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Default categorization of outgroup faces and the other race effect: Commentary on the special issue 外群体面孔的默认分类和其他种族效应:对特刊的评论
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12648
Bruce D. Bartholow

This commentary addresses how studies examining the neurophysiological correlates of racial categorization can provide insight into the neurocognitive mechanisms of the other-race effect in recognition memory. Several articles in the special issue describe how event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to examine processing of faces that vary according to race, some of which have concluded that larger ERP amplitudes elicited by other-race (relative to own-race) faces indicates less efficient visual processing of other-race faces. I describe findings from ERP studies of race categorization that suggest an alternative interpretation–that other-race faces elicit stronger categorization, which impedes individuation of other-race faces. Suggestions for future research are offered.

这篇评论阐述了研究种族分类的神经生理学相关性如何能够深入了解识别记忆中其他种族效应的神经认知机制。特刊上的几篇文章描述了如何使用事件相关电位(ERP)来检查因种族而异的人脸处理,其中一些文章得出结论,其他种族(相对于本种族)人脸引发的较大ERP振幅表明其他种族人脸的视觉处理效率较低。我描述了ERP对种族分类的研究结果,这些研究结果提出了另一种解释——其他种族面孔引发了更强的分类,这阻碍了其他种族面孔的个性化。并对今后的研究提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
The culture of perceptual expertise and the other-race effect 感性专业知识文化与他族效应
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-08 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12649
Megan K. Lall, James W. Tanaka

In our commentary, we propose that the ORE can be viewed as a form of perceptual expertise. Like experts, we recognize own-race faces at the subordinate level as individuals and novices when recognize other-race faces at the basic level of race. Applying a perceptual expertise account, we explain the ORE in terms of its cognitive, neural, and motivational factors. We suggest that by creating a culture of “other-race” expertise, improvements in other-race face recognition can be achieved.

在我们的评论中,我们建议可以将ORE视为一种感知专业知识。像专家一样,当我们在种族的基本层面上识别其他种族面孔时,我们在从属层面上识别自己的种族面孔是个人和新手。应用感知专业知识,我们从认知、神经和动机因素的角度解释了ORE。我们建议,通过创造一种“其他种族”专业知识的文化,可以改善其他种族的人脸识别。
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引用次数: 0
The sociological interpretation of dreams, by Bernard Lahire. Oxford, UK: Polity Press, 2020. Hardback, USD 42.82, ISBN 9781509537945. BernardLahire对梦的社会学解释。英国牛津:政治出版社,2020年。精装本,42.82美元,国际标准书号9781509537945。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-08 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12653
Dany Nobus
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引用次数: 0
Loneliness is associated with a greater self-reference effect in episodic memory when compared against a close friend 与亲密的朋友相比,孤独感在情景记忆中的自我参照效应更大
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12646
Laureta Kokici, Gratiela Chirtop, Heather J. Ferguson, Andrew K. Martin

Loneliness describes a negative experience associated with perceived social disconnection. Despite the clear links between loneliness and mental and physical health, relatively little is known about how loneliness affects cognition. In this study, we tested the effect of loneliness on cognitive distance between the self and others, using a task in which participants completed a surprise memory task for adjectives implicitly encoded in relation to the self, a close friend or a celebrity. We assessed item memory sensitivity, metacognitive sensitivity, metacognitive efficiency and source memory for positive and negative words. In addition, participants reported their trait loneliness and depression. Results revealed an overall self-referential advantage compared with both friend and celebrity encoded items. Likewise, a friend-referential advantage was identified compared to celebrity-encoded items. Individuals who experienced more loneliness showed a greater self-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to a close friend, and a smaller friend-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to celebrity. These findings suggest that loneliness is reflected in a greater cognitive distance between the self and close friends in relation to memory biases. The results have important implications for understanding the social contextual effects on memory and the cognitive ramifications of loneliness.

孤独描述的是一种与感知到的社会脱节相关的负面体验。尽管孤独与心理和身体健康之间存在明显的联系,但人们对孤独如何影响认知的了解相对较少。在这项研究中,我们测试了孤独对自我和他人之间认知距离的影响,使用了一个任务,让参与者完成一个意外记忆任务,对与自我、亲密朋友或名人有关的隐性编码形容词进行记忆。我们评估了项目记忆敏感性、元认知敏感性、元认知效率和源记忆对积极词汇和消极词汇的影响。此外,参与者还报告了他们的孤独和抑郁特征。结果显示,与朋友和名人编码的项目相比,自我参照的整体优势。同样,与名人编码的项目相比,发现了朋友参考的优势。与与亲密朋友相关的词汇相比,经历过更多孤独的个体表现出更大的自我参照偏差,而与名人相关的词汇相比,他们表现出更小的朋友参照偏差。这些发现表明,孤独感反映在与记忆偏差有关的自我和亲密朋友之间更大的认知距离上。研究结果对理解社会情境对记忆的影响和孤独的认知后果具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
A first impression of the future 对未来的第一印象。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12652
Clare A. M. Sutherland, Andrew W. Young

We offer a response to six commentaries on our target article ‘Understanding trait impressions from faces’. A broad consensus emerged with authors emphasizing the importance of increasing the diversity of faces and participants, integrating research on impressions beyond the face, and continuing to develop methods needed for data-driven approaches. We propose future directions for the field based on these themes.

