressions 可视化特殊印象的生成模型
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12622
Alexander Todorov, Stefan Uddenberg, Daniel Albohn

In their comprehensive review of research on impressions from faces, Sutherland and Young (this issue) highlight both the remarkable progress and the many challenges facing the field. We focus on two of the challenges: the need for generative, powerful models of impressions and the idiosyncratic nature of complex impressions.

在他们对面部印象研究的全面回顾中,Sutherland和Young(本期)强调了该领域的显著进步和面临的许多挑战。我们专注于两个挑战:对生成的、强大的印象模型的需求和复杂印象的特质。
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引用次数: 1
How to support learning with multimedia instruction: Implementation intentions help even when load is high 如何通过多媒体教学支持学习:即使负载很高,实现意图也有帮助
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12620
Emely Hoch, Katharina Scheiter, Kim Stalbovs

There is ample evidence that multimedia learning is challenging, and learners often underutilize appropriate cognitive processes. Previous research has applied prompts to promote the use of helpful cognitive processing. However, prompts still require learners to regulate their learning, which may interfere with learning, especially in situations where cognitive demands are already high. As an alternative, implementation intentions (i.e. if-then plans) are expected to help regulate behaviour automatically due to their specific wording, thereby offloading demands. Accordingly, this study aimed at investigating whether implementation intentions compared with prompts improve learning performance, especially under high cognitive load. Students (N = 120) learned either in a control condition without instructional support, with prompts, or with implementation intentions. Within each condition, half of the participants studied the multimedia instruction under conditions of either high or low cognitive load, which was experimentally manipulated by instructing them to perform one of two secondary tasks. In line with our hypotheses, the results showed that under low cognitive load, both prompts and implementation intentions led to better learning than the control condition. By contrast, under high cognitive load, only implementation intentions promoted learning. Thus, implementation intentions are an efficient means to promote learning even under challenging circumstances.

有充分的证据表明,多媒体学习是具有挑战性的,学习者往往没有充分利用适当的认知过程。先前的研究已经应用提示来促进有用认知处理的使用。然而,提示仍然需要学习者调节自己的学习,这可能会干扰学习,特别是在认知要求已经很高的情况下。作为替代方案,执行意图(即如果-然后计划)由于其特定的措辞,有望帮助自动规范行为,从而减轻需求。因此,本研究旨在探讨实施意图与提示相比是否能提高学习成绩,特别是在高认知负荷下。学生(N = 120)在没有教学支持的控制条件下学习,有提示或有实施意图。在每种情况下,一半的参与者在高或低认知负荷的情况下学习多媒体教学,通过指示他们执行两个次要任务中的一个来实验性地操纵多媒体教学。结果表明,在低认知负荷条件下,提示和执行意图都比控制条件下的学习效果更好。而在高认知负荷下,只有实施意图对学习有促进作用。因此,即使在具有挑战性的环境下,实施意图也是促进学习的有效手段。
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引用次数: 1
We need to move beyond rating scales, white faces and adult perceivers: Invited Commentary on Sutherland & Young (2022), understanding trait impressions from faces 我们需要超越评分量表、白人面孔和成人感知者:萨瑟兰和杨(2022)特邀评论,从面孔中理解特征印象
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12619
Catherine J. Mondloch, Anita C. Twele, Sophia M. Thierry

Sutherland and Young's perspective is a timely and rigorous examination of trait impressions based on facial cues. We propose three strtegies to further advance the field: incorporating natural language processing, including diverse facial stimuli, and re-interpreting developmental data.

萨瑟兰和杨的观点是对基于面部线索的特征印象进行及时而严格的检查。我们提出了进一步推进该领域的三个策略:结合自然语言处理,包括不同的面部刺激,以及重新解释发育数据。
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引用次数: 1
Trait impressions from faces depend on the goals of the perceiver 人脸的特征印象取决于感知者的目标
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12618
Chujun Lin, Ralph Adolphs

Trait impressions from faces formed in the real world likely depend on the circumstances in which a face is seen, in particular, on the goal of the perceiver in that circumstance. This goal dependency is typically not incorporated into laboratory studies, an omission that has limited our understanding of trait impressions from faces.

