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Associations between sleep variables and ostensibly paranormal experiences and paranormal beliefs: A scoping review 睡眠变量与表面上的超自然体验和超自然信念之间的关联:范围界定综述。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12655
Betul Rauf, Rotem Perach, Juan J. Madrid-Valero, Dan Denis, Brian A. Sharpless, Hope Farron, Christopher C. French, Alice M. Gregory

Night-time is a period of great significance for many people who report paranormal experiences. However, there is limited understanding of the associations between sleep variables and seemingly paranormal experiences and/or beliefs. The aim of this review is to improve our understanding of these associations while unifying a currently fragmented literature-base into a structured, practical review. In this pre-registered scoping review, we searched for relevant studies in MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycINFO (EBSCO), Web of Science and EMBASE using terms related to sleep and ostensibly paranormal experiences and beliefs. Forty-four studies met all inclusion criteria. All were cross-sectional and most investigated sleep paralysis and/or lucid dreaming in relation to ostensibly paranormal experiences and paranormal beliefs. Overall, there were positive associations between many sleep variables (including sleep paralysis, lucid dreams, nightmares, and hypnagogic hallucinations) and ostensibly paranormal experiences and paranormal beliefs (including those of ghosts, spirits, and near-death experiences). The findings of this review have potential clinical implications such as reducing misdiagnosis and treatment development and provide foundations for further research. Our findings also highlight the importance of understanding why so many people report ‘things that go bump in the night’.

对于许多报告超自然经历的人来说,夜间是一个意义重大的时期。然而,人们对睡眠变量与看似超自然的经历和/或信仰之间的联系了解有限。这篇综述的目的是提高我们对这些关联的理解,同时将目前零散的文献基础统一为一篇结构化的、实用的综述。在这篇预先注册的范围界定综述中,我们在MEDLINE(PubMed)、PsycINFO(EBSCO)、Web of Science和EMBASE中搜索了相关研究,使用了与睡眠和表面上的超自然体验和信念相关的术语。44项研究符合所有纳入标准。所有这些都是横断面的,调查最多的是与表面上的超自然经历和超自然信仰有关的睡眠瘫痪和/或清醒梦。总体而言,许多睡眠变量(包括睡眠瘫痪、清醒梦、噩梦和催眠幻觉)与表面上的超自然体验和超自然信念(包括鬼魂、灵魂和濒死体验)之间存在正相关。这篇综述的发现具有潜在的临床意义,如减少误诊和治疗发展,并为进一步研究提供基础。我们的研究结果还强调了理解为什么这么多人报告“晚上会撞到东西”的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating the integration hypothesis: A meta-analysis of the ICSEY project data using two new methods 评估整合假说:使用两种新方法对ICSEY项目数据进行的荟萃分析。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12656
Hisham M. Abu-Rayya, John W. Berry, David L. Sam, Dmitry Grigoryev

The Integration Hypothesis states that acculturating migrants who adopt the integration strategy (i.e. being doubly engaged, in both their heritage culture and in the larger national society) will have better psychological and socio-cultural adaptation than those who adopt any other strategy (Assimilation, Separation or Marginalization). This hypothesis was supported in the original evaluation of the ICSEY project data, using the mean adaptation scores for individuals in the four acculturation clusters. This conclusion was further supported by an analysis that used scores that were derived from the two underlying dimensions. This paper further evaluates this hypothesis meta-analytically using two new methods: Cultural Involvement and Cultural Preference; and Euclidean Distance. The results showed that these two methods provided support for the integration hypothesis, for both psychological adaptation and socio-cultural adaptation. The pattern of relationships was stronger for positive than for negative indicators of adaptation. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

融合假说指出,采用融合策略(即双重参与其传统文化和更大的国家社会)的适应文化的移民将比采用任何其他策略(同化、分离或边缘化)的移民具有更好的心理和社会文化适应能力。这一假设在ICSEY项目数据的原始评估中得到了支持,使用了四个文化适应集群中个体的平均适应得分。这一结论得到了一项分析的进一步支持,该分析使用了从两个基本维度得出的分数。本文采用两种新的方法对这一假设进行了元分析:文化参与和文化偏好;和欧几里得距离。结果表明,这两种方法为整合假说提供了支持,包括心理适应和社会文化适应。积极适应指标的关系模式强于消极适应指标。讨论了结果的理论和实际意义。
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引用次数: 5
Default categorization of outgroup faces and the other race effect: Commentary on the special issue 外群体面孔的默认分类和其他种族效应:对特刊的评论
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12648
Bruce D. Bartholow

This commentary addresses how studies examining the neurophysiological correlates of racial categorization can provide insight into the neurocognitive mechanisms of the other-race effect in recognition memory. Several articles in the special issue describe how event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to examine processing of faces that vary according to race, some of which have concluded that larger ERP amplitudes elicited by other-race (relative to own-race) faces indicates less efficient visual processing of other-race faces. I describe findings from ERP studies of race categorization that suggest an alternative interpretation–that other-race faces elicit stronger categorization, which impedes individuation of other-race faces. Suggestions for future research are offered.

