M. Pedroza, J. F. Souza, G. E. G. Vieira, M. Bezerra
This paper examines the pyrolyzation of sewage sludge using a bench scale reactor and the characterization of its products. Non-isothermal degradation via thermogravimetry was used to estimate activation energy of regular and catalytic degradation under inert atmosphere. The pyrolysis reactor, a rotating cylinder coupled to a gas-washing column with a centrifuge at the top, was used to condensate pyrolysis vapors. The experimental procedure was divided into two parts: (I) pyrolysis of a sewage sludge guided by a 23 experimental design with center point, at temperatures of 520, 560, and 600 °C; inert flow rates of 3, 4.5, and 6 L h-1; centrifugation rotation frequencies of 20, 23, and 26 Hz; under a constant biomass flow rate of 408 g h-1; (II) determination of the activation energy of thermal degradation, with and without the USY zeolite catalyst, using an isoconversional analysis of integration. For the later, three heating rates were tested: 5, 10, and 20 °C min-1. The bio-oil obtained in the bench-scale pyrolysis reactor had the following characteristics: pH from 6.0 to 8.1, density from 1.0 to 1.1 g mL-1, solid contents from 0.7 to 0.8%, and higher heating values from 17.4 to 18.4 MJ kg-1. The bio-oil consisted mostly of aliphatic and monoaromatic hydrocarbons, substituted aromatics, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, long amides, and amines. The components found in the gas phase were: H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6. The syngas maximum content was 59.2%. Results from the thermal analysis showed that the USY was effective in decreasing the thermal degradation activation energy. Near the temperature when the pyrolysis occurred, the activation energy dropped from 78.5 to 62.6 kJ mol-1, and the conversion was 80%. The average values observed for the activation energy with and without catalyst, at conversions from 40 to 80%, were 103.9 and 155.0 kJ mol-1, respectively, which indicates that the USY zeolite successfully enabled a new pathway for the sewage sludge’s thermal degradation.
{"title":"BIO-OIL AND BIOGAS FROM THE PYROLYSIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE, AND NON-ISOTHERMAL DEGRADATION ON USY ZEOLITE","authors":"M. Pedroza, J. F. Souza, G. E. G. Vieira, M. Bezerra","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0013","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the pyrolyzation of sewage sludge using a bench scale reactor and the characterization of its products. Non-isothermal degradation via thermogravimetry was used to estimate activation energy of regular and catalytic degradation under inert atmosphere. The pyrolysis reactor, a rotating cylinder coupled to a gas-washing column with a centrifuge at the top, was used to condensate pyrolysis vapors. The experimental procedure was divided into two parts: (I) pyrolysis of a sewage sludge guided by a 23 experimental design with center point, at temperatures of 520, 560, and 600 °C; inert flow rates of 3, 4.5, and 6 L h-1; centrifugation rotation frequencies of 20, 23, and 26 Hz; under a constant biomass flow rate of 408 g h-1; (II) determination of the activation energy of thermal degradation, with and without the USY zeolite catalyst, using an isoconversional analysis of integration. For the later, three heating rates were tested: 5, 10, and 20 °C min-1. The bio-oil obtained in the bench-scale pyrolysis reactor had the following characteristics: pH from 6.0 to 8.1, density from 1.0 to 1.1 g mL-1, solid contents from 0.7 to 0.8%, and higher heating values from 17.4 to 18.4 MJ kg-1. The bio-oil consisted mostly of aliphatic and monoaromatic hydrocarbons, substituted aromatics, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, long amides, and amines. The components found in the gas phase were: H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6. The syngas maximum content was 59.2%. Results from the thermal analysis showed that the USY was effective in decreasing the thermal degradation activation energy. Near the temperature when the pyrolysis occurred, the activation energy dropped from 78.5 to 62.6 kJ mol-1, and the conversion was 80%. The average values observed for the activation energy with and without catalyst, at conversions from 40 to 80%, were 103.9 and 155.0 kJ mol-1, respectively, which indicates that the USY zeolite successfully enabled a new pathway for the sewage sludge’s thermal degradation.","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"50 1","pages":"149-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79478715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. D. S. Silva, J. G. O. Marinho, L. M. T. D. Oliveira
Two-phase flows are of fundamental importance in the petroleum industry, considering that most petroleum reservoirs produce oil and gas simultaneously. Because system pressure gradient is a result of the frictional effects between fluids and pipe wall, and the interfacial effects between the fluids themselves, the precise determination of this parameter is complex. Many authors have sought to predict pressure gradient by using computational fluid dynamic techniques and empirical correlations. The present work aims to compare heavy oil and natural gas mixture pressure gradients in a horizontal pipe for different flow patterns using the application ANSYS CFX 13.0, Lockhart and Martinelli, and Beggs and Brill correlations. The analysis investigated the results for bubbly, plug, and stratified flows. The results showed that Beggs and Brill over predicted pressure gradient values. It was also observed a good agreement between numerical and Lockhart and Martinelli correlation for bubbly and plug flows, with root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) of 5.78 and 19.55 percent, respectively. As for the stratified flow cases, the numerical results presented a poor agreement, with a RMSD greater than 90 percent. The high percent deviation for this flow regime is due to the increase in the gas input content. To compute the high gas velocity effects and, hence, improve the agreement, we suggest the use of turbulence and free surface models as well as different values of drag coefficient in the numerical setup.
