The study seeks to provide an overarching understanding to the US objectives and policies in the Gulf region at three intersecting levels; strategic interests, regional security and political reform. This study takes United States interactions with Arabia, as a case study, during the period 2001-2018 under the administrations of G.W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Additionally, the study attempts to generate greater understanding of the dynamics that motivating American international politics and subsequent policies toward the Arab gulf countries through examining the interactions between both systematic and domestic factors. Noticeably, US entrenched vital enduring interests with the Arab Gulf States rested, for approximately seventy years, on protecting oil flow from the region into international economy without interruption, selling arms to the Gulf Arabs and maintaining gulf regional security against any real or potential threats. Therefore, the administrations of Bush, Obama, and Trump were not different from their predecessors in their strategy of preserving gulf security through forward military presence in the region. Hence, the author employs the neorealist theory to understand US interactions with the Gulf countries. Remarkably, despite some scholar's arguments that envisaged the US policies under G.W. Bush and Donald Trump as departed drastically from US conventional policy, the study argues and concludes that the US actual policy towards Arabia reflects a traditional policy of maintaining mutual interests.
{"title":"FROM THEORY TO GRAND STRATEGY: ASSESSING US GOALS IN ARABIA 2001-2018","authors":"A. Al-Barasneh","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.127","url":null,"abstract":"The study seeks to provide an overarching understanding to the US objectives and policies in the Gulf region at three intersecting levels; strategic interests, regional security and political reform. This study takes United States interactions with Arabia, as a case study, during the period 2001-2018 under the administrations of G.W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Additionally, the study attempts to generate greater understanding of the dynamics that motivating American international politics and subsequent policies toward the Arab gulf countries through examining the interactions between both systematic and domestic factors. Noticeably, US entrenched vital enduring interests with the Arab Gulf States rested, for approximately seventy years, on protecting oil flow from the region into international economy without interruption, selling arms to the Gulf Arabs and maintaining gulf regional security against any real or potential threats. Therefore, the administrations of Bush, Obama, and Trump were not different from their predecessors in their strategy of preserving gulf security through forward military presence in the region. Hence, the author employs the neorealist theory to understand US interactions with the Gulf countries. Remarkably, despite some scholar's arguments that envisaged the US policies under G.W. Bush and Donald Trump as departed drastically from US conventional policy, the study argues and concludes that the US actual policy towards Arabia reflects a traditional policy of maintaining mutual interests.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75940194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phenomena, processes and states related to the field of environment have been developed within complex contexts. Similarly, the meanings given to concepts in the context of environment too have gone into problematic situations. This leads to a dispute over meanings between environmentalist and philosophers within the same school of philosophy and among different schools such as western and eastern thoughts. This, further, has led to crippling of both the national and the international programs and plans that have been aimed at solving environmental problems and conserving the environment. The broader objective of this paper is to inquire theoretical and historical evolutionary process of the concept of environment in the field of philosophy. In particular, this study discusses theoretical positions that were created in the history of philosophy in the context of modernity. In conclusion, this paper problematizes some issues which create ‘crisis in meaning’ in the context of environment and suggests practical and realistic orders to search a solution for the said crisis.
{"title":"MEANING CRISIS’ IN ENVIRONMENT: A MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE","authors":"Charith Herath","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.133","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomena, processes and states related to the field of environment have been developed within complex contexts. Similarly, the meanings given to concepts in the context of environment too have gone into problematic situations. This leads to a dispute over meanings between environmentalist and philosophers within the same school of philosophy and among different schools such as western and eastern thoughts. This, further, has led to crippling of both the national and the international programs and plans that have been aimed at solving environmental problems and conserving the environment. The broader objective of this paper is to inquire theoretical and historical evolutionary process of the concept of environment in the field of philosophy. In particular, this study discusses theoretical positions that were created in the history of philosophy in the context of modernity. In conclusion, this paper problematizes some issues which create ‘crisis in meaning’ in the context of environment and suggests practical and realistic orders to search a solution for the said crisis.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74881892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Child prostitution is defined as a youngster is given cash or products by the culprit party previously or later than sexual relation, in any age children are liable to prostitution. The powerless and frequently misled youngster, there might be few or no elective alternatives. Unfortunately, children may regularly persuade themselves that they have settled on a free decision, instead of recognizing that their own lives are not in their control. Rising destitution is driving a developing figure of family unit to offer kids, along with girl child specifically get involved in sex work. The research study is basically qualitative. Recent situation analyses and reports shows acceleration in different security issues of children for example camel race, and the sexual commercial exploitation of children and juvenile justice. These incorporate physical and mental handicap children, from ethnic minorities and minimized populaces, children live and chipping away at the road, in strife with the law, kid outcasts, isolated kids without their families, kids in spots of contention and catastrophic events, marginalized sexual minority, kids living in ghettos and the offspring of sex workers. Children who have a place with a few of these gatherings are much more helpless. The sampling method is simple random because to find such children. A semi structured interview schedule was prepared before interviews.
