R. Ibeh, G. Aloh, G. Ikechukwu, S. Ebhohon, U. Edward, C. Njoku, F. Azubike-Izah, E. Ejiofor, C. Nwankwo, C. Oriaku
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Potentials of Methanol Leaf Extract of Arachis hypogea","authors":"R. Ibeh, G. Aloh, G. Ikechukwu, S. Ebhohon, U. Edward, C. Njoku, F. Azubike-Izah, E. Ejiofor, C. Nwankwo, C. Oriaku","doi":"10.9734/bjpr/2017/33210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bjpr/2017/33210","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85164644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Presently, there is an emerging understanding the sociological, ethical and medical-scientific understandings of addiction. Simultaneously, there is a new understanding of synthetic hormones in relation to the users who are largely not athletes, and the nature of illicit hormonal supplementation, which has potential for user dependency. Given that what we knew about anabolic-androgenic steroid use needs an update, it is worthwhile examining the phenomenon of AAS addiction. Addiction to AAS is an understudied condition which has been shown to mimic the neurological elements of other drugs of addiction. With a realization of the potential for AAS users to have compromised volition in their drug abuse, it demands an opportunity to rethink received wisdom about AAS use and all users, both athlete and non-athlete.
{"title":"Addiction to Anabolic-androgenic Steroids: A Review","authors":"K. Kirkwood","doi":"10.9734/BJPR/2017/33224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2017/33224","url":null,"abstract":"Presently, there is an emerging understanding the sociological, ethical and medical-scientific understandings of addiction. Simultaneously, there is a new understanding of synthetic hormones in relation to the users who are largely not athletes, and the nature of illicit hormonal supplementation, which has potential for user dependency. Given that what we knew about anabolic-androgenic steroid use needs an update, it is worthwhile examining the phenomenon of AAS addiction. Addiction to AAS is an understudied condition which has been shown to mimic the neurological elements of other drugs of addiction. With a realization of the potential for AAS users to have compromised volition in their drug abuse, it demands an opportunity to rethink received wisdom about AAS use and all users, both athlete and non-athlete.","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90506891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim of This Review : Antitussives, more familiarly known as cough suppressants, are usually taken to suppress dry, irritating and patient-disturbing coughs. This review is an attempt to bring together some of the common medicinal plants traditionally used to manage respiratory disorders other than asthma. The review includes some information on traditional use of the plants as it relates to respiratory disorders, some chemistry and pharmacology in an attempt to ascertain their chemical composition and biological values, and so justify their uses. Study Approach: Information on the above was sourced from published articles and reviews on the subject available from various data bases and journals. Thirty-three medicinal plants drawn from twenty-two plant families were reviewed along with two natural products honey which always serve as vehicle for many plant medicines and bile. Findings: Table 1 gives a list of thirty-three plants used locally as antitussives. The various plant parts utilized in remedies include all the parts of the plant. The biochemistry and medicinal Review Article Adesina et al.; BJPR, 16(3): 1-21, 2017; Article no.BJPR.32974 2 significance of tannins, terpenoids and essential oil components are now better appreciated in the management of respiratory disorders. Conclusion: Herbal antitussives not only suppress coughs, they always attempt to remove the respiratory disorders causing the coughs and thus make patients healthier. The use of medicinal plants remains a universal phenomenon; this review justifies the need for polyherbal formulations for use in the management of respiratory disorders.
{"title":"Plants in Respiratory Disorders II- Antitussives, A Review","authors":"S. Adesina, I. Johnny, G. Olayiwola","doi":"10.9734/BJPR/2017/32974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2017/32974","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of This Review : Antitussives, more familiarly known as cough suppressants, are usually taken to suppress dry, irritating and patient-disturbing coughs. This review is an attempt to bring together some of the common medicinal plants traditionally used to manage respiratory disorders other than asthma. The review includes some information on traditional use of the plants as it relates to respiratory disorders, some chemistry and pharmacology in an attempt to ascertain their chemical composition and biological values, and so justify their uses. Study Approach: Information on the above was sourced from published articles and reviews on the subject available from various data bases and journals. Thirty-three medicinal plants drawn from twenty-two plant families were reviewed along with two natural products honey which always serve as vehicle for many plant medicines and bile. Findings: Table 1 gives a list of thirty-three plants used locally as antitussives. The various plant parts utilized in remedies include all the parts of the plant. The biochemistry and medicinal Review Article Adesina et al.; BJPR, 16(3): 1-21, 2017; Article no.BJPR.32974 2 significance of tannins, terpenoids and essential oil components are now better appreciated in the management of respiratory disorders. Conclusion: Herbal antitussives not only suppress coughs, they always attempt to remove the respiratory disorders causing the coughs and thus make patients healthier. The use of medicinal plants remains a universal phenomenon; this review justifies the need for polyherbal formulations for use in the management of respiratory disorders.","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"66 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89270573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Adeyeye, D. Gbadero, L. Farayola, N. Olalere, Ravikiran Panakanti, Ibraheem Rajab, Sinni Moozhayil, C. Renault, Brandon Swinford, Magdalena Bujok