{"title":"PRESSURE GRADIENT PREDICTION FOR DIFFERENT FLOW PATTERNS OF HEAVY OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE USING CFD TECHNIQUES AND EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS","authors":"L. D. S. Silva, J. G. O. Marinho, L. M. T. D. Oliveira","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Two-phase flows are of fundamental importance in the petroleum industry, considering that most petroleum reservoirs produce oil and gas simultaneously. Because system pressure gradient is a result of the frictional effects between fluids and pipe wall, and the interfacial effects between the fluids themselves, the precise determination of this parameter is complex. Many authors have sought to predict pressure gradient by using computational fluid dynamic techniques and empirical correlations. The present work aims to compare heavy oil and natural gas mixture pressure gradients in a horizontal pipe for different flow patterns using the application ANSYS CFX 13.0, Lockhart and Martinelli, and Beggs and Brill correlations. The analysis investigated the results for bubbly, plug, and stratified flows. The results showed that Beggs and Brill over predicted pressure gradient values. It was also observed a good agreement between numerical and Lockhart and Martinelli correlation for bubbly and plug flows, with root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) of 5.78 and 19.55 percent, respectively. As for the stratified flow cases, the numerical results presented a poor agreement, with a RMSD greater than 90 percent. The high percent deviation for this flow regime is due to the increase in the gas input content. To compute the high gas velocity effects and, hence, improve the agreement, we suggest the use of turbulence and free surface models as well as different values of drag coefficient in the numerical setup.","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"40 1","pages":"175-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77304669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Slant well is a non-vertical form of wells used typically for extracting oil and gas resources that cannot be accessed through traditional vertical well drilling. Deviation in these wells results in the geometric skin factor, which has a negative value and increases the productivity index. Various analytical/semi-analytical equations estimate the geometric skin factor for the slant well for slightly compressible fluids. This study attempts to show that the productivity calculated by numerical simulation for the slant well in a single-phase (oil/gas) reservoir is sensitive to grid resolution. For this purpose, first, a slant well is defined within a local grid refinement (“LGR”) system. Afterwards, the slant skin factor is calculated for cases having different LGR resolution for a constant degree of inclination to find a reasonable LGR system. Then, the applicability of this optimum LGR for all deviation angles with comparison with analytical model is evaluated. This evaluation shows that optimum LGR is particular for each well deviation angle. Although some of the analytical/semi analytical models are developed for slightly compressible fluids, these models also are applicable for compressible fluids (i.e. dry gas). Furthermore, the calculated skin for the slant well in numerical simulation for optimum LGR is not sensitive to production rate or oil viscosity.
