Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2364331
H L Sanjaya, B P Maharani, A P Baskara, Muhlisin, R Martien, Zuprizal
1. This meta-analysis investigated the impact of LPS and covariates (serotype, rearing period and administration route) on the productivity parameters of broiler chickens (average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)).2. Thirty-two eligible studies were included. Hedges' g effect size was determined using a random-effects model at 95% confidence interval.3. Results showed that LPS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI; p < 0.0001) and average daily gain (ADG; p < 0.0001) and increased FCR (p < 0.0001). The serotypes Escherichia coli 055: B5 (EC055: B5) and Escherichia coli 0127: B8 (EC 0127: B8) significantly reduced ADFI and ADG, and the serotype EC 055: B5 significantly increased the FCR (p < 0.05).4. The intraperitoneal administration of the LPS significantly reduced the productivity of broiler chickens (p < 0.05), but other administration routes did not show such effects. The reduction in ADFI and ADG was found in all rearing periods (p < 0.05), and the increase in FCR was observed in the starter (p = 0.0302) and grower periods (p = 0.0031).5. Exposure to LPS significantly reduced the productivity of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). However, no relationship was observed between LPS dosage and productivity as indicated by the meta-regression study.6. The findings indicated that LPS has detrimental effects on broiler chickens' ADFI, ADG and FCR across various LPS serotypes and rearing periods. These detrimental impacts of LPS remain consistent regardless of the administered dosage.
1.这项荟萃分析调查了 LPS 及其协变量(血清型、饲养期和给药途径)对肉鸡生产性能参数(日均采食量(ADFI)、日均增重(ADG)和饲料转化率(FCR))的影响。采用随机效应模型,以 95% 的置信区间确定赫奇斯 g效应大小。结果表明,LPS 可显著降低平均日采食量(ADFI;p p p 大肠杆菌 055:B5(EC055:B5)和大肠杆菌 0127:B8(EC 0127:B8)可显著降低 ADFI 和 ADG,而血清型 EC 055:B5 可显著提高 FCR(p p p = 0.0302)和生长期(p = 0.0031)。
{"title":"Effect of lipopolysaccharides from pathogenic bacteria on broiler chickens' productivity: a meta-analysis.","authors":"H L Sanjaya, B P Maharani, A P Baskara, Muhlisin, R Martien, Zuprizal","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2364331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2364331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This meta-analysis investigated the impact of LPS and covariates (serotype, rearing period and administration route) on the productivity parameters of broiler chickens (average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)).2. Thirty-two eligible studies were included. Hedges' g effect size was determined using a random-effects model at 95% confidence interval.3. Results showed that LPS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI; <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and average daily gain (ADG; <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and increased FCR (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). The serotypes <i>Escherichia coli</i> 055: B5 (EC055: B5) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> 0127: B8 (EC 0127: B8) significantly reduced ADFI and ADG, and the serotype EC 055: B5 significantly increased the FCR (<i>p</i> < 0.05).4. The intraperitoneal administration of the LPS significantly reduced the productivity of broiler chickens (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but other administration routes did not show such effects. The reduction in ADFI and ADG was found in all rearing periods (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and the increase in FCR was observed in the starter (<i>p</i> = 0.0302) and grower periods (<i>p</i> = 0.0031).5. Exposure to LPS significantly reduced the productivity of broiler chickens (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, no relationship was observed between LPS dosage and productivity as indicated by the meta-regression study.6. The findings indicated that LPS has detrimental effects on broiler chickens' ADFI, ADG and FCR across various LPS serotypes and rearing periods. These detrimental impacts of LPS remain consistent regardless of the administered dosage.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141466322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2369671
J Nieto, J Plaza, M Hernández-Jiménez, I Revilla, C Palacios
1. This study investigated the effects of incorporating yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larval meal as a partial and/or complete substitute for soybean meal on carcass and meat quality in slow-growing chickens.2. A total of 256 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to 1 of 32 experimental units distributed among four treatments (n = 8): the control treatment (C), where soybean (SB) meal was the protein source, and three experimental treatments, in which SB meal was replaced by Tenebrio molitor (TM) larval meal at levels of 50% (T1), 75% (T2) and 100% (T3), respectively. Three different feed phases (1-29; 29-57 and 57-92 d of age) were used for each treatment. All chickens were slaughtered at 92 d of age, with eight animals per treatment randomly selected to assess carcass and meat quality. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) was used to classify meat quality.3. Carcass traits were not significantly different between treatments, except for head and thigh weight, which were higher in the control group (p < 0.01). In terms of physicochemical characteristics, treatment T2 showed less yellowness (p < 0.05), while water and cooking losses were lower in treatments T1 and T2 (p < 0.01). Meat from both T1 and T2 groups had lower shear forces (p < 0.01), higher moisture content (p < 0.01) and less protein (p < 0.05) compared to treatments C andT3. Birds fed T3 had the highest meat ash content (p < 0.01). Chickens consuming TM had higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-6 acidsPUFA (p < 0.01).4. Substitution of SB with TM is a protein alternative for slow-growing chickens that supports carcass and meat quality comparable to those fed a conventional diet.