我们对我们的目标文章《从脸上理解特质印象》的六篇评论做出了回应。达成了广泛的共识,作者们强调了增加面孔和参与者多样性的重要性,整合了对面孔以外印象的研究,并继续开发数据驱动方法所需的方法。我们根据这些主题提出该领域的未来方向。
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引用次数: 0
Resource scarcity aggravates ingroup bias: Neural mechanisms and cross-scenario validation 资源稀缺加剧了群体内偏见:神经机制和跨场景验证。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12654
Fang Cui, Kexin Deng, Jie Liu, Xiaoxuan Huang, Jiamiao Yang, Yue-jia Luo, Chunliang Feng, Ruolei Gu

Previous studies examining the relationship between ingroup bias and resource scarcity have produced heterogeneous findings, possibly due to their focus on the allocation of positive resources (e.g. money). This study aims to investigate whether ingroup bias would be amplified or eliminated when perceived survival resources for counteracting negative stimuli are scarce. For this purpose, we exposed the participants and another confederate of the experimenters (ingroup/outgroup member) to a potential threat of unpleasant noise. Participants received some ‘relieving resources’ to counteract noise administration, the amount of which may or may not be enough for them and the confederate in different conditions (i.e. abundance vs. scarcity). First, a behavioural experiment demonstrated that intergroup discrimination manifested only in the scarcity condition; in contrast, the participants allocated similar amounts of resource to ingroup and outgroup members in the abundance condition, indicating a context-dependent allocation strategy. This behavioural pattern was replicated in a follow-up neuroimaging experiment, which further revealed that when contrasting scarcity with abundance, there was higher activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as stronger functional connectivity of the ACC with the empathy network (including the temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex) for ingroup compared to outgroup members. We suggest that ACC activation reflects the mentalizing process toward ingroup over outgroup members in the scarcity condition. Finally, the ACC activation level significantly predicted the influence of resource scarcity on ingroup bias in hypothetical real-life situations according to a follow-up examination.

先前研究内部群体偏见与资源稀缺之间的关系产生了异质性的结果,可能是因为它们关注积极资源(如金钱)的分配。本研究旨在调查当抵抗负面刺激的感知生存资源稀缺时,群体内偏见是否会被放大或消除。为此,我们让参与者和另一个实验者联盟(组内/组外成员)面临令人不快的噪音的潜在威胁。参与者获得了一些“缓解资源”来抵消噪音管理,在不同的条件下(即丰富与稀缺),这些资源的数量对他们和联盟来说可能足够,也可能不够。首先,一项行为实验表明,群体间歧视只表现在稀缺条件下;相反,在丰度条件下,参与者将相似数量的资源分配给组内和组外成员,这表明了一种依赖于上下文的分配策略。这种行为模式在后续的神经成像实验中得到了复制,该实验进一步表明,当将稀缺性与丰富性进行对比时,与外组成员相比,内组成员的前扣带皮层(ACC)的激活程度更高,ACC与移情网络(包括颞顶叶交界处和内侧前额叶皮层)的功能连接更强。我们认为ACC的激活反映了在稀缺条件下,内向群体而非外向群体成员的心理化过程。最后,根据后续检查,ACC激活水平显著预测了在假设的现实生活中,资源稀缺对内群体偏见的影响。
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引用次数: 0
‘So Help Me God’? Does oath swearing in courtroom scenarios impact trial outcomes? “上帝保佑我”?在法庭上宣誓会影响审判结果吗?
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12651
Ryan T. McKay, Will Gervais, Colin J. Davis

In countries such as Britain and the US, court witnesses must declare they will provide truthful evidence and are often compelled to publicly choose between religious (“oath”) and secular (“affirmation”) versions of this declaration. Might defendants who opt to swear an oath enjoy more favourable outcomes than those who choose to affirm? Two preliminary, pre-registered survey studies using minimal vignettes (Study 1, N = 443; Study 2, N = 913) indicated that people associate choice of the oath with credible testimony; and that participants, especially religious participants, discriminate against defendants who affirm. In a third, Registered Report study (Study 3, N = 1821), we used a more elaborate audiovisual mock trial paradigm to better estimate the real-world influence of declaration choice. Participants were asked to render a verdict for a defendant who either swore or affirmed, and were themselves required to swear or affirm that they would try the defendant in good faith. Overall, the defendant was not considered guiltier when affirming rather than swearing, nor did mock-juror belief in God moderate this effect. However, jurors who themselves swore an oath did discriminate against the affirming defendant. Exploratory analyses suggest this effect may be driven by authoritarianism, perhaps because high-authoritarian jurors consider the oath the traditional (and therefore correct) declaration to choose. We discuss the real-world implications of these findings and conclude the religious oath is an antiquated legal ritual that needs reform.