Background: An undocumented complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)Faradin® was screened for its phytochemicals, anti-sickling effect using a clinical protocol, and toxicity. Faradin is a polyherbal made up of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Alnus glutinosa and Alchornea cordofolia. Original Research Article Adeyeye et al.; BJPR, 17(1): 1-14, 2017; Article no.BJPR.33605 2 Methods: The polyherbal and the individual components (coded V, M, and F) were separately screened for phytochemicals such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, sterols and coumarins, using standard tests. Institutional Review Board approved clinicalprotocolinvolving4 female de-identified sickle cell patients was used for the ex-vivo anti-sickling evaluation. The negative control was phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-washed erythrocytes treated with 2% sodium metabisulfite (SMB) to cause a hypoxic state and result in HBSS polymerization or sickling. As positive control, 2% w/v p-hydroxy benzoic acid (PHBA) solution was used. The anti-sickling effect was studied by incubating the washed erythrocytes in various concentrations of Faradin Faradin: water v/v ratios (2.5:1 – 10:1) for 4 hours followed by further incubation with SMB for 11⁄2 hrs. The respective samples were examined under an optical microscope and the number of sickled cells counted. Cell viability to Faradin was also done using human primary hepatocytes (HPP) and Cell Titer-Glo Luminescent assay. Results: Faradin tested positive for flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, alkaloids and antioxidants. The V component tested positive for coumarins, alkaloids and antioxidants. The M component was positive for phenols, alkaloids and antioxidants while the F component tested positive for flavonoids, phenols and antioxidants. For the anti-sickling study, the negative control (SMB treated erythrocytes) showed 20-28% increase in sickling relative to the PBS-washed. The positive control caused a reversal of sickling by decreasing the percent sickled cells from 21% to 8%. There was a dose-dependent decrease in percent sickled cells; the highest dose reduced the percent sickled cells from 21% to 2%. The activity was likely due to the phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidants in the CAM. Cell viability of Faradin® was greater than 85%. Conclusions: Thecombined phytochemicals in the polyherbal contributed to the reversal of sickling that is similar to the positive control. Faradin has a high potential for clinical effectiveness in the management of SCD.
{"title":"Evaluation of an Undocumented Polyherbal (Faradin®) Used for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease in West Africa. Part I: Phytochemistry and Ex-vivo Anti-sickling Study","authors":"M. Adeyeye, D. Gbadero, L. Farayola, N. Olalere, Ravikiran Panakanti, Ibraheem Rajab, Sinni Moozhayil, C. Renault, Brandon Swinford, Magdalena Bujok","doi":"10.9734/BJPR/2017/33605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2017/33605","url":null,"abstract":"Background: An undocumented complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)Faradin® was screened for its phytochemicals, anti-sickling effect using a clinical protocol, and toxicity. Faradin is a polyherbal made up of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Alnus glutinosa and Alchornea cordofolia. Original Research Article Adeyeye et al.; BJPR, 17(1): 1-14, 2017; Article no.BJPR.33605 2 Methods: The polyherbal and the individual components (coded V, M, and F) were separately screened for phytochemicals such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, sterols and coumarins, using standard tests. Institutional Review Board approved clinicalprotocolinvolving4 female de-identified sickle cell patients was used for the ex-vivo anti-sickling evaluation. The negative control was phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-washed erythrocytes treated with 2% sodium metabisulfite (SMB) to cause a hypoxic state and result in HBSS polymerization or sickling. As positive control, 2% w/v p-hydroxy benzoic acid (PHBA) solution was used. The anti-sickling effect was studied by incubating the washed erythrocytes in various concentrations of Faradin Faradin: water v/v ratios (2.5:1 – 10:1) for 4 hours followed by further incubation with SMB for 11⁄2 hrs. The respective samples were examined under an optical microscope and the number of sickled cells counted. Cell viability to Faradin was also done using human primary hepatocytes (HPP) and Cell Titer-Glo Luminescent assay. Results: Faradin tested positive for flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, alkaloids and antioxidants. The V component tested positive for coumarins, alkaloids and antioxidants. The M component was positive for phenols, alkaloids and antioxidants while the F component tested positive for flavonoids, phenols and antioxidants. For the anti-sickling study, the negative control (SMB treated erythrocytes) showed 20-28% increase in sickling relative to the PBS-washed. The positive control caused a reversal of sickling by decreasing the percent sickled cells from 21% to 8%. There was a dose-dependent decrease in percent sickled cells; the highest dose reduced the percent sickled cells from 21% to 2%. The activity was likely due to the phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidants in the CAM. Cell viability of Faradin® was greater than 85%. Conclusions: Thecombined phytochemicals in the polyherbal contributed to the reversal of sickling that is similar to the positive control. Faradin has a high potential for clinical effectiveness in the management of SCD.","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"97 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85967321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: The study aims at extraction, characterization and identification of bioactive compounds with antifungal properties from the plant species E. abyssinica and Z. mucronata against Cyptococcal neoformans and Candida albicans. Study Design: Phytochemical screening of crude plant extracts and determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration using Agar disc diffusion method. Place and Duration of Study: Pharmaceutical Technology Lab, Harare Institute of Technology, February 2014 and May 2015. Methodology: In this study crude bark extracts of Ziziphus mucronata and Erythrina abyssinica Original Research Article Manyarara et al.; BJPR, 10(3): 1-11, 2016; Article no.BJPR.23843 2 from Zimbabwe were test for antifungal activity using the disc diffusion method against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans with fluconazole as the positive control. Phytochemical screening tests on the crude extracts were carried out to identify phytoconstituents. Results: Effective minimum inhibitory concentrations against C. albicans were found to be 20% w/v and 10%w/v for Ziziphus mucronata and showed moderate growth at a 5% w/v concentration. Erythrina abyssinica had effective minimum inhibitory concentrations at 25% w/v and 12.5% w/v with moderate fungal growth observed at 6.25% w/v. The same concentration ranges for both crude extracts showed similar antifungal activity for C. neoformans. Both crude bark extracts tested positive for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids which contribute to the antifungal activity of the plant species. Conclusion: Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most common fungal species that cause opportunistic infections to occur in HIV and AIDS. The effects produced by these plants have proven that they can be used to develop pharmaceutical agents alleviate the symptoms associated with these infections. The crude plant extracts were found to be active against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Both crude bark extracts tested positive for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids which contribute to the antifungal activity of the plant species.
