Pub Date : 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2412096
S Wolfrum, W Siegert, I Rubio-Cervantes, D Feuerstein, A Camarinha-Silva, M Rodehutscord
1. The objective of the trial was to study the single and interactive effects of feed particle size in pelleted feed, dietary calcium (Ca) concentration and microbial phytase supplementation in broiler chickens. The studied traits were myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation, pre-caecal digestibility of phosphorus (P), Ca and amino acids (AA) and retention of P, Ca and nitrogen (N).2. Male Ross 308 broiler chickens were housed in metabolism units in groups of 10 and allocated to one of eight diets with seven pen replicates per diet. The 2 × 2 × 2-factorial arrangement included coarse and fine feed particle size (309 or 222 µm), low and high Ca concentration (4.9 and 7.2 g/kg) and without or with phytase supplementation (1,000 FTU/kg).3. Pre-caecal InsP6 disappearance was higher with coarse than fine feed particle size when no phytase was added (54 vs. 48%) but not when phytase was added (74%; p = 0.046). High dietary Ca feeds decreased pre-caecal InsP6 disappearance (67 to 59%) and P digestibility (65 to 55%; p < 0.001). Gizzard pH was lower with coarse than fine feed particle size and higher with high Ca than low Ca (p < 0.001). Pre-caecal digestibility of most AA was approximately 3.5%-points lower with high Ca without phytase compared to the other treatments (p ≤ 0.047). Coarse feed particle size caused higher pre-caecal AA digestibility than fine particle size (~2%-points; p ≤ 0.031). InsP6 disappearance in the crop increased at high Ca concentration when phytase was added (22 vs. 37%; p = 0.011).4. Coarser feed particle size in pellets increased gastrointestinal InsP6 degradation and nutrient digestibility, likely owing to effects on the gizzard functions. Additional Ca supply exerted antinutritive effects that was not compensated for by using coarser feed particles.
{"title":"Effects of feed particle size, calcium concentration and phytase supplementation on InsP<sub>6</sub> degradation in broiler chickens fed pelleted diets.","authors":"S Wolfrum, W Siegert, I Rubio-Cervantes, D Feuerstein, A Camarinha-Silva, M Rodehutscord","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2412096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2412096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The objective of the trial was to study the single and interactive effects of feed particle size in pelleted feed, dietary calcium (Ca) concentration and microbial phytase supplementation in broiler chickens. The studied traits were <i>myo</i>-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP<sub>6</sub>) degradation, pre-caecal digestibility of phosphorus (P), Ca and amino acids (AA) and retention of P, Ca and nitrogen (N).2. Male Ross 308 broiler chickens were housed in metabolism units in groups of 10 and allocated to one of eight diets with seven pen replicates per diet. The 2 × 2 × 2-factorial arrangement included coarse and fine feed particle size (309 or 222 µm), low and high Ca concentration (4.9 and 7.2 g/kg) and without or with phytase supplementation (1,000 FTU/kg).3. Pre-caecal InsP<sub>6</sub> disappearance was higher with coarse than fine feed particle size when no phytase was added (54 vs. 48%) but not when phytase was added (74%; <i>p</i> = 0.046). High dietary Ca feeds decreased pre-caecal InsP<sub>6</sub> disappearance (67 to 59%) and P digestibility (65 to 55%; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Gizzard pH was lower with coarse than fine feed particle size and higher with high Ca than low Ca (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Pre-caecal digestibility of most AA was approximately 3.5%-points lower with high Ca without phytase compared to the other treatments (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.047). Coarse feed particle size caused higher pre-caecal AA digestibility than fine particle size (~2%-points; <i>p</i> ≤ 0.031). InsP<sub>6</sub> disappearance in the crop increased at high Ca concentration when phytase was added (22 vs. 37%; <i>p</i> = 0.011).4. Coarser feed particle size in pellets increased gastrointestinal InsP<sub>6</sub> degradation and nutrient digestibility, likely owing to effects on the gizzard functions. Additional Ca supply exerted antinutritive effects that was not compensated for by using coarser feed particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Exposure to stress alters normal homoeostasis and, hence, the antioxidant defence system. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute cold temperature on the antioxidant defence system in hens.2. Hy-line grey commercial layers (80 40-week-old) were randomly assigned to one of eight groups. In groups 1 to 5, hens were exposed to low temperature at -8.68°C (cool stressed) for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h, respectively. In groups 6 and 7, post 10 h cool stressed, hens were quickly transferred to room at 21°C to recovery for 2 h and 4h, respectively. In treatment groups 6 and 7, post 10 h cool stressed, hens were quickly transferred to room at 21°C for 2 h and 4 h, respectively. Group 8 was the control, where hens were housed under regular condition at 21°C as controls.3. Antioxidant enzymes (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA), in skeletal muscle, the kidney, liver and pancreas were measured. The transcription of avUCP and ANT mRNA was tested by RT-PCR.4. The T-AOC activity was increased in the skeletal muscle of hens cold stressed for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h and the 2 h recovery groups compared with control hens (p < 0.05). The GPx activity was increased in the liver and skeletal muscle after cold stress 4 h and in the pancreas of cold stress 2 h compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Antioxidant SOD activity was increased in the kidney after cold stress 6 h and in the liver after cold stress 10 h compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Measured MDA activity was increased in the pancreas after 2 h cold stress (p < 0.05).5. UCP mRNA expression level was increased in the pectoral muscle for 2 h and 4 h recovery groups compared with the control hens (p < 0.05) and avian uncoupling protein (UPC), adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) expression level was increased in the leg muscle of hens cold stress for 2, 6, 8 h and recovery 2 and 4 h.6. The observed changes in the antioxidant defence system were tissue specific. Increments in levels of ANT (leg muscle) and UCP (pectoral and leg muscle) mRNA expression may be involved in the regulation of thermogenesis in skeletal muscle.