{"title":"EFFECT OF DISCRETIZATION ON CALCULATION OF SLANT WELL PRODUCTIVITY INDEX IN NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION","authors":"K. Fayyaz, M. Hekmatzadeh, S. Gerami","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Slant well is a non-vertical form of wells used typically for extracting oil and gas resources that cannot be accessed through traditional vertical well drilling. Deviation in these wells results in the geometric skin factor, which has a negative value and increases the productivity index. Various analytical/semi-analytical equations estimate the geometric skin factor for the slant well for slightly compressible fluids. This study attempts to show that the productivity calculated by numerical simulation for the slant well in a single-phase (oil/gas) reservoir is sensitive to grid resolution. For this purpose, first, a slant well is defined within a local grid refinement (“LGR”) system. Afterwards, the slant skin factor is calculated for cases having different LGR resolution for a constant degree of inclination to find a reasonable LGR system. Then, the applicability of this optimum LGR for all deviation angles with comparison with analytical model is evaluated. This evaluation shows that optimum LGR is particular for each well deviation angle. Although some of the analytical/semi analytical models are developed for slightly compressible fluids, these models also are applicable for compressible fluids (i.e. dry gas). Furthermore, the calculated skin for the slant well in numerical simulation for optimum LGR is not sensitive to production rate or oil viscosity.","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"220 1","pages":"141-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76149239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Semuel Ebenézer Dantas Costa, E. Neto, M. C. A. Oliveira, J. S. Santos
The present work aims to develop a methodology for the preparation of synthetic sandstone to be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) studies. It also analyzes synthetic sandstone’s properties. A 2³ factorial planning with central point in triplicate was performed, evaluating parameters such as concentration of ceramic clay, compaction pressure and sintering temperature through porosity, permeability, and uniaxial compression strength. The sandstone produced presented porosity and permeability similar to those found in natural rocks, which make them suitable for use in EOR research.
{"title":"MECHANICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC SANDSTONE FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY APPLICATIONS","authors":"Semuel Ebenézer Dantas Costa, E. Neto, M. C. A. Oliveira, J. S. Santos","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0011","url":null,"abstract":"The present work aims to develop a methodology for the preparation of synthetic sandstone to be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) studies. It also analyzes synthetic sandstone’s properties. A 2³ factorial planning with central point in triplicate was performed, evaluating parameters such as concentration of ceramic clay, compaction pressure and sintering temperature through porosity, permeability, and uniaxial compression strength. The sandstone produced presented porosity and permeability similar to those found in natural rocks, which make them suitable for use in EOR research.","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"25 1","pages":"131-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81566952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. C. Tavares, H. F. M. Júnior, L. O. Santos, M. Mendes
Nowadays, discussions about energy-related issues are in evidence. The dynamics of gradual depletion of non-renewable energy reserves, such as oil ones, and global warming have encouraged the search for renewable energy alternatives. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of major operational variables on the transesterification reaction of mixtures of frying oil and bovine tallow, in the presence of methanol, using microwave technology. In an effort to optimize biodiesel production, a statistical design was performed, considering the solvent/feed ratio, the ratio between frying oil and bovine tallow, the amount of KOH, reaction time, and temperature as independent variables. The dependent variables analyzed were biodiesel yield and esters content, obtained by chromatographic analysis. The experiments and the analysis confirmed that a 9:1 solvent/feed molar ratio of, 1.5% catalyst, 35 seconds reaction time, and a mixture containing 70% of frying oil and 30% of bovine tallow provided yields above 89 %. The best conditions to reach 99.43 % of ester content used a 9:1 solvent/feed molar ratio, 0.5 % catalyst, 70%/30% frying oil/bovine tallow, and 35 seconds reaction time.