{"title":"Antifungal Activity of Ziziphus mucronata and Erythrina abyssinica Bark Crude Extracts on Cryptococcus neofomans and Candida albicans Species","authors":"T. Manyarara, J. Chifamba, Felistas T. Tarugarira","doi":"10.9734/BJPR/2016/23843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2016/23843","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The study aims at extraction, characterization and identification of bioactive compounds with antifungal properties from the plant species E. abyssinica and Z. mucronata against Cyptococcal neoformans and Candida albicans. Study Design: Phytochemical screening of crude plant extracts and determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration using Agar disc diffusion method. Place and Duration of Study: Pharmaceutical Technology Lab, Harare Institute of Technology, February 2014 and May 2015. Methodology: In this study crude bark extracts of Ziziphus mucronata and Erythrina abyssinica Original Research Article Manyarara et al.; BJPR, 10(3): 1-11, 2016; Article no.BJPR.23843 2 from Zimbabwe were test for antifungal activity using the disc diffusion method against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans with fluconazole as the positive control. Phytochemical screening tests on the crude extracts were carried out to identify phytoconstituents. Results: Effective minimum inhibitory concentrations against C. albicans were found to be 20% w/v and 10%w/v for Ziziphus mucronata and showed moderate growth at a 5% w/v concentration. Erythrina abyssinica had effective minimum inhibitory concentrations at 25% w/v and 12.5% w/v with moderate fungal growth observed at 6.25% w/v. The same concentration ranges for both crude extracts showed similar antifungal activity for C. neoformans. Both crude bark extracts tested positive for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids which contribute to the antifungal activity of the plant species. Conclusion: Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most common fungal species that cause opportunistic infections to occur in HIV and AIDS. The effects produced by these plants have proven that they can be used to develop pharmaceutical agents alleviate the symptoms associated with these infections. The crude plant extracts were found to be active against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Both crude bark extracts tested positive for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids which contribute to the antifungal activity of the plant species.","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77251562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibrium of Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Solutions Using Corylus avellana (Hazelnut) Activated Carbon","authors":"D. Balarak, F. Mostafapour, Hossein Azarpira","doi":"10.9734/BJPR/2016/29357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2016/29357","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75350186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Afolabi, O. Ola-Olorun, I. O. Abereijo, V. Uchegbu
{"title":"Assessment of Entrepreneurial Traits and Intention of Pharmacy Students in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria","authors":"Michael Afolabi, O. Ola-Olorun, I. O. Abereijo, V. Uchegbu","doi":"10.9734/bjpr/2016/22855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bjpr/2016/22855","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"113 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80125261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kaushik, Nuredin Mohammedkassm, Dawit Mebrahtu, A. Kaushik, Merhawi Kidane, M. Solomon, Michael Teklemariam, Salih Mohammedbrhan
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Poly Herbal Formulation from Traditionally Used Eritrean Medicinal Plants against Pathogenic Microorganisms","authors":"J. Kaushik, Nuredin Mohammedkassm, Dawit Mebrahtu, A. Kaushik, Merhawi Kidane, M. Solomon, Michael Teklemariam, Salih Mohammedbrhan","doi":"10.9734/bjpr/2016/30059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bjpr/2016/30059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80411661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Ingabire, A. Ndagijimana, Marie-Jeanne Mukazayire, G. Nyombaire, J. Kabera
{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Acteoside in Batankor Syrup and Plantago lanceolata L. Collected from Different Areas of Rwanda by HPLC and UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Methods","authors":"G. Ingabire, A. Ndagijimana, Marie-Jeanne Mukazayire, G. Nyombaire, J. Kabera","doi":"10.9734/bjpr/2016/25437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bjpr/2016/25437","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9320,"journal":{"name":"British journal of pharmaceutical research","volume":"43 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85087481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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