这篇评论阐述了研究种族分类的神经生理学相关性如何能够深入了解识别记忆中其他种族效应的神经认知机制。特刊上的几篇文章描述了如何使用事件相关电位(ERP)来检查因种族而异的人脸处理,其中一些文章得出结论,其他种族(相对于本种族)人脸引发的较大ERP振幅表明其他种族人脸的视觉处理效率较低。我描述了ERP对种族分类的研究结果,这些研究结果提出了另一种解释——其他种族面孔引发了更强的分类,这阻碍了其他种族面孔的个性化。并对今后的研究提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
The culture of perceptual expertise and the other-race effect 感性专业知识文化与他族效应
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-08 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12649
Megan K. Lall, James W. Tanaka

In our commentary, we propose that the ORE can be viewed as a form of perceptual expertise. Like experts, we recognize own-race faces at the subordinate level as individuals and novices when recognize other-race faces at the basic level of race. Applying a perceptual expertise account, we explain the ORE in terms of its cognitive, neural, and motivational factors. We suggest that by creating a culture of “other-race” expertise, improvements in other-race face recognition can be achieved.

在我们的评论中,我们建议可以将ORE视为一种感知专业知识。像专家一样,当我们在种族的基本层面上识别其他种族面孔时,我们在从属层面上识别自己的种族面孔是个人和新手。应用感知专业知识,我们从认知、神经和动机因素的角度解释了ORE。我们建议,通过创造一种“其他种族”专业知识的文化,可以改善其他种族的人脸识别。
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引用次数: 0
The sociological interpretation of dreams, by Bernard Lahire. Oxford, UK: Polity Press, 2020. Hardback, USD 42.82, ISBN 9781509537945. BernardLahire对梦的社会学解释。英国牛津:政治出版社,2020年。精装本,42.82美元,国际标准书号9781509537945。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-08 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12653
Dany Nobus
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引用次数: 0
Loneliness is associated with a greater self-reference effect in episodic memory when compared against a close friend 与亲密的朋友相比,孤独感在情景记忆中的自我参照效应更大
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12646
Laureta Kokici, Gratiela Chirtop, Heather J. Ferguson, Andrew K. Martin

Loneliness describes a negative experience associated with perceived social disconnection. Despite the clear links between loneliness and mental and physical health, relatively little is known about how loneliness affects cognition. In this study, we tested the effect of loneliness on cognitive distance between the self and others, using a task in which participants completed a surprise memory task for adjectives implicitly encoded in relation to the self, a close friend or a celebrity. We assessed item memory sensitivity, metacognitive sensitivity, metacognitive efficiency and source memory for positive and negative words. In addition, participants reported their trait loneliness and depression. Results revealed an overall self-referential advantage compared with both friend and celebrity encoded items. Likewise, a friend-referential advantage was identified compared to celebrity-encoded items. Individuals who experienced more loneliness showed a greater self-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to a close friend, and a smaller friend-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to celebrity. These findings suggest that loneliness is reflected in a greater cognitive distance between the self and close friends in relation to memory biases. The results have important implications for understanding the social contextual effects on memory and the cognitive ramifications of loneliness.

孤独描述的是一种与感知到的社会脱节相关的负面体验。尽管孤独与心理和身体健康之间存在明显的联系,但人们对孤独如何影响认知的了解相对较少。在这项研究中,我们测试了孤独对自我和他人之间认知距离的影响,使用了一个任务,让参与者完成一个意外记忆任务,对与自我、亲密朋友或名人有关的隐性编码形容词进行记忆。我们评估了项目记忆敏感性、元认知敏感性、元认知效率和源记忆对积极词汇和消极词汇的影响。此外,参与者还报告了他们的孤独和抑郁特征。结果显示,与朋友和名人编码的项目相比,自我参照的整体优势。同样,与名人编码的项目相比,发现了朋友参考的优势。与与亲密朋友相关的词汇相比,经历过更多孤独的个体表现出更大的自我参照偏差,而与名人相关的词汇相比,他们表现出更小的朋友参照偏差。这些发现表明,孤独感反映在与记忆偏差有关的自我和亲密朋友之间更大的认知距离上。研究结果对理解社会情境对记忆的影响和孤独的认知后果具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
A first impression of the future 对未来的第一印象。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12652
Clare A. M. Sutherland, Andrew W. Young

We offer a response to six commentaries on our target article ‘Understanding trait impressions from faces’. A broad consensus emerged with authors emphasizing the importance of increasing the diversity of faces and participants, integrating research on impressions beyond the face, and continuing to develop methods needed for data-driven approaches. We propose future directions for the field based on these themes.