1.应激会改变正常的平衡,从而改变抗氧化防御系统。本研究旨在探讨急性低温对母鸡抗氧化防御系统的影响。 将 80 只 40 周龄的灰系商品蛋鸡随机分配到八个组中的一组。在第 1 至第 5 组中,母鸡分别暴露在 -8.68°C 的低温下 2、4、6、8 和 10 小时(低温应激)。第 6 组和第 7 组的母鸡在 10 小时低温应激后迅速转移到 21°C 的室内分别恢复 2 小时和 4 小时。第 6 组和第 7 组在 10 小时低温应激后,分别将母鸡迅速转移到 21°C 的室内恢复 2 小时和 4 小时。3.测定骨骼肌、肾脏、肝脏和胰腺中的抗氧化酶(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和丙二醛(MDA)。通过 RT-PCR 测试了 avUCP 和 ANT mRNA 的转录情况。与对照组相比,冷应激 2、4、6、8 和 10 h 及 2 h 恢复组母鸡骨骼肌中的 T-AOC 活性增加(p p p p p
{"title":"Tissue oxidative stress and expression of chicken UCP and ANT mRNA in laying hens exposed to acute cold stress.","authors":"L-Y Chang, L-X Dong, Z-Y Liu, E-Y Hao, X-Y Wang, L-Y Zhu, C-H Li, X-L Zhang","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2406330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2406330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Exposure to stress alters normal homoeostasis and, hence, the antioxidant defence system. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute cold temperature on the antioxidant defence system in hens.2. Hy-line grey commercial layers (80 40-week-old) were randomly assigned to one of eight groups. In groups 1 to 5, hens were exposed to low temperature at -8.68°C (cool stressed) for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h, respectively. In groups 6 and 7, post 10 h cool stressed, hens were quickly transferred to room at 21°C to recovery for 2 h and 4h, respectively. In treatment groups 6 and 7, post 10 h cool stressed, hens were quickly transferred to room at 21°C for 2 h and 4 h, respectively. Group 8 was the control, where hens were housed under regular condition at 21°C as controls.3. Antioxidant enzymes (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA), in skeletal muscle, the kidney, liver and pancreas were measured. The transcription of avUCP and ANT mRNA was tested by RT-PCR.4. The T-AOC activity was increased in the skeletal muscle of hens cold stressed for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h and the 2 h recovery groups compared with control hens (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The GPx activity was increased in the liver and skeletal muscle after cold stress 4 h and in the pancreas of cold stress 2 h compared with the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Antioxidant SOD activity was increased in the kidney after cold stress 6 h and in the liver after cold stress 10 h compared to the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Measured MDA activity was increased in the pancreas after 2 h cold stress (<i>p</i> < 0.05).5. UCP mRNA expression level was increased in the pectoral muscle for 2 h and 4 h recovery groups compared with the control hens (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and avian uncoupling protein (UPC), adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) expression level was increased in the leg muscle of hens cold stress for 2, 6, 8 h and recovery 2 and 4 h.6. The observed changes in the antioxidant defence system were tissue specific. Increments in levels of ANT (leg muscle) and UCP (pectoral and leg muscle) mRNA expression may be involved in the regulation of thermogenesis in skeletal muscle.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2412136
O A Olukosi, H Philippi, S Veluri, B Kasireddy, A M Ajao, M Pilevar, I W Oluseyifunmi
1. Two concurrent experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of using the crude protein (CP) value of supplemental amino acids (AA) in formulating reduced-crude protein (RCP) diets. The RCP diets formulated without accounting for CP values of supplemental AA (RCPN) or otherwise (RCPY) or a positive control (PC) diet were fed without (Experiment 1) or with (Experiment 2) phytase.2. Each experiment utilised 105 male broiler chicks. Birds were provided a common starter diet from d 0-7. On d 21, ileal digesta were collected from the distal half of the ileum. For mRNA expression analysis, tissues were collected from the mid-jejunum and the liver. Excreta grab samples were collected for analysis for N content.3. In Experiment 1, there was a stepwise decrease (p < 0.01) in weight gain and excreta N for birds receiving PC, RCPN and RCPY diets. The coefficients of ileal digestibility of His, Leu, Phe and Trp were greater (p < 0.05) in birds that received RCPY rather than the PC diets. The relative mRNA expression of CAT1 was greater (p < 0.05) for birds that received the PC diet.4. In Experiment 2, growth performance and excreta N were not different between the PC and RCPN diets, but weight gain, feed intake and excreta N were greater (p < 0.01) in birds receiving PC or RCPN diets. The coefficients of digestibility were greater (p < 0.01) in RCP than PC diets for Lys, Thr, Cys, Gly and Ser. The mRNA expression for S6kinase and PRKAβ2 was greater (p < 0.05) for birds fed RCPN compared to PC.5. In conclusion, accounting for the N content of supplemental AA during feed formulation for RCP diets will influence the effect of CP reduction on growth performance and ileal amino acid digestibility.
