British journal of psychology最新文献

Time poverty is increasingly prevalent in contemporary society, particularly among working parents. This research, consisting of three studies, investigated the impact of caregivers' time poverty on parenting styles and its subsequent association with children's growth mindset regarding intelligence. Study 1a (N = 149 caregivers) revealed that priming caregivers' perceptions of time poverty resulted in lower autonomy-supportive parenting and higher controlling parenting. Study 1b (N = 224 children) demonstrated that manipulating children's perceptions of low autonomy-supportive and high controlling parenting resulted in a lower growth mindset and more negative mindset meaning system indexes, including higher negative effort belief, performance-avoidance goal, helpless attribution and lower challenge-seeking and resilient attribution. Study 2 (N = 1060 caregiver-child dyads) used a two-wave, multi-source design to test the entire model. Results indicated that caregivers experiencing higher levels of time poverty were more likely to exhibit less autonomy-supportive and more controlling parenting styles, which, in turn, were associated with their children reporting a lower growth mindset and a more negative mindset meaning system. These relationships held after controlling for caregivers' subjective socioeconomic status and their perception of children's math competence. The findings highlight the detrimental effects of caregivers' time poverty on parenting practices and children's developmental outcomes.

Deep learning models trained for facial recognition now surpass the highest performing human participants. Recent evidence suggests that they also model some qualitative aspects of face processing in humans. This review compares the current understanding of deep learning models with psychological models of the face processing system. Psychological models consist of two components that operate on the information encoded when people perceive a face, which we refer to here as 'face codes'. The first component, the core system, extracts face codes from retinal input that encode invariant and changeable properties. The second component, the extended system, links face codes to personal information about a person and their social context. Studies of face codes in existing deep learning models reveal some surprising results. For example, face codes in networks designed for identity recognition also encode expression information, which contrasts with psychological models that separate invariant and changeable properties. Deep learning can also be used to implement candidate models of the face processing system, for example to compare alternative cognitive architectures and codes that might support interchange between core and extended face processing systems. We conclude by summarizing seven key lessons from this research and outlining three open questions for future study.

Intertemporal decision-making is essential in daily life, requiring individuals to evaluate the value of investments over time. This study aimed to assess how well intertemporal choice models explain and predict decision-making behaviours, focusing on subjective time perception across the lifespan. Five models were compared: two basic models (hyperbolic and exponential discounting) and three based on psychophysical principles of time perception (Stevens’ power law exponential, Weber–Fechner exponential and Stevens' power law hyperbolic discounting). Using three datasets, this study identified which model better describes delay discounting and measured each model's predictive accuracy through cross-validation across the lifespan. Findings revealed that Stevens' power law exponential and hyperbolic discounting models provided better fit and predictive capability, suggesting that time perception in intertemporal decision-making follows Stevens' power law. The two models were applied to participants aged 9–82 years, showing nonlinear variations in discounting rates and time perception parameters. In summary, Stevens' power law exponential and hyperbolic models, which account for nonlinear subjective perceptions of time, enhanced understanding of intertemporal choice behaviours, attributing age-related differences in delay discounting to variations in time perception, thus supporting theories regarding age-related changes in delay discounting across the lifespan.

Is someone who says ‘I'm genuinely sorry’ more sorry than someone who says ‘I'm really sorry’? The studies in this paper show that people use longer words when apologizing (Study 1) and interpret apologies with longer words as more apologetic (Study 2). This is in line with signalling accounts that propose that apologizers should incur a cost (greater production effort) to indicate the sincerity of their apologies. This behaviour illustrates a type of iconicity in communication that has not been examined so far: dynamic iconicity – iconicity that is context-dependent rather than inherent to a word's meaning (e.g. producing long words to convey effort). These studies thus have implications for our understanding of the emergence, prevalence and role of iconicity in communication.

Although parents' educational stress has become a buzzing problem for Chinese parents and society in recent years, it is underresearched. To fill this gap, we first conceptualize the construct of parents' educational stress. Then, we use a multi-study scale development process to develop and validate a two-dimensional parents' educational stress scale. Moreover, drawing from social comparison theory, we explore this new construct's preliminary nomological network by examining its antecedents and consequences (controlling parenting and family-to-work conflict). Overall, our research suggests that the parents' educational stress scale is a reliable scale that can be used to assess this widespread phenomenon and that parents' educational stress has detrimental effects on parents' parenting style and work behaviour.