从现实世界中形成的面部特征印象很可能取决于看到一张脸的环境,特别是在那个环境中感知者的目标。这种目标依赖性通常没有纳入实验室研究,这一遗漏限制了我们对面部特征印象的理解。
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引用次数: 1
Editorial acknowledgement 编辑确认。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12612
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引用次数: 0
Trait impressions from voices: Considering multiple ‘origin stories’ and the dynamic nature of trait-related cues 来自声音的特征印象:考虑多个“起源故事”和特征相关线索的动态性质
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12616
Nadine Lavan

Experimental findings for trait impressions from voices are often discussed in relation to potential evolutionary origins. This commentary takes Sutherland and Young's (2022) account of the different potential origins of facial trait impressions to suggest that vocal trait impressions should also be viewed as having been shaped by cultural and individual learning.

声音特征印象的实验结果经常与潜在的进化起源有关。这篇评论采用了Sutherland和Young(2022)对面部特征印象的不同潜在来源的解释,表明声音特征印象也应该被视为是由文化和个人学习形成的。
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引用次数: 1
Mapping physical characteristics in face images to social judgements 将面部图像中的身体特征映射到社会判断
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-12-04 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12617
Benedict C. Jones, Alex L. Jones, Victor Shiramizu

Sutherland and Young (Br. J. Psychol., 113, 2022, 1056) provide a comprehensive and timely overview of recent developments in research on social judgements of faces, emphasizing the utility of data-driven approaches. Here, we expand on this theme, focusing on how data-driven approaches can provide new insights into the physical characteristics in face images that best predict social judgements.

萨瑟兰和杨(Br.)j . Psychol。[j], 113, 2022, 1056)提供了一个全面和及时的关于面孔的社会判断研究的最新发展的概述,强调数据驱动方法的效用。在这里,我们对这一主题进行了扩展,重点关注数据驱动的方法如何为面部图像的物理特征提供新的见解,从而最好地预测社会判断。
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引用次数: 3
Comparison of outcomes across low-intensity psychological interventions for depression and anxiety within a stepped-care setting: A naturalistic cohort study using propensity score modelling 在阶梯式护理环境中对抑郁和焦虑进行低强度心理干预的结果比较:一项使用倾向评分模型的自然队列研究
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12614
Jorge Palacios, Adedeji Adegoke, Rebecca Wogan, Daniel Duffy, Caroline Earley, Nora Eilert, Angel Enrique, Sarah Sollesse, Judith Chapman, Derek Richards

Low-intensity interventions for common mental disorders (CMD) address issues such as clinician shortages and barriers to accessing care. However, there is a lack of research into their comparative effectiveness in routine care. We aimed to compare treatment effects of three such interventions, utilizing four years' worth of routine clinical data. Users completing a course of guided self-help bibliotherapy (GSH), internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) or psychoeducational group therapy (PGT) from a stepped-care service within the NHS in England were included. Propensity score models (stratification and weighting) were used to control for allocation bias and determine average treatment effect (ATE) between the interventions. 21,215 users comprised the study sample (GSH = 12,896, iCBT = 6862, PGT = 1457). Adherence-to-treatment rates were higher in iCBT. All interventions showed significant improvements in depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and functioning (WSAS) scores, with largest effect sizes for iCBT. Both propensity score models showed a significant ATE in favour of iCBT versus GSH and PGT, and in favour of GSH versus PGT. Discernible differences in effectiveness were seen for iCBT in comparison with GSH and PGT. Given variance in delivery mode and human resources between different low-intensity interventions, building on these findings would be valuable for future service provision and policy decision making.