1.为了研究使用补充氨基酸(AA)的粗蛋白(CP)值配制减少粗蛋白(RCP)日粮的效果,我们同时进行了两项实验。2. 每个实验使用 105 只雄性肉用仔鸡。雏鸡在第 0-7 天食用普通开食料。第 21 天,从回肠远半部分收集回肠消化液。为进行 mRNA 表达分析,从中段空肠和肝脏收集组织。收集排泄物抓取样本以分析 N 含量。 在实验 1 中,N 含量呈阶梯式下降(p p p p p P
{"title":"Assessment of two diet types in reduced-crude protein diets with or without phytase supplementation - implications on key phenotypic responses in 21-day-old broiler chickens.","authors":"O A Olukosi, H Philippi, S Veluri, B Kasireddy, A M Ajao, M Pilevar, I W Oluseyifunmi","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2412136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2412136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Two concurrent experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of using the crude protein (CP) value of supplemental amino acids (AA) in formulating reduced-crude protein (RCP) diets. The RCP diets formulated without accounting for CP values of supplemental AA (RCPN) or otherwise (RCPY) or a positive control (PC) diet were fed without (Experiment 1) or with (Experiment 2) phytase.2. Each experiment utilised 105 male broiler chicks. Birds were provided a common starter diet from d 0-7. On d 21, ileal digesta were collected from the distal half of the ileum. For mRNA expression analysis, tissues were collected from the mid-jejunum and the liver. Excreta grab samples were collected for analysis for N content.3. In Experiment 1, there was a stepwise decrease (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in weight gain and excreta N for birds receiving PC, RCPN and RCPY diets. The coefficients of ileal digestibility of His, Leu, Phe and Trp were greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in birds that received RCPY rather than the PC diets. The relative mRNA expression of CAT1 was greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for birds that received the PC diet.4. In Experiment 2, growth performance and excreta N were not different between the PC and RCPN diets, but weight gain, feed intake and excreta N were greater (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in birds receiving PC or RCPN diets. The coefficients of digestibility were greater (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in RCP than PC diets for Lys, Thr, Cys, Gly and Ser. The mRNA expression for S6kinase and PRKAβ2 was greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for birds fed RCPN compared to PC.5. In conclusion, accounting for the N content of supplemental AA during feed formulation for RCP diets will influence the effect of CP reduction on growth performance and ileal amino acid digestibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2406363
K Włodarczyk, D Kokoszyński, J Żochowska-Kujawska, M Kotowicz, M Wegner, K Stęczny, H Arpášová, A Cebulska
1. An experiment was conducted to explore the age-related changes in carcass composition, physicochemical properties, texture and microstructure of meat from White King pigeons. The study used 32 carcasses collected from White King pigeons (16 aged 4 weeks and 16 aged 180 weeks).2. The 180-week-old White King pigeons had a higher percentage of eviscerated carcass characteristics. The 4-week-old pigeons were characterised by higher percentage of skin with subcutaneous fat and carcass remainders. There were significant differences in chemical and physicochemical characteristics as well as in texture and microstructure parameters amongst White King pigeons of different ages.3. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the age of White King pigeons has a considerable impact on carcass composition, physicochemical properties, meat texture and microstructure. Older pigeons had higher percentages of eviscerated carcass components, which may reflect maturation, while younger pigeons had greater proportions of fat and carcass remainders. These findings suggest that age-related changes should be considered when evaluating meat quality and composition, as each age group presented distinct characteristics.