{"title":"OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM FRYING OIL AND BOVINE TALLOW","authors":"D. C. Tavares, H. F. M. Júnior, L. O. Santos, M. Mendes","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, discussions about energy-related issues are in evidence. The dynamics of gradual depletion of non-renewable energy reserves, such as oil ones, and global warming have encouraged the search for renewable energy alternatives. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of major operational variables on the transesterification reaction of mixtures of frying oil and bovine tallow, in the presence of methanol, using microwave technology. In an effort to optimize biodiesel production, a statistical design was performed, considering the solvent/feed ratio, the ratio between frying oil and bovine tallow, the amount of KOH, reaction time, and temperature as independent variables. The dependent variables analyzed were biodiesel yield and esters content, obtained by chromatographic analysis. The experiments and the analysis confirmed that a 9:1 solvent/feed molar ratio of, 1.5% catalyst, 35 seconds reaction time, and a mixture containing 70% of frying oil and 30% of bovine tallow provided yields above 89 %. The best conditions to reach 99.43 % of ester content used a 9:1 solvent/feed molar ratio, 0.5 % catalyst, 70%/30% frying oil/bovine tallow, and 35 seconds reaction time.","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"16 2 1","pages":"63-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80104232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Beims, S. Bertoli, V. Botton, L. Ender, E. Simionatto, H. Meier, V. Wiggers
The aim of this study is to investigate the viability of implementing bio-oil co-processing in an oil refinery. The physical properties of bio-oil obtained from the thermal cracking of triglycerides are compared to those of petroleum. Although the oil characteristics are similar, bio-oil requires upgrading to reduce its high acid index to levels acceptable for its processing at the refinery. The hydrotreatment unit of the refinery can deal with the olefin and oxygen contents of the upgraded bio-oil. This study indicates that bio-oil can be co-refined in the distillation, fluid catalytic cracking, and delayed coking units. Thus, the co-processing of bio-oil appears to be a promising approach to increasing the use of bio-oil. However, some challenges related to the technical issues need to be studied in greater depth.
{"title":"CO-PROCESSING OF THERMAL CRACKING BIO-OIL AT PETROLEUM REFINERIES","authors":"R. Beims, S. Bertoli, V. Botton, L. Ender, E. Simionatto, H. Meier, V. Wiggers","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0009","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to investigate the viability of implementing bio-oil co-processing in an oil refinery. The physical properties of bio-oil obtained from the thermal cracking of triglycerides are compared to those of petroleum. Although the oil characteristics are similar, bio-oil requires upgrading to reduce its high acid index to levels acceptable for its processing at the refinery. The hydrotreatment unit of the refinery can deal with the olefin and oxygen contents of the upgraded bio-oil. This study indicates that bio-oil can be co-refined in the distillation, fluid catalytic cracking, and delayed coking units. Thus, the co-processing of bio-oil appears to be a promising approach to increasing the use of bio-oil. However, some challenges related to the technical issues need to be studied in greater depth.","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"38 1","pages":"99-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84403429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adsorption of surfactants from aqueous solutions in porous media is fundamental in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) because surfactant loss reduces the effectiveness of the chemical solution injected, making the process economically unfeasible. This paper analyzes surfactants’ synergistic effects in adsorption and enhanced oil recovery. This study used nonionic (nonylphenol 20 ethylene oxide – R200) and anionic surfactants (saponified coconut oil – OCS and base soap - SB) with the two mixtures studied (R200/OCS and R200/SB). The mixture R200/SB, due to its higher viscosity because of the presence of SB, saturated the ionic surfactant (SB) faster, reaching a higher oil recovery (70.0%). The addition of SB surfactant in the R200 solution led to an increase in oil recovery (70.0%) when compared to R200 alone (64.5%).
{"title":"SYNERGISM STUDY OF MIXTURES OF IONIC AND NONIONIC SURFACTANTS IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY ADSORPTION","authors":"F. Curbelo, A. Garnica, T. Dantas, E. Neto","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Adsorption of surfactants from aqueous solutions in porous media is fundamental in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) because surfactant loss reduces the effectiveness of the chemical solution injected, making the process economically unfeasible. This paper analyzes surfactants’ synergistic effects in adsorption and enhanced oil recovery. This study used nonionic (nonylphenol 20 ethylene oxide – R200) and anionic surfactants (saponified coconut oil – OCS and base soap - SB) with the two mixtures studied (R200/OCS and R200/SB). The mixture R200/SB, due to its higher viscosity because of the presence of SB, saturated the ionic surfactant (SB) faster, reaching a higher oil recovery (70.0%). The addition of SB surfactant in the R200 solution led to an increase in oil recovery (70.0%) when compared to R200 alone (64.5%).","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"319 1","pages":"91-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80189860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. G. Pereira, C. Scheid, E. Paraiso, P. E. Aranha, L. Calçada
In narrow operational window scenarios of the pre-salt layer, a proper control of slurry hydraulic behavior is a prime necessity. This work aims to present pressure drop experimental data obtained in pipe and annular flow of different cement slurries formulations. Data analysis includes evaluation of friction factor correlations, rheological analysis, and equivalent diameter considerations (for annular flow). The set of equations proposed was, then, used to simulate well-cementing operations and compared to real field data. Improved predictions supported the adoption of the proposed methodology in the cementing design software used by a major operator in Brazil.