{"title":"LIVES IN DARK: A STUDY OF COMMERCIAL CHILD SEX WORKERS IN KARACHI","authors":"A. Bilgrami","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.135","url":null,"abstract":"Child prostitution is defined as a youngster is given cash or products by the culprit party previously or later than sexual relation, in any age children are liable to prostitution. The powerless and frequently misled youngster, there might be few or no elective alternatives. Unfortunately, children may regularly persuade themselves that they have settled on a free decision, instead of recognizing that their own lives are not in their control. Rising destitution is driving a developing figure of family unit to offer kids, along with girl child specifically get involved in sex work. The research study is basically qualitative. Recent situation analyses and reports shows acceleration in different security issues of children for example camel race, and the sexual commercial exploitation of children and juvenile justice. These incorporate physical and mental handicap children, from ethnic minorities and minimized populaces, children live and chipping away at the road, in strife with the law, kid outcasts, isolated kids without their families, kids in spots of contention and catastrophic events, marginalized sexual minority, kids living in ghettos and the offspring of sex workers. Children who have a place with a few of these gatherings are much more helpless. The sampling method is simple random because to find such children. A semi structured interview schedule was prepared before interviews.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82617853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Young adult literature has been studied to understand how authors represent characters who denotes their version of experiencing mental disability or social distress. Thus the following thematic analysis of young adult novels points a question, that whether portrayal of mental disability/social distress is empowering or not. Certainly, mental disabilities seem to be different in novels: in their attempts to represent mental disability/social distress as a real experience, they’re sometimes also attached to popular conceptions of protagonist’s love-affair. Hence, to focus on novels representing mental disability/social distress; themes are hypothesized to explore the identity of the protagonist, society’s influence on protagonist and whether novel romanticize or represents realistic portrayal of disability/distress. Six novels have been selected-One memory of Flora Banks, Everything-Everything, All the Bright Places, 13 Reasons Why, When we Collided and Will Grayson, Will Grayson. These novels calls attention towards how society aggravates disability and shun those who don’t meet certain expectations to be mentally healthy. Literature is a powerful social force and conversation starter about disability/distress awareness to address and deal with challenges. Thus it’s important to recognize that it plays a key role in the empowerment and appreciation for disability which has been the center of this analysis.
{"title":"UNDERSTANDING PORTRAYED MENTAL DISABILITY AND SOCIAL DISTRESS IN YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE AND ITS IMPACT: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS","authors":"Awaisha Inayat, S. Ali, Ghazal Khawaja","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.129","url":null,"abstract":"Young adult literature has been studied to understand how authors represent characters who denotes their version of experiencing mental disability or social distress. Thus the following thematic analysis of young adult novels points a question, that whether portrayal of mental disability/social distress is empowering or not. Certainly, mental disabilities seem to be different in novels: in their attempts to represent mental disability/social distress as a real experience, they’re sometimes also attached to popular conceptions of protagonist’s love-affair. Hence, to focus on novels representing mental disability/social distress; themes are hypothesized to explore the identity of the protagonist, society’s influence on protagonist and whether novel romanticize or represents realistic portrayal of disability/distress. Six novels have been selected-One memory of Flora Banks, Everything-Everything, All the Bright Places, 13 Reasons Why, When we Collided and Will Grayson, Will Grayson. These novels calls attention towards how society aggravates disability and shun those who don’t meet certain expectations to be mentally healthy. Literature is a powerful social force and conversation starter about disability/distress awareness to address and deal with challenges. Thus it’s important to recognize that it plays a key role in the empowerment and appreciation for disability which has been the center of this analysis.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74383695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The key resource for the achievement of institutional objectives and enhancement of high quality education are teachers. Well motivated and satisfied teachers cultivate the successful education system in the country. Thus, the present study attempts to observe the impact of motivation and experience on job satisfaction of teachers through the perspective of Herzberg’s ideology of employee motivation and job satisfaction by conducting the comparative study of both public and private sector universities in Karachi. The sample was purposively drawn from 300 teachers and the data was analyzed by using partial least squares - Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Additionally, significant differences were found in the job satisfaction and motivation level among private and public university teachers. The presented findings embrace the implications for higher education institutions and HR practitioners.