我们对我们的目标文章《从脸上理解特质印象》的六篇评论做出了回应。达成了广泛的共识,作者们强调了增加面孔和参与者多样性的重要性,整合了对面孔以外印象的研究,并继续开发数据驱动方法所需的方法。我们根据这些主题提出该领域的未来方向。
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引用次数: 0
Resource scarcity aggravates ingroup bias: Neural mechanisms and cross-scenario validation 资源稀缺加剧了群体内偏见:神经机制和跨场景验证。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12654
Fang Cui, Kexin Deng, Jie Liu, Xiaoxuan Huang, Jiamiao Yang, Yue-jia Luo, Chunliang Feng, Ruolei Gu

Previous studies examining the relationship between ingroup bias and resource scarcity have produced heterogeneous findings, possibly due to their focus on the allocation of positive resources (e.g. money). This study aims to investigate whether ingroup bias would be amplified or eliminated when perceived survival resources for counteracting negative stimuli are scarce. For this purpose, we exposed the participants and another confederate of the experimenters (ingroup/outgroup member) to a potential threat of unpleasant noise. Participants received some ‘relieving resources’ to counteract noise administration, the amount of which may or may not be enough for them and the confederate in different conditions (i.e. abundance vs. scarcity). First, a behavioural experiment demonstrated that intergroup discrimination manifested only in the scarcity condition; in contrast, the participants allocated similar amounts of resource to ingroup and outgroup members in the abundance condition, indicating a context-dependent allocation strategy. This behavioural pattern was replicated in a follow-up neuroimaging experiment, which further revealed that when contrasting scarcity with abundance, there was higher activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as stronger functional connectivity of the ACC with the empathy network (including the temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex) for ingroup compared to outgroup members. We suggest that ACC activation reflects the mentalizing process toward ingroup over outgroup members in the scarcity condition. Finally, the ACC activation level significantly predicted the influence of resource scarcity on ingroup bias in hypothetical real-life situations according to a follow-up examination.

先前研究内部群体偏见与资源稀缺之间的关系产生了异质性的结果,可能是因为它们关注积极资源(如金钱)的分配。本研究旨在调查当抵抗负面刺激的感知生存资源稀缺时,群体内偏见是否会被放大或消除。为此,我们让参与者和另一个实验者联盟(组内/组外成员)面临令人不快的噪音的潜在威胁。参与者获得了一些“缓解资源”来抵消噪音管理,在不同的条件下(即丰富与稀缺),这些资源的数量对他们和联盟来说可能足够,也可能不够。首先,一项行为实验表明,群体间歧视只表现在稀缺条件下;相反,在丰度条件下,参与者将相似数量的资源分配给组内和组外成员,这表明了一种依赖于上下文的分配策略。这种行为模式在后续的神经成像实验中得到了复制,该实验进一步表明,当将稀缺性与丰富性进行对比时,与外组成员相比,内组成员的前扣带皮层(ACC)的激活程度更高,ACC与移情网络(包括颞顶叶交界处和内侧前额叶皮层)的功能连接更强。我们认为ACC的激活反映了在稀缺条件下,内向群体而非外向群体成员的心理化过程。最后,根据后续检查,ACC激活水平显著预测了在假设的现实生活中,资源稀缺对内群体偏见的影响。
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引用次数: 0
‘So Help Me God’? Does oath swearing in courtroom scenarios impact trial outcomes? “上帝保佑我”?在法庭上宣誓会影响审判结果吗?
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12651
Ryan T. McKay, Will Gervais, Colin J. Davis