{"title":"AN EXPERIMENTAL WORK TO EVALUATE CORRELATIONS FOR WELL-CEMENTING HYDRAULICS CALCULUS ON FIELD APPLICATIONS","authors":"C. G. Pereira, C. Scheid, E. Paraiso, P. E. Aranha, L. Calçada","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0005","url":null,"abstract":"In narrow operational window scenarios of the pre-salt layer, a proper control of slurry hydraulic behavior is a prime necessity. This work aims to present pressure drop experimental data obtained in pipe and annular flow of different cement slurries formulations. Data analysis includes evaluation of friction factor correlations, rheological analysis, and equivalent diameter considerations (for annular flow). The set of equations proposed was, then, used to simulate well-cementing operations and compared to real field data. Improved predictions supported the adoption of the proposed methodology in the cementing design software used by a major operator in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"14 1","pages":"49-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78248871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heat exchanger traditional design approaches include the use of fixed fouling factors in the overall heat transfer coefficient. These values do not take into account operational conditional influences, which are very important to the fouling process. This work uses a methodology that incorporates dynamic effects of fouling in the design of pre-heat train heat exchanges, using the HTRI® software to obtain a better heat exchanger design for a specified fouling factor. The software solves a differential algebraic equation system, which describes equipment dynamics in a specified operational period, and evaluates the fouling resistance according to a fouling rate model. The fouling dynamic is described by the Ebert-Panchal Modified model, which is used for crude oil streams in pre-heat trains. The application of the methodology is shown in typical pre-heat train heat conditions, in exchangers without loop control. The examples highlight the temperature effects in fouling formation and, then, in the heat exchanger design.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF FOULING AND OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS IN PRE-HEAT TRAIN HEAT EXCHANGERS DESIGN","authors":"A. Nakao, E. M. Queiroz","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Heat exchanger traditional design approaches include the use of fixed fouling factors in the overall heat transfer coefficient. These values do not take into account operational conditional influences, which are very important to the fouling process. This work uses a methodology that incorporates dynamic effects of fouling in the design of pre-heat train heat exchanges, using the HTRI® software to obtain a better heat exchanger design for a specified fouling factor. The software solves a differential algebraic equation system, which describes equipment dynamics in a specified operational period, and evaluates the fouling resistance according to a fouling rate model. The fouling dynamic is described by the Ebert-Panchal Modified model, which is used for crude oil streams in pre-heat trains. The application of the methodology is shown in typical pre-heat train heat conditions, in exchangers without loop control. The examples highlight the temperature effects in fouling formation and, then, in the heat exchanger design.","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"1 1","pages":"79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83591760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During oil extraction, the high viscosity of crude oil cause major problems, affecting negatively the oil production rate. Many studies have focused on evaluating the properties of different crude oil grades and their production techniques. The main causes of high viscosity are the presence of solids and high concentrations of heavy fractions and the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. This paper discusses the mechanisms that seek to reduce the viscosity of oil containing high concentrations of heavy fractions, the mechanisms of formation and destabilization of emulsions, and the use of polymers in technologies to reduce viscosity, mainly by applying emulsion viscosity reducers (EVRs).
{"title":"FACTORS THAT AFFECT CRUDE OIL VISCOSITY AND TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE IT: A REVIEW","authors":"I. C. Santos, Priscila F. Oliveira, C. Mansur","doi":"10.5419/BJPG2017-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5419/BJPG2017-0010","url":null,"abstract":"During oil extraction, the high viscosity of crude oil cause major problems, affecting negatively the oil production rate. Many studies have focused on evaluating the properties of different crude oil grades and their production techniques. The main causes of high viscosity are the presence of solids and high concentrations of heavy fractions and the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. This paper discusses the mechanisms that seek to reduce the viscosity of oil containing high concentrations of heavy fractions, the mechanisms of formation and destabilization of emulsions, and the use of polymers in technologies to reduce viscosity, mainly by applying emulsion viscosity reducers (EVRs).","PeriodicalId":9312,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas","volume":"8 1","pages":"115-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83452368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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