{"title":"JOB SATISFACTION: INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF EXPERIENCE AND MOTIVATION OF UNIVERSITY ACADEMICIANS IN PAKISTAN","authors":"M. R. Hanafi, K. Iraqi","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.141","url":null,"abstract":"The key resource for the achievement of institutional objectives and enhancement of high quality education are teachers. Well motivated and satisfied teachers cultivate the successful education system in the country. Thus, the present study attempts to observe the impact of motivation and experience on job satisfaction of teachers through the perspective of Herzberg’s ideology of employee motivation and job satisfaction by conducting the comparative study of both public and private sector universities in Karachi. The sample was purposively drawn from 300 teachers and the data was analyzed by using partial least squares - Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Additionally, significant differences were found in the job satisfaction and motivation level among private and public university teachers. The presented findings embrace the implications for higher education institutions and HR practitioners.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80592514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzed the concept of women’s status and oppression as depicted in the writings of one of the famous fiction writers in Urdu literature named Qurat-ul-Ain Haider. It was a qualitative research study and was based on a sociological analysis of a selected set of stories of the writer. Four stories were chosen from Qurat-ul-Ain Haider’s writings for content analysis. This study reflected the socio-cultural values regarding status of women in the Indian Subcontinent. It facilitated in understanding women’s oppression specifically with reference to the culture in the then Subcontinent. The concept of women’s oppression in the specific context of the literature emerged in the form of low status of women, gender oppression, patriarchal cultural values, and social injustice towards women. The writings of Quratul-Ain-Haider are to date relevant in understanding of the status and subordination of women in South Asia and can serve as a contribution to Feminist Sociology within a specific cultural context.
本研究分析了乌尔都文学中著名小说作家古拉特-艾因·海德尔作品中所描绘的女性地位和受压迫的概念。这是一项定性研究，是基于对作家精选的一组故事的社会学分析。我们从古拉特-艾尔-艾因·海德尔的作品中选取了四个故事进行内容分析。这项研究反映了印度次大陆关于妇女地位的社会文化价值。它有助于理解妇女的压迫，特别是参照当时次大陆的文化。女性被压迫概念在文学的特定语境中以女性地位低下、性别压迫、男权文化价值观、社会对女性的不公等形式出现。迄今为止，quuratul - ain - haider的著作与理解南亚妇女的地位和从属关系有关，可以作为对特定文化背景下的女性主义社会学的贡献。
{"title":"REFLECTION OF WOMEN’S OPPRESSION IN THE WRITINGS OF QURUT-UL-AIN HAIDER: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS","authors":"N. Siddiqui, M. Madani, Saba Raza","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.136","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the concept of women’s status and oppression as depicted in the writings of one of the famous fiction writers in Urdu literature named Qurat-ul-Ain Haider. It was a qualitative research study and was based on a sociological analysis of a selected set of stories of the writer. Four stories were chosen from Qurat-ul-Ain Haider’s writings for content analysis. This study reflected the socio-cultural values regarding status of women in the Indian Subcontinent. It facilitated in understanding women’s oppression specifically with reference to the culture in the then Subcontinent. The concept of women’s oppression in the specific context of the literature emerged in the form of low status of women, gender oppression, patriarchal cultural values, and social injustice towards women. The writings of Quratul-Ain-Haider are to date relevant in understanding of the status and subordination of women in South Asia and can serve as a contribution to Feminist Sociology within a specific cultural context.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81030289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourism has emerged as the fastest growing industry and source of foreign exchange all across the world. Many countries owe major part of their annual earning and wealth to tourism. Pakistan is amongst the best tourism destination in the world. The main attractions for international travelers are usually, mountains, snow, desserts, beaches, plains, rivers, forests, cliffs, scenic beauty, historical places and cultural diversity. Pakistan is blessed with all of the said attractions. Up until now Pakistan had faced two major impediments towards becoming the top tourist destination, first it was not properly showcased in-front of the world and secondly in the recent past the security conditions were not suitable for international visitors. Today, it is high time for the Pakistan to become the top priority for tourists from all across the world. In this regard Social Media can play the best role possible. Various social media platforms are full of pictures and stories of people describing their experiences about the places they had been to. Secondly the governmental organizations also launch various social media office profile to show case the destinations. In this research the need of social media for the promotion of tourism in Pakistan has been focused.