在英国和美国等国家,法庭证人必须声明他们将提供真实的证据,并且经常被迫在宗教(“宣誓”)和世俗(“肯定”)版本之间公开选择。选择宣誓的被告是否会比选择确认的被告享有更有利的结果?使用最小小插曲进行的两项初步、预先登记的调查研究(研究1,N = 443;研究2,N = 913)指出,人们将誓言的选择与可信的证词联系在一起;参与者,特别是宗教参与者,歧视作出肯定的被告。在第三项注册报告研究中(研究3,N = 1821),我们使用了一个更精细的视听模拟审判范式来更好地估计申报选择在现实世界中的影响。参与者被要求为宣誓或确认的被告作出裁决,他们自己也被要求宣誓或确认他们将真诚地审判被告。总的来说,被告在肯定而不是咒骂时并不被认为是有罪的,模拟陪审员对上帝的信仰也没有缓和这种影响。然而,陪审员自己宣誓确实歧视了确认有罪的被告。探索性分析表明,这种影响可能是由威权主义驱动的,也许是因为高度威权的陪审员认为宣誓是传统的(因此也是正确的)宣言。我们讨论了这些发现的现实意义,并得出结论,宗教宣誓是一种过时的法律仪式,需要改革。
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引用次数: 0
A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions 想象在假装游戏、反事实推理和执行功能中扮演的貌似合理的角色
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12650
Gill Althia Francis, Jenny Louise Gibson

A notable observation is the similarities in the cognitive processes of pretend play (PP) and counterfactual reasoning (CFR) as both involve thinking about alternatives to reality. It is argued by Weisberg and Gopnik (Cogn. Sci., 37, 2013, 1368) that alternative thinking in PP and CFR is underpinned by an imaginary representational capacity but few studies have empirically investigated this link. We use a variable latent modelling approach to test a hypothetical model of the structural relationship of PP and CFR predicting that if PP and CFR are cognitively similar; they should have similar patterns of associations with Executive Functions (EFs). Data were collected on PP, CFR, EFs and Language from 189 children (M = 4.8 years, males = 101, females = 88). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that measures of PP and CFR loaded onto single latent constructs and were significantly correlated (r = .51, p = .001) with each other. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that EF accounted for unique significant variance in both PP (β = 21) and CFR (β = 22). The results of the structural equation modelling revealed that the data were a good fit for the hypothetical model. We discuss the plausible role of a general underlying imaginative representational capacity to explain similarities in the cognitive mechanisms of different states of alternative thinking like PP and CFR.

一个值得注意的观察是,在假装游戏(PP)和反事实推理(CFR)的认知过程中,两者都涉及到思考现实的替代方案。这是由Weisberg和Gopnik (Cogn)提出的。科学。(37, 2013, 1368), PP和CFR中的替代思维是由想象的表征能力支撑的,但很少有研究对这种联系进行实证研究。我们使用变量潜在建模方法来检验一个假设的PP和CFR结构关系模型,预测PP和CFR是否在认知上相似;它们应该与执行功能(EFs)有相似的关联模式。收集189名儿童(男= 4.8岁,男= 101岁,女= 88岁)的PP、CFR、EFs和语言数据。验证性因子分析显示,PP和CFR的测量值加载到单一潜在构念上,并且彼此显著相关(r = 0.51, p = .001)。分层多元回归分析显示,EF对PP (β = 21)和CFR (β = 22)均有独特的显著差异。结构方程模型的结果表明,数据很好地拟合了假设模型。我们讨论了一种普遍的潜在的想象表征能力在解释PP和CFR等不同的替代思维状态的认知机制的相似性方面的合理作用。
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引用次数: 0
Visual attention to own- versus other-race faces: Perspectives from learning mechanisms and task demands 对本种族与他种族面孔的视觉注意:来自学习机制和任务要求的视角
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12647
Janet H. Hsiao, Antoni B. Chan

Multiple factors have been proposed to contribute to the other-race effect in face recognition, including perceptual expertise and social-cognitive accounts. Here, we propose to understand the effect and its contributing factors from the perspectives of learning mechanisms that involve joint learning of visual attention strategies and internal representations for faces, which can be modulated by quality of contact with other-race individuals including emotional and motivational factors. Computational simulations of this process will enhance our understanding of interactions among factors and help resolve inconsistent results in the literature. In particular, since learning is driven by task demands, visual attention effects observed in different face-processing tasks, such as passive viewing or recognition, are likely to be task specific (although may be associated) and should be examined and compared separately. When examining visual attention strategies, the use of more data-driven and comprehensive eye movement measures, taking both spatial–temporal pattern and consistency of eye movements into account, can lead to novel discoveries in other-race face processing. The proposed framework and analysis methods may be applied to other tasks of real-life significance such as face emotion recognition, further enhancing our understanding of the relationship between learning and visual cognition.