{"title":"Age-related changes in carcass composition, physicochemical properties, texture and microstructure of meat from White King pigeons.","authors":"K Włodarczyk, D Kokoszyński, J Żochowska-Kujawska, M Kotowicz, M Wegner, K Stęczny, H Arpášová, A Cebulska","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2406363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2406363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. An experiment was conducted to explore the age-related changes in carcass composition, physicochemical properties, texture and microstructure of meat from White King pigeons. The study used 32 carcasses collected from White King pigeons (16 aged 4 weeks and 16 aged 180 weeks).2. The 180-week-old White King pigeons had a higher percentage of eviscerated carcass characteristics. The 4-week-old pigeons were characterised by higher percentage of skin with subcutaneous fat and carcass remainders. There were significant differences in chemical and physicochemical characteristics as well as in texture and microstructure parameters amongst White King pigeons of different ages.3. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the age of White King pigeons has a considerable impact on carcass composition, physicochemical properties, meat texture and microstructure. Older pigeons had higher percentages of eviscerated carcass components, which may reflect maturation, while younger pigeons had greater proportions of fat and carcass remainders. These findings suggest that age-related changes should be considered when evaluating meat quality and composition, as each age group presented distinct characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142388228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2360621
Z Chen, C Lou, W Zheng, B Wu
1. Preventing disease is important in poultry production systems, but this has mainly been studied in chickens. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of microbial aerosols in intensive goose house environments.2. To evaluate the environmental quality of geese housing, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected using an ambient air particulate matter sampler. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyse bacterial diversity and relative abundance. Results showed that the number of general and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were 1,578 and 19 112 in all PM2.5 samples. Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacterota were the four most abundant phyla in PM2.5.3. Compared with bacterial phyla in the PM2.5 from chicken houses, those in the genus Acidobacterota were increased in goose housing. There are various genera of bacteria present in PM2.5, and their composition was similar across different samples. No significant change was observed in the diversity of microbiota in the PM2.5, although multiple pathogenic bacteria were detected.4. A prediction function showed that a variety of bacterial phyla correlated positively with the human diseases.5. In summary, the microbial aerosols in the goose shed pose significant risks to the health of the geese. Regular monitoring of the composition of microbial aerosols is important for the healthy growth of geese and disease prevention and control.
{"title":"Temporal variation characteristics of microbial aerosols in the goose house environment.","authors":"Z Chen, C Lou, W Zheng, B Wu","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2360621","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2360621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Preventing disease is important in poultry production systems, but this has mainly been studied in chickens. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of microbial aerosols in intensive goose house environments.2. To evaluate the environmental quality of geese housing, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected using an ambient air particulate matter sampler. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyse bacterial diversity and relative abundance. Results showed that the number of general and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were 1,578 and 19 112 in all PM2.5 samples. <i>Firmicutes</i>, <i>Bacteroidota</i>, <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Acidobacterota</i> were the four most abundant phyla in PM2.5.3. Compared with bacterial phyla in the PM2.5 from chicken houses, those in the genus <i>Acidobacterota</i> were increased in goose housing. There are various genera of bacteria present in PM2.5, and their composition was similar across different samples. No significant change was observed in the diversity of microbiota in the PM2.5, although multiple pathogenic bacteria were detected.4. A prediction function showed that a variety of bacterial phyla correlated positively with the human diseases.5. In summary, the microbial aerosols in the goose shed pose significant risks to the health of the geese. Regular monitoring of the composition of microbial aerosols is important for the healthy growth of geese and disease prevention and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"538-545"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2356656
Z Gong, M Wang, J Song
1. The production of goose eggs holds significant economic value on a global scale and the quality of fertilised eggs is crucial for the successful hatching and sustained development of the poultry industry. Developing a low-cost fertilised egg identification system that is suitable for large-scale testing is of great significance. However, existing methods are expensive and have high environmental detection requirements, which limit their promotion.2. To address this issue, an improved object detection model called FEDM based on YOLOv5 is proposed, which has been shown to be outstanding among nine models. The main network of YOLOv5 is enhanced with the SENet attention mechanism to improve the feature selection capability. The C3_DCNv3 is introduced to enhance the detection ability of blood vessels in the fertilised eggs. The application of Dyhead significantly improved the representation capacity of the object detection head without any computational overhead. The loss function is replaced with MPDIoU to simplify the calculation process.3. Experimental results from the augmented dataset showed that the average precision of the FEDM reached 96.7%, which is a 5.5% improvement compared to the YOLOv5s model. FEDM exhibited better detection performance on eggs from different shooting angles than the YOLOv5 algorithm and achieves high detection speed.4. The FEDM secured significant advancement on the detection rate of the fourth day fertilised egg compared to the YOLOv5 algorithm. Based on this result, savings and space utilisation can be made, which has practical application value.