{"title":"ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING TOURISM IN PAKISTAN","authors":"Shaista Aftab, Muhammad Moiz Khan","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.131","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism has emerged as the fastest growing industry and source of foreign exchange all across the world. Many countries owe major part of their annual earning and wealth to tourism. Pakistan is amongst the best tourism destination in the world. The main attractions for international travelers are usually, mountains, snow, desserts, beaches, plains, rivers, forests, cliffs, scenic beauty, historical places and cultural diversity. Pakistan is blessed with all of the said attractions. Up until now Pakistan had faced two major impediments towards becoming the top tourist destination, first it was not properly showcased in-front of the world and secondly in the recent past the security conditions were not suitable for international visitors. Today, it is high time for the Pakistan to become the top priority for tourists from all across the world. In this regard Social Media can play the best role possible. Various social media platforms are full of pictures and stories of people describing their experiences about the places they had been to. Secondly the governmental organizations also launch various social media office profile to show case the destinations. In this research the need of social media for the promotion of tourism in Pakistan has been focused.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73915606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ASEAN is widely praised for its establishing regional cooperation among countries of Southeast Asia and attracting countries from rest of the world too because of its core objective of bringing peace and stability in the region. Promotion of regional trade and investment followed by unprecedented economic growth is the major credit of ASEAN which is widely appreciated. Nevertheless, despite 50 years of its age, it hasn’t been fully successful in managing internal conflicts among its member states and conflicts with external states. Its ineffectiveness to manage conflicts have raised concerns over the relevance of ASEAN in 21st century where Asian continent is said to be playground for major powers because of shifting of epicenter of International Politics from America and Europe to Asia. ASEAN’s role is limited by its charter of Non-interference into the internal affairs of its member states. This article looks into the basic weaknesses in ASEAN as an organization thus providing recommendation to overcome its shortcomings and improve its performance. The article concludes that ASEAN, because of increasing demands of amendments in conflict management techniques due to changes in the nature of conflict, needs to transform from its modest goals and principles to deal with conflict to new trends of conflict management, perhaps from soft mediation to hard mediation in near future.
{"title":"ASEAN(‘S) WAY OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: ACTIVE AND EFFECTIVE ROLE","authors":"N. Soomro, Ronaque Ali Behan, Sohni Siddiqui","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.134","url":null,"abstract":"ASEAN is widely praised for its establishing regional cooperation among countries of Southeast Asia and attracting countries from rest of the world too because of its core objective of bringing peace and stability in the region. Promotion of regional trade and investment followed by unprecedented economic growth is the major credit of ASEAN which is widely appreciated. Nevertheless, despite 50 years of its age, it hasn’t been fully successful in managing internal conflicts among its member states and conflicts with external states. Its ineffectiveness to manage conflicts have raised concerns over the relevance of ASEAN in 21st century where Asian continent is said to be playground for major powers because of shifting of epicenter of International Politics from America and Europe to Asia. ASEAN’s role is limited by its charter of Non-interference into the internal affairs of its member states. This article looks into the basic weaknesses in ASEAN as an organization thus providing recommendation to overcome its shortcomings and improve its performance. The article concludes that ASEAN, because of increasing demands of amendments in conflict management techniques due to changes in the nature of conflict, needs to transform from its modest goals and principles to deal with conflict to new trends of conflict management, perhaps from soft mediation to hard mediation in near future.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89558989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reading habits among young generation is going to declining and culture of reading books is modified to modern methods of communication like browsing social sites and internet, playing on cell phones and watching T.V. This era modernization has taken away the youth from reading habits. It is important that the young generation learns about the rich Urdu literature including Urdu fiction in which several writers have significantly contributed. The emergence of Urdu literature facilitated the expansion of Urdu language. Fiction writers try to indicate important weaknesses of the society, cultural traditions, and norms, so as to find out the solutions to these issues. There were so many fictional works in Urdu literature having done during the progressive and independent movement. “ANGARAY” is a collection of fictional short stories authored by four young writers who had a progressive approach and tried in their own way to bring forth several social issues through their work at the time British India. This paper attempts to present a brief history of this collection and the consequences emerging out of its publication at that time. The study is reviewed and analyzed the criticism on selected short stories of subsequent publication. The study found that the readers would find the ideas and views of the four writers in the present time may provide them some relief from the opposition they faced on publication of their work.