针对常见精神障碍的低强度干预措施解决了临床医生短缺和获得护理的障碍等问题。然而,缺乏对它们在常规护理中的相对有效性的研究。我们的目的是比较三种这样的干预措施的治疗效果,利用四年的常规临床数据。用户完成了指导自助阅读疗法(GSH)课程,互联网提供的认知行为疗法(iCBT)或心理教育团体治疗(PGT)从英国国民保健服务的阶梯护理服务。使用倾向评分模型(分层和加权)来控制分配偏差,并确定干预措施之间的平均治疗效果(ATE)。21,215名用户组成了研究样本(GSH = 12,896, iCBT = 6862, PGT = 1457)。iCBT组的治疗依从率较高。所有干预措施均显示抑郁(PHQ-9)、焦虑(GAD-7)和功能(WSAS)评分有显著改善,其中iCBT的效果最大。两种倾向评分模型都显示了显著的ATE倾向于iCBT与GSH和PGT,以及GSH与PGT。与GSH和PGT相比,iCBT的有效性有明显差异。鉴于不同的低强度干预措施在提供模式和人力资源方面存在差异,在这些研究结果的基础上开展工作将对未来的服务提供和政策决策具有价值。
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引用次数: 3
Risk perception and conspiracy theory endorsement predict compliance with COVID-19 public health measures 风险认知和阴谋论支持预测COVID-19公共卫生措施的依从性
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12613
Tian Lin, Amber Heemskerk, Elizabeth A. Harris, Natalie C. Ebner

Public health measures such as spatial distancing and physical hygiene have been found effective in mitigating the spread of the coronavirus. However, there is considerable variability in individual compliance with such public health measures and factors contributing to these interindividual differences are currently still understudied. The present study set out to determine the role of risk perception and conspiracy theory endorsement on compliance with COVID-19 public health measures and explored variations in these associations across participant age and the developmental status of a country, leveraging a large multi-national data set (N = 45,772) across 66 countries/territories, collected via online survey during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and May 2020). Human Development Index (HDI), developed by the United Nations Development Program, was used as a proxy of a country's achievement in key dimensions of human development. Overall, higher risk perception was associated with greater compliance, particularly in individuals with greater conspiracy theory endorsement. Specifically, people from more developed countries who perceived themselves less at risk but showed stronger conspiracy theory endorsement reported the lowest compliance with COVID-19 public health measures. Findings from this study advance understanding of the interplay between risk perception and conspiracy theory endorsement in their effect on compliance with COVID-19 public health measures, under consideration of both individual-level and country-level demographic variables and have potential to inform the design of tailored interventions to fight the current and future global pandemics.

人们发现,空间距离和身体卫生等公共卫生措施对缓解冠状病毒的传播有效。然而,个人对这些公共卫生措施的依从性存在相当大的差异,造成这些个体间差异的因素目前仍未得到充分研究。本研究旨在确定风险认知和阴谋论认可对遵守COVID-19公共卫生措施的作用,并利用在COVID-19大流行早期(2020年4月至5月)通过在线调查收集的66个国家/地区的大型多国数据集(N = 45,772),探索这些关联在参与者年龄和国家发展状况之间的变化。人类发展指数(HDI)是由联合国开发计划署开发的,用来衡量一个国家在人类发展的关键方面取得的成就。总体而言,更高的风险感知与更高的依从性相关,特别是在更认同阴谋论的个体中。具体而言,来自较发达国家的人认为自己面临的风险较小,但对阴谋论的支持更强,他们对COVID-19公共卫生措施的依从性最低。本研究的结果促进了对风险认知和阴谋论认可之间的相互作用的理解,在考虑个人层面和国家层面的人口变量的情况下,它们对遵守COVID-19公共卫生措施的影响,并有可能为设计量身定制的干预措施提供信息,以应对当前和未来的全球大流行。
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引用次数: 1
Editorial: Introducing the British Psychological Society Journal's landmark special issue on diversity 社论:介绍英国心理学会杂志关于多样性的标志性特刊
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12611
Katherine Berry
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引用次数: 0
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British journal of psychology
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