A tendency to procrastinate has previously been linked to low attentional control and poor emotion regulation skills. Building upon these findings, in the present study we investigated whether the relationship between procrastination and attention can be corroborated and explained by emotion dysregulation and dispositional spontaneous mind-wandering. University students completed questionnaires along with the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance – executive and arousal components. The results showed that trait procrastination is inversely related to some indices of executive and arousal vigilance. Interestingly, the direct effects between trait procrastination and vigilance scores disappeared when emotion dysregulation or dispositional spontaneous mind-wandering were included in the model. Obtained findings suggest that difficulties in managing emotional reactions and poor control over the focus of one's thoughts might explain the relationship between low attentional control and increased chronic procrastination.

Insecure parent–child attachment is often observed in adolescents with depressive symptoms. However, the directionality of the association between insecure parent–child attachment and depressive symptoms, as well as the potential mechanisms of family support, is not clearly understood. This study investigated the reciprocal longitudinal associations between insecure parent–child attachment (i.e. attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety), perceived family support, and depressive symptoms. A total of 1535 Chinese adolescents (52.6% being boys; baseline M_age = 13.19 years, SD = 0.51) participated in a four-wave longitudinal study with 6-month intervals. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models were employed to disentangle the between- and within-family effects. The results indicated that there was a vicious cycle in which attachment avoidance and depressive symptoms reinforced each other. Furthermore, an increase in depressive symptoms significantly predicted a decrease in perceived family support over time, subsequently leading to higher levels of both attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety. These findings suggest the coexistence of emotion-driven processes (from depressive symptoms to attachment avoidance) and relationship-driven processes (from attachment avoidance to depressive symptoms). Additionally, psychotherapists and family therapists are advised to enhance adolescents' perceived family support to nip depressive symptoms in the bud, therefore preventing subsequent insecure parent–child attachments.

Populism refers to a political style that describes society as a struggle between corrupt elites versus noble people and occurs across the political spectrum. What explains the appeal of populist leaders? In the present contribution, we tested the hypothesis that entertainment appraisals predict support more strongly for populist than non-populist leaders. Four preregistered studies conducted among US participants supported this hypothesis, comparing appraisals of existing politicians between parties (Trump vs. Biden; Study 1) and within parties (Trump vs. Romney, Study 2a; Sanders vs. Biden, Study 2b). Furthermore, we experimentally exposed participants to a populist versus non-populist speech of an unknown politician in a fictitious society (Study 3). Of importance, all studies also showed that the link between general populist attitudes and support was mediated by entertainment appraisals, but only for the relatively populist politicians. We conclude that to some extent, populism is a form of ‘popcorn politics’: Support for populist leaders depends on how entertaining people find them, more so than support for non-populist leaders.

The extent to which latent profiles of psychopathy manifest across the full spectrum of psychopathy (i.e., general population) is unknown. The present study sought to address this gap by subtyping adults based on psychopathic features and exploring whether these profiles differ based on external correlates: motivational tendencies, impulsivity, triarchic psychopathy, anxiety/depression and personality traits. A demographically representative sample of US adults (N = 446; M_age = 46.10; 51% female; 78.0% White) completed measures of four-factor psychopathy, motivational tendencies, impulsivity, anxiety/depression and personality traits. We identified four latent profiles of psychopathy that were conceptually similar to profiles reported in male offender samples. The impulsive-antisocial profile (i.e., high antisocial behaviour, erratic lifestyle; comparatively lower interpersonal manipulation, callous affect) was characterized by lack of premeditation, sensation seeking, low behavioural inhibition and reduced reward responsiveness when compared to the non-antisocial psychopathic profile (i.e., high interpersonal manipulation, callous affect, erratic lifestyle; comparatively lower scores on antisocial behaviour). Overall, we found evidence in favour of the suitability of self-reported psychopathy to profile individuals in the general population and its ability to distinguish between these subtypes on theoretically relevant external variables.

This study aims to explore how learning performance differs for non-diagnosed adults with high and low levels of autistic traits (ATs) for positive versus negative feedback delivered via social and nonsocial stimuli. College student participants were tested on their ability to learn novel words (i.e., Korean characters) in a simple memory experiment incorporating either positive or negative feedback. A 2 (positive feedback vs. negative feedback) × 2 (ATs: high vs. Low) between-subject design was adopted in both Experiments 1 and 2. Social feedback stimuli were used in Experiment 1 and nonsocial feedback stimuli were used in Experiment 2. The results revealed that individuals with both high and low levels of ATs showed learning for both types of feedback (success and failure) using social and nonsocial stimuli (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). However, individuals with low levels of ATs learned less from failure than from success, whereas individuals with high levels of ATs showed equivalent learning for failure and success, for both social and nonsocial stimuli. These results suggest that for college students, a benefit of having high levels of ATs is increased resilience and an ability to continue to learn in the face of failure.