{"title":"FEDM: a convolutional neural network based fertilised egg detection model.","authors":"Z Gong, M Wang, J Song","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2356656","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2356656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The production of goose eggs holds significant economic value on a global scale and the quality of fertilised eggs is crucial for the successful hatching and sustained development of the poultry industry. Developing a low-cost fertilised egg identification system that is suitable for large-scale testing is of great significance. However, existing methods are expensive and have high environmental detection requirements, which limit their promotion.2. To address this issue, an improved object detection model called FEDM based on YOLOv5 is proposed, which has been shown to be outstanding among nine models. The main network of YOLOv5 is enhanced with the SENet attention mechanism to improve the feature selection capability. The C3_DCNv3 is introduced to enhance the detection ability of blood vessels in the fertilised eggs. The application of Dyhead significantly improved the representation capacity of the object detection head without any computational overhead. The loss function is replaced with MPDIoU to simplify the calculation process.3. Experimental results from the augmented dataset showed that the average precision of the FEDM reached 96.7%, which is a 5.5% improvement compared to the YOLOv5s model. FEDM exhibited better detection performance on eggs from different shooting angles than the YOLOv5 algorithm and achieves high detection speed.4. The FEDM secured significant advancement on the detection rate of the fourth day fertilised egg compared to the YOLOv5 algorithm. Based on this result, savings and space utilisation can be made, which has practical application value.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"546-558"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2356655
M Naeem, E J Burton, D V Scholey, A Alkhtib, S Broadberry
1. This study evaluated the efficacy of maize differing in particle size in low-density protein diets on performance, the digestive tract and litter characteristics in broilers. Four dietary treatments; control commercial diet with a typical crude protein content 22.50% (CON); CON + 20% maize with particle size 350 µm (M350), crude protein 19.90%; CON + 20% maize with particle size 2600 µm (M2600), crude protein 19.90%; CON + 20% whole maize (WM), crude protein 19.90%, were fed ad libitum to broiler chicks up to 21 d of age.2. No differences in body weight gain, feed intake and FCR were found between the WM and CON. WM increased body weight gain compared to M350 and M2600. M350, M2600 and WM increased (p = 0.004) gizzard relative weight compared with CON on day 14. Both WM and M2600 reduced (p = 0.001) gastric isthmus diameter on d 14 and 21 compared with CON and M350.3. No differences were seen in mucosa for the Lamina propria and the extent of Tunica muscularis of gizzard on d 21 and ileum mucosal depth on d 14 between WM and CON diets. However, WM reduced villus-to-crypt ratio compared with CON on d 21. The M350 reduced (p < 0.05) gizzard digesta particle size compared with CON, M2600 and WM on d 14.4. Both WM and M350 decreased (p < 0.05) nitrogen excretion compared to birds fed CON. Feeding WM increased nitrogen efficiency compared with M350 and M2600 diets, but was similar to birds fed CON. Feeding M350, M2600 or WM decreased (p < 0.05) litter moisture and footpad dermatitis (FPD) scores compared with results from birds fed CON.5. Overall, diluting the protein level in broiler diets with whole maize appeared better than fine or coarse maize in terms of growth performance, digestive tract development, nitrogen excretion and litter parameters. This may lead to economic benefits by reducing grinding costs and dependence on rich protein resources contributing to sustainable meat production and food security.
1.本研究评估了低密度蛋白日粮中不同粒度的玉米对肉鸡的生产性能、消化道和产仔特征的影响。对 21 日龄以下的肉用仔鸡自由采食了四种日粮处理:粗蛋白质含量为 22.50%的对照商品日粮(CON);CON + 20% 粒径为 350 微米(M350)、粗蛋白质含量为 19.90%的玉米;CON + 20% 粒径为 2600 微米(M2600)、粗蛋白质含量为 19.90%的玉米;CON + 20% 全玉米(WM)、粗蛋白质含量为 19.90%。 WM 和 CON 在体重增加、采食量和饲料报酬率方面没有差异。与 M350 和 M2600 相比,WM 可提高增重。在第 14 天,M350、M2600 和 WM 比 CON 增加了胗的相对重量(p = 0.004)。与 CON 和 M350.3 相比,WM 和 M2600 在第 14 天和第 21 天均缩小了胃峡直径(p = 0.001)。在第 21 天,WM 和 CON 两种日粮的胗固有层粘膜和胗肌层范围以及第 14 天的回肠粘膜深度没有差异。然而,与 CON 日粮相比,WM 在第 21 天降低了绒毛与隐窝的比率。M350 降低了(p p p