已经提出了多种因素来促进面部识别中的其他种族效应,包括感知专长和社会认知账户。在此,我们建议从学习机制的角度来理解这种效应及其影响因素,包括视觉注意策略的联合学习和面孔的内部表征,这可以通过与其他种族个体的接触质量(包括情绪和动机因素)来调节。这一过程的计算模拟将增强我们对因素之间相互作用的理解,并有助于解决文献中不一致的结果。特别是,由于学习是由任务需求驱动的,在不同的面部处理任务中观察到的视觉注意效应,如被动观看或识别,可能是特定于任务的(尽管可能是相关的),应该单独检查和比较。在研究视觉注意策略时,使用更多的数据驱动和全面的眼球运动测量,考虑到眼球运动的时空模式和一致性,可以在其他种族的面部处理中获得新的发现。所提出的框架和分析方法可以应用于其他具有现实意义的任务,如面部情绪识别,进一步增强我们对学习与视觉认知之间关系的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Paradoxical decrease of imitation performance with age in children 儿童模仿能力随年龄增长而矛盾地下降
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12644
Giovanni Ottoboni, Alessio Toraldo, Riccardo Proietti, Angelo Cangelosi, Alessia Tessari

Imitation development was studied in a cross-sectional design involving 174 primary-school children (aged 6–10), focusing on the effect of actions' complexity and error analysis to infer the underlying cognitive processes. Participants had to imitate the model's actions as if they were in front of a mirror (‘specularly’). Complexity varied across three levels: movements of a single limb; arm and leg of the same body side; or arm and leg of opposite body sides. While the overall error rate decreased with age, this was not true of all error categories. The rate of ‘side’ errors (using a limb of the wrong body side) paradoxically increased with age (from 9 years). However, with increasing age, the error rate also became less sensitive to the complexity of the action. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that older children have the working memory (WM) resources and the body knowledge necessary to imitate ‘anatomically’, which leads to additional side errors. Younger children might be paradoxically free from such interference because their WM and/or body knowledge are insufficient for anatomical imitation. Yet, their limited WM resources would prevent them from successfully managing the conflict between spatial codes involved in complex actions (e.g. moving the left arm and the right leg). We also found evidence that action side and content might be stored in separate short-term memory (STM) systems: increasing the number of sides to be encoded only affected side retrieval, but not content retrieval; symmetrically, increasing the content (number of movements) of the action only affected content retrieval, but not side retrieval. In conclusion, results suggest that anatomical imitation might interfere with specular imitation at age 9 and that STM storages for side and content of actions are separate.

采用横断面设计研究了174名6-10岁小学生的模仿发展,重点研究了动作复杂性和错误分析的影响,以推断潜在的认知过程。参与者必须模仿模特的动作,就好像他们在镜子前一样(“镜面”)。复杂性在三个层面上有所不同:单个肢体的运动;手臂与腿同侧身体;或身体两侧的手臂和腿。虽然总体错误率随着年龄的增长而下降,但并非所有错误类别都是如此。“侧面”错误(使用错误的身体一侧的肢体)的比率矛盾地随着年龄的增长而增加(从9岁开始)。然而,随着年龄的增长,错误率对动作的复杂性也变得不那么敏感。这种模式与假设相一致,即年龄较大的儿童拥有“解剖学”模仿所需的工作记忆(WM)资源和身体知识,这导致了额外的侧面错误。年幼的儿童可能自相矛盾地没有这种干扰,因为他们的WM和/或身体知识不足以进行解剖模仿。然而,他们有限的WM资源将阻止他们成功地管理复杂动作(例如移动左臂和右腿)中涉及的空间代码之间的冲突。我们还发现,行动侧和内容侧可能存储在不同的短期记忆系统中:增加编码的侧数仅用于影响侧检索,而不用于内容检索;对称地,增加动作的内容(移动次数)只影响内容检索,而不影响侧面检索。综上所述,解剖模仿可能会干扰9岁儿童的镜面模仿,并且动作的侧面和内容的STM存储是分开的。
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引用次数: 2
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British journal of psychology
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