1.本研究调查了添加黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)幼虫粉作为豆粕的部分和/或完全替代物对生长缓慢鸡的胴体和肉质的影响。共有 256 只一天龄的雄性肉鸡被随机分配到 32 个实验单元中的一个单元,这些单元分布在四个处理(n = 8)中:对照处理(C),以大豆粉(SB)为蛋白质来源;三个实验处理,分别以 50%(T1)、75%(T2)和 100%(T3)的黄粉虫(TM)幼虫粉替代 SB 粉。每种处理采用三个不同的饲养阶段(1-29 日龄、29-57 日龄和 57-92 日龄)。所有鸡在 92 日龄时屠宰,每个处理随机选取 8 只鸡评估胴体和肉质。采用近红外反射光谱法(NIR)对肉质进行分级。 除头重和大腿重较对照组高(p p p p p p p p n-6 acidsPUFA(p
{"title":"Substitution of soybean meal for yellow mealworm meal in the diet of slow-growing chickens provides comparable carcass traits and meat quality.","authors":"J Nieto, J Plaza, M Hernández-Jiménez, I Revilla, C Palacios","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2369671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2369671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study investigated the effects of incorporating yellow mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) larval meal as a partial and/or complete substitute for soybean meal on carcass and meat quality in slow-growing chickens.2. A total of 256 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to 1 of 32 experimental units distributed among four treatments (<i>n</i> = 8): the control treatment (C), where soybean (SB) meal was the protein source, and three experimental treatments, in which SB meal was replaced by <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> (TM) larval meal at levels of 50% (T1), 75% (T2) and 100% (T3), respectively. Three different feed phases (1-29; 29-57 and 57-92 d of age) were used for each treatment. All chickens were slaughtered at 92 d of age, with eight animals per treatment randomly selected to assess carcass and meat quality. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) was used to classify meat quality.3. Carcass traits were not significantly different between treatments, except for head and thigh weight, which were higher in the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.01). In terms of physicochemical characteristics, treatment T2 showed less yellowness (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while water and cooking losses were lower in treatments T1 and T2 (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Meat from both T1 and T2 groups had lower shear forces (<i>p</i> < 0.01), higher moisture content (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and less protein (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to treatments C andT3. Birds fed T3 had the highest meat ash content (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Chickens consuming TM had higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and <i>n</i>-6 acidsPUFA (<i>p</i> < 0.01).4. Substitution of SB with TM is a protein alternative for slow-growing chickens that supports carcass and meat quality comparable to those fed a conventional diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141466323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2367228
C Deng, M Li, T Wang, W Duan, A Guo, G Ma, F Yang, F Dai, Q Li
1. This study combined genome-wide selection signal analysis with RNA-sequencing to identify candidate genes associated with high altitude adaptation and egg production performance in Nixi chickens (NXC).2. Based on the whole-genome data from 20 NXC (♂:10; ♀:10), the population selection signal was analysed by sliding window analysis. The selected genes were screened by combination with the population differentiation statistic (FST). The sequence diversity statistic (θπ). RNA-seq was performed on the ovarian tissues of NXC (n = 6) and Lohmann laying hens (n = 6) to analyse the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups. The functional enrichment analysis of the selected genes and differentially expressed genes was performed.3. There were 742 genes under strong positive selection and 509 differentially expressed genes screened in NXC. Integrated analysis of the genome and transcriptome revealing 26 overlapping genes. The candidate genes for adaptation to a high-altitude environment, as well as for egg production, disease resistance, vision and pigmentation in NXC were preliminarily screened.4. The results provided theoretical guidance for further research on the genetic resource protection and utilisation of NXC.
{"title":"Integrating genomics and transcriptomics to identify candidate genes for high-altitude adaptation and egg production in Nixi chicken.","authors":"C Deng, M Li, T Wang, W Duan, A Guo, G Ma, F Yang, F Dai, Q Li","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2367228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2367228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study combined genome-wide selection signal analysis with RNA-sequencing to identify candidate genes associated with high altitude adaptation and egg production performance in Nixi chickens (NXC).2. Based on the whole-genome data from 20 NXC (♂:10; ♀:10), the population selection signal was analysed by sliding window analysis. The selected genes were screened by combination with the population differentiation statistic (<i>F</i><sub><i>ST</i></sub>). The sequence diversity statistic (<i>θπ</i>). RNA-seq was performed on the ovarian tissues of NXC (<i>n</i> = 6) and Lohmann laying hens (<i>n</i> = 6) to analyse the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups. The functional enrichment analysis of the selected genes and differentially expressed genes was performed.3. There were 742 genes under strong positive selection and 509 differentially expressed genes screened in NXC. Integrated analysis of the genome and transcriptome revealing 26 overlapping genes. The candidate genes for adaptation to a high-altitude environment, as well as for egg production, disease resistance, vision and pigmentation in NXC were preliminarily screened.4. The results provided theoretical guidance for further research on the genetic resource protection and utilisation of NXC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141449803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2368902
P T Muvhali, M Bonato, A Engelbrecht, I A Malecki, S W P Cloete
1. The aim of this study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations, first among behavioural responses of juvenile South African Black ostriches towards humans and secondly with slaughter weight and skin traits.2. Behavioural traits, such as willingness of the birds to approach humans, keeping a distance from the human observer and allowing touch interactions by a human were recorded (n = 1012 birds). In addition, slaughter weight, skin size, scores for nodule size, nodule shape and the presence of hair follicles were recorded.3. Single- and multi-trait