{"title":"Efficacy of maize differing in particle size in low-density protein diets fed to broilers from day 1 to 21 of age.","authors":"M Naeem, E J Burton, D V Scholey, A Alkhtib, S Broadberry","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2356655","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2356655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study evaluated the efficacy of maize differing in particle size in low-density protein diets on performance, the digestive tract and litter characteristics in broilers. Four dietary treatments; control commercial diet with a typical crude protein content 22.50% (CON); CON + 20% maize with particle size 350 µm (M350), crude protein 19.90%; CON + 20% maize with particle size 2600 µm (M2600), crude protein 19.90%; CON + 20% whole maize (WM), crude protein 19.90%, were fed <i>ad libitum</i> to broiler chicks up to 21 d of age.2. No differences in body weight gain, feed intake and FCR were found between the WM and CON. WM increased body weight gain compared to M350 and M2600. M350, M2600 and WM increased (<i>p</i> = 0.004) gizzard relative weight compared with CON on day 14. Both WM and M2600 reduced (<i>p</i> = 0.001) gastric isthmus diameter on d 14 and 21 compared with CON and M350.3. No differences were seen in mucosa for the <i>Lamina propria</i> and the extent of <i>Tunica muscularis</i> of gizzard on d 21 and ileum mucosal depth on d 14 between WM and CON diets. However, WM reduced villus-to-crypt ratio compared with CON on d 21. The M350 reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) gizzard digesta particle size compared with CON, M2600 and WM on d 14.4. Both WM and M350 decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) nitrogen excretion compared to birds fed CON. Feeding WM increased nitrogen efficiency compared with M350 and M2600 diets, but was similar to birds fed CON. Feeding M350, M2600 or WM decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) litter moisture and footpad dermatitis (FPD) scores compared with results from birds fed CON.5. Overall, diluting the protein level in broiler diets with whole maize appeared better than fine or coarse maize in terms of growth performance, digestive tract development, nitrogen excretion and litter parameters. This may lead to economic benefits by reducing grinding costs and dependence on rich protein resources contributing to sustainable meat production and food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"615-624"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141086750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2352835
Y Cufadar, S Golzar Adabi, E T Gül, L Nollet
1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of phytase on the performance, egg quality and gut health of white laying hens.2. Treatments consisted of a negative control (NC) diet containing 0.14% available phosphorus (avP), positive control (PC) diet containing 0.35% avP provided via dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and DCP replaced in the PC by with three graded levels of phytase derived from Komagataella phaffii at 500 (PC-500), 750 (PC-750) and 1000 (PC-1000) FTU/kg which provided 0.176%, 0.188% and 0.200% of avP, respectively.3. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and jejunal morphometry were negatively affected in NC-fed birds (p < 0.05). Considering the whole period, birds fed a diet supplemented with graded levels of phytase shared the same egg production and feed intake levels with PC birds (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio was significantly lowered by 4.9%, 1.6% and 7.6% in hens fed on diets PC-500, PC-750 and PC-1000, respectively compared to those fed the PC (p < 0.05).4. Neither of the dietary treatments affected cracked eggs, dirty eggs, eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness. Dietary supplementation of phytase significantly increased villus surface area by 15%, 36% and 40% in PC-500, PC-750 and PC-1000 birds, respectively compared to PC (p < 0.05).5. A significant increase in lactobacillus count was observed in line with increasing the level of phytase (p < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no effect on the caecal coliform or aerobic populations. Furthermore, phytase supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of total caecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA; p < 0.01).6. In conclusion, along with improving performance parameters, the inclusion of phytase in laying hen diets can ameliorate intestinal morphology and stimulate caecal microflora and increase SCFA concentrations.
1.本研究旨在确定分级植酸酶对白羽蛋鸡的生产性能、鸡蛋质量和肠道健康的影响。处理包括含有 0.14% 可用磷(avP)的阴性对照(NC)日粮、通过磷酸二钙(DCP)提供 0.35% 可用磷的阳性对照(PC)日粮,以及在阳性对照(PC)日粮中用 500(PC-500)、750(PC-750)和 1000(PC-1000) FTU/kg(分别提供 0.176%、0.188% 和 0.200%的可用磷)的植酸酶替代 DCP。NC饲喂的鸡的产蛋量、采食量、饲料转化率和空肠形态均受到负面影响(P P P P P P
{"title":"Effects of graded levels of dietary microbial 6-phytase on performance, intestinal histomorphology, caecal microbial population and short-chain fatty acid composition of Lohmann white-classics.","authors":"Y Cufadar, S Golzar Adabi, E T Gül, L Nollet","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2352835","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2352835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of phytase on the performance, egg quality and gut health of white laying hens.2. Treatments consisted of a negative control (NC) diet containing 0.14% available phosphorus (avP), positive control (PC) diet containing 0.35% avP provided via dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and DCP replaced in the PC by with three graded levels of phytase derived from <i>Komagataella phaffii</i> at 500 (PC-500), 750 (PC-750) and 1000 (PC-1000) FTU/kg which provided 0.176%, 0.188% and 0.200% of avP, respectively.3. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and jejunal morphometry were negatively affected in NC-fed birds (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Considering the whole period, birds fed a diet supplemented with graded levels of phytase shared the same egg production and feed intake levels with PC birds (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio was significantly lowered by 4.9%, 1.6% and 7.6% in hens fed on diets PC-500, PC-750 and PC-1000, respectively compared to those fed the PC (<i>p</i> < 0.05).4. Neither of the dietary treatments affected cracked eggs, dirty eggs, eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness. Dietary supplementation of phytase significantly increased villus surface area by 15%, 36% and 40% in PC-500, PC-750 and PC-1000 birds, respectively compared to PC (<i>p</i> < 0.05).5. A significant increase in lactobacillus count was observed in line with increasing the level of phytase (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no effect on the caecal coliform or aerobic populations. Furthermore, phytase supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of total caecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA; <i>p</i> < 0.01).6. In conclusion, along with improving performance parameters, the inclusion of phytase in laying hen diets can ameliorate intestinal morphology and stimulate caecal microflora and increase SCFA concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"595-604"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2346640
L Li, M Ma, G Zuo, J Xiao, J Chen, X He, Z Song
1. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of manganese (Mn) amino acid complexes on growth performance, Mn deposition, meat quality, breast muscle and bone development of broilers.2. A total of 504, one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into seven treatments; control diet (CON; basal diet, no extra Mn addition), manganese diet (MnN as Numine®-Mn; CON + 40, 80, 120 or 160 mg Mn/kg), manganese-S group (MnS; CON + 120 mg Mn/kg as MnSO4·H2O), manganese-A diet (MnA as Mn from hydrolysed feather meal; CON + 40 mg Mn/kg as MnA).3. There were no significant differences for average daily gain (ADG) or feed intake (ADFI) among diets during the feed phases (p > 0.05). The FCR in the starter and over the whole period were quadratically affected by dietary MnN dosage and gave the lowest FCR at 80 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The Mn content of thigh muscle, jejunum, heart, pancreas, liver and tibia increased linearly with MnN addition (p < 0.05).4. For meat quality, MnN significantly increased colour (a*), pH45 min and pH24 h, reduced shear force, drip loss and pressure loss of breast muscle (p < 0.05).5. Moreover, MnN significantly upregulated MYOD expression at d 21 and SOD expression at d 42, decreased MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 mRNA level at d 42 in breast muscle. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the regulating effect of MnN on muscle development significantly enriched signalling pathways such as adhesion, ECM-receptor, MAPK, mTOR and AMPK. Furthermore, dietary MnN significantly affected tibia length and growth plate development (p < 0.05) and promoted growth plate chondrocytes by increasing SOX-9, Runx-2, Mef2c, TGF-β, Ihh, Bcl-2 and Beclin1 and decreasing Bax and Caspase-3 (p < 0.05) expression which affect longitudinal tibial development.6. In conclusion, Mn amino acid complexes could improve growth performance, tissue Mn deposition, breast muscle development, meat quality and bone development.
{"title":"Effect of manganese amino acid complexes on growth performance, meat quality, breast muscle and bone development in broilers.","authors":"L Li, M Ma, G Zuo, J Xiao, J Chen, X He, Z Song","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2346640","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2346640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of manganese (Mn) amino acid complexes on growth performance, Mn deposition, meat quality, breast muscle and bone development of broilers.2. A total of 504, one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into seven treatments; control diet (CON; basal diet, no extra Mn addition), manganese diet (MnN as Numine®-Mn; CON + 40, 80, 120 or 160 mg Mn/kg), manganese-S group (MnS; CON + 120 mg Mn/kg as MnSO4·H2O), manganese-A diet (MnA as Mn from hydrolysed feather meal; CON + 40 mg Mn/kg as MnA).3. There were no significant differences for average daily gain (ADG) or feed intake (ADFI) among diets during the feed phases (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The FCR in the starter and over the whole period were quadratically affected by dietary MnN dosage and gave the lowest FCR at 80 mg/kg (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The Mn content of thigh muscle, jejunum, heart, pancreas, liver and tibia increased linearly with MnN addition (<i>p</i> < 0.05).4. For meat quality, MnN significantly increased colour (a*), pH<sub>45 min</sub> and pH<sub>24 h</sub>, reduced shear force, drip loss and pressure loss of breast muscle (<i>p</i> < 0.05).5. Moreover, MnN significantly upregulated <i>MYOD</i> expression at d 21 and <i>SOD</i> expression at d 42, decreased <i>MuRF1</i> and <i>Atrogin-1</i> mRNA level at d 42 in breast muscle. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the regulating effect of MnN on muscle development significantly enriched signalling pathways such as adhesion, ECM-receptor, MAPK, mTOR and AMPK. Furthermore, dietary MnN significantly affected tibia length and growth plate development (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and promoted growth plate chondrocytes by increasing <i>SOX-9</i>, <i>Runx-2</i>, <i>Mef2c</i>, <i>TGF-β</i>, <i>Ihh</i>, <i>Bcl-2</i> and <i>Beclin1</i> and decreasing <i>Bax</i> and <i>Caspase-3</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05) expression which affect longitudinal tibial development.6. In conclusion, Mn amino acid complexes could improve growth performance, tissue Mn deposition, breast muscle development, meat quality and bone development.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"582-594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2355638