{"title":"ARTISTIC AND CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE FICTION WORK OF ANGARAY","authors":"Muhammad Sajid Khan","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.138","url":null,"abstract":"Reading habits among young generation is going to declining and culture of reading books is modified to modern methods of communication like browsing social sites and internet, playing on cell phones and watching T.V. This era modernization has taken away the youth from reading habits. It is important that the young generation learns about the rich Urdu literature including Urdu fiction in which several writers have significantly contributed. The emergence of Urdu literature facilitated the expansion of Urdu language. Fiction writers try to indicate important weaknesses of the society, cultural traditions, and norms, so as to find out the solutions to these issues. There were so many fictional works in Urdu literature having done during the progressive and independent movement. “ANGARAY” is a collection of fictional short stories authored by four young writers who had a progressive approach and tried in their own way to bring forth several social issues through their work at the time British India. This paper attempts to present a brief history of this collection and the consequences emerging out of its publication at that time. The study is reviewed and analyzed the criticism on selected short stories of subsequent publication. The study found that the readers would find the ideas and views of the four writers in the present time may provide them some relief from the opposition they faced on publication of their work.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74967772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although it is very common to argue that the foreign direct investment is beneficial for the economic development of a nation. This exploration investigates the connection amongst FDI and economic development in case of Pakistan. In this study secondary data from 1985 to 2016 is taken to examine the relationship. The investigation included GDP as explained and exports and FDI as explanatory variables. To check data either it is stationary or not the study used Augmented Dickey Fuller test in our study. After making data stationary we have used OLS method to investigate the nature of relationship between the variables. Our results show that there is direct link amongst explained and explanatory variable. The findings also show that there is significant relationship between FDI and economic growth. After analyzing the calculations we came to know that foreign direct investment is a significant element for the economic development because it has positive impact and have significant relation with growth of an economy. Since FDI is an impressive element in economic development so, government should take steps to attract the foreign investors and make policies to encourage the trade liberalization to gain more from the foreign investment.
{"title":"THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF PAKISTAN","authors":"Rummana Zaheer, Shahana Kiramat","doi":"10.46568/jssh.v58i1.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.132","url":null,"abstract":"Although it is very common to argue that the foreign direct investment is beneficial for the economic development of a nation. This exploration investigates the connection amongst FDI and economic development in case of Pakistan. In this study secondary data from 1985 to 2016 is taken to examine the relationship. The investigation included GDP as explained and exports and FDI as explanatory variables. To check data either it is stationary or not the study used Augmented Dickey Fuller test in our study. After making data stationary we have used OLS method to investigate the nature of relationship between the variables. Our results show that there is direct link amongst explained and explanatory variable. The findings also show that there is significant relationship between FDI and economic growth. After analyzing the calculations we came to know that foreign direct investment is a significant element for the economic development because it has positive impact and have significant relation with growth of an economy. Since FDI is an impressive element in economic development so, government should take steps to attract the foreign investors and make policies to encourage the trade liberalization to gain more from the foreign investment.","PeriodicalId":93162,"journal":{"name":"American journal of social sciences and humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83230108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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