In countries such as Britain and the US, court witnesses must declare they will provide truthful evidence and are often compelled to publicly choose between religious (“oath”) and secular (“affirmation”) versions of this declaration. Might defendants who opt to swear an oath enjoy more favourable outcomes than those who choose to affirm? Two preliminary, pre-registered survey studies using minimal vignettes (Study 1, N = 443; Study 2, N = 913) indicated that people associate choice of the oath with credible testimony; and that participants, especially religious participants, discriminate against defendants who affirm. In a third, Registered Report study (Study 3, N = 1821), we used a more elaborate audiovisual mock trial paradigm to better estimate the real-world influence of declaration choice. Participants were asked to render a verdict for a defendant who either swore or affirmed, and were themselves required to swear or affirm that they would try the defendant in good faith. Overall, the defendant was not considered guiltier when affirming rather than swearing, nor did mock-juror belief in God moderate this effect. However, jurors who themselves swore an oath did discriminate against the affirming defendant. Exploratory analyses suggest this effect may be driven by authoritarianism, perhaps because high-authoritarian jurors consider the oath the traditional (and therefore correct) declaration to choose. We discuss the real-world implications of these findings and conclude the religious oath is an antiquated legal ritual that needs reform.

在英国和美国等国家,法庭证人必须声明他们将提供真实的证据,并且经常被迫在宗教(“宣誓”)和世俗(“肯定”)版本之间公开选择。选择宣誓的被告是否会比选择确认的被告享有更有利的结果?使用最小小插曲进行的两项初步、预先登记的调查研究(研究1,N = 443;研究2,N = 913)指出,人们将誓言的选择与可信的证词联系在一起;参与者,特别是宗教参与者,歧视作出肯定的被告。在第三项注册报告研究中(研究3,N = 1821),我们使用了一个更精细的视听模拟审判范式来更好地估计申报选择在现实世界中的影响。参与者被要求为宣誓或确认的被告作出裁决,他们自己也被要求宣誓或确认他们将真诚地审判被告。总的来说,被告在肯定而不是咒骂时并不被认为是有罪的,模拟陪审员对上帝的信仰也没有缓和这种影响。然而,陪审员自己宣誓确实歧视了确认有罪的被告。探索性分析表明,这种影响可能是由威权主义驱动的,也许是因为高度威权的陪审员认为宣誓是传统的(因此也是正确的)宣言。我们讨论了这些发现的现实意义,并得出结论,宗教宣誓是一种过时的法律仪式,需要改革。
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引用次数: 0
A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions 想象在假装游戏、反事实推理和执行功能中扮演的貌似合理的角色
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12650
Gill Althia Francis, Jenny Louise Gibson

A notable observation is the similarities in the cognitive processes of pretend play (PP) and counterfactual reasoning (CFR) as both involve thinking about alternatives to reality. It is argued by Weisberg and Gopnik (Cogn. Sci., 37, 2013, 1368) that alternative thinking in PP and CFR is underpinned by an imaginary representational capacity but few studies have empirically investigated this link. We use a variable latent modelling approach to test a hypothetical model of the structural relationship of PP and CFR predicting that if PP and CFR are cognitively similar; they should have similar patterns of associations with Executive Functions (EFs). Data were collected on PP, CFR, EFs and Language from 189 children (M = 4.8 years, males = 101, females = 88). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that measures of PP and CFR loaded onto single latent constructs and were significantly correlated (r = .51, p = .001) with each other. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that EF accounted for unique significant variance in both PP (β = 21) and CFR (β = 22). The results of the structural equation modelling revealed that the data were a good fit for the hypothetical model. We discuss the plausible role of a general underlying imaginative representational capacity to explain similarities in the cognitive mechanisms of different states of alternative thinking like PP and CFR.

一个值得注意的观察是,在假装游戏(PP)和反事实推理(CFR)的认知过程中,两者都涉及到思考现实的替代方案。这是由Weisberg和Gopnik (Cogn)提出的。科学。(37, 2013, 1368), PP和CFR中的替代思维是由想象的表征能力支撑的,但很少有研究对这种联系进行实证研究。我们使用变量潜在建模方法来检验一个假设的PP和CFR结构关系模型,预测PP和CFR是否在认知上相似;它们应该与执行功能(EFs)有相似的关联模式。收集189名儿童(男= 4.8岁,男= 101岁,女= 88岁)的PP、CFR、EFs和语言数据。验证性因子分析显示,PP和CFR的测量值加载到单一潜在构念上,并且彼此显著相关(r = 0.51, p = .001)。分层多元回归分析显示,EF对PP (β = 21)和CFR (β = 22)均有独特的显著差异。结构方程模型的结果表明,数据很好地拟合了假设模型。我们讨论了一种普遍的潜在的想象表征能力在解释PP和CFR等不同的替代思维状态的认知机制的相似性方面的合理作用。
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引用次数: 0
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British journal of psychology
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