X Peng, J Liu, C Liu, X Jiang, Y Yang, S Zhai
1. This trial investigated the effect on embryo injected with ochratoxin A (OTA) and the growth performance, jejunal morphology and barrier of ducklings to 21 d old.2. Two hundred forty, fertilised eggs were individually weighed and randomly assigned to two groups, a control (CON) and the OTA treatment, according to average egg weight. On d 13 of embryonic development, the treatment group was injected with 8 ng OTA/g egg and the CON group was injected with NaHCO3 solution as a placebo. All newly hatched ducklings were assigned to the CON or OTA group based on the different treatments. Each treatment consisted of six replicates and each included 10 ducklings and the experiment lasted until 21 d of age.3. The results showed that embryos injected with OTA affected the 21 d body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of ducklings (p < 0.05). OTA exposure increased the relative weights of the liver, pancreas, gizzard, proventriculus and jejunum (p < 0.05); and decreased the relative length of the jejunum of ducklings (p < 0.05). Moreover, jejunal crypt depth increased (p < 0.05) and the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (Vh/Cd) decreased in the OTA-injected group (p < 0.05). Compared with those in the CON group, the mRNA expression of Zonula Occludens-1; (ZO-1) (p = 0.0582) and Occludin; (p = 0.0687) in the OTA treatment group was downregulated.4. The findings demonstrated that a single low-dose injection of OTA increased body weight and daily gain in ducklings. Moreover, embryo exposure to OTA had negative effects with increased relative weight of organs and the jejunal crypt depth, decreased relative length of the intestine and mRNA expression of tight junctions (ZO-1, Occludin).
1.本试验研究了赭曲霉毒素 A(OTA)对胚胎注射的影响,以及对 21 日龄雏鸭生长性能、空肠形态和屏障的影响。 2. 将 240 枚受精卵单独称重,并按平均蛋重随机分配到两组,即对照组(CON)和 OTA 处理组。在胚胎发育的第 13 天,给处理组注射 8 ng OTA/g,给对照组注射 NaHCO3 溶液作为安慰剂。根据不同的处理方法,将所有刚孵化的雏鸭分配到 CON 组或 OTA 组。每个处理有六个重复,每个重复包括 10 只小鸭,实验持续到 21 日龄。结果表明,胚胎注射 OTA 会影响雏鸭 21 d 的体重(BW)和平均日增重(ADG)(p p p p p OTA 处理组的 Zonula Occludens-1; (ZO-1) (p = 0.0582) 和 Occludin; (p = 0.0687) 下调)。 研究结果表明,单次低剂量注射 OTA 可增加雏鸭的体重和日增重。此外,胚胎暴露于 OTA 有负面影响,器官相对重量和空肠隐窝深度增加,肠道相对长度和紧密连接(ZO-1、Occludin)mRNA 表达减少。
{"title":"Effects of embryo injected with ochratoxin A on growth performance, jejunal morphology and barrier of ducklings.","authors":"X Peng, J Liu, C Liu, X Jiang, Y Yang, S Zhai","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2355638","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2355638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This trial investigated the effect on embryo injected with ochratoxin A (OTA) and the growth performance, jejunal morphology and barrier of ducklings to 21 d old.2. Two hundred forty, fertilised eggs were individually weighed and randomly assigned to two groups, a control (CON) and the OTA treatment, according to average egg weight. On d 13 of embryonic development, the treatment group was injected with 8 ng OTA/g egg and the CON group was injected with NaHCO<sub>3</sub> solution as a placebo. All newly hatched ducklings were assigned to the CON or OTA group based on the different treatments. Each treatment consisted of six replicates and each included 10 ducklings and the experiment lasted until 21 d of age.3. The results showed that embryos injected with OTA affected the 21 d body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of ducklings (<i>p</i> < 0.05). OTA exposure increased the relative weights of the liver, pancreas, gizzard, proventriculus and jejunum (<i>p</i> < 0.05); and decreased the relative length of the jejunum of ducklings (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, jejunal crypt depth increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (Vh/Cd) decreased in the OTA-injected group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Compared with those in the CON group, the mRNA expression of <i>Zonula Occludens-1</i>; (<i>ZO-1</i>) (<i>p</i> = 0.0582) and <i>Occludin</i>; (<i>p</i> = 0.0687) in the OTA treatment group was downregulated.4. The findings demonstrated that a single low-dose injection of OTA increased body weight and daily gain in ducklings. Moreover, embryo exposure to OTA had negative effects with increased relative weight of organs and the jejunal crypt depth, decreased relative length of the intestine and mRNA expression of tight junctions (<i>ZO-1</i>, <i>Occludin</i>).</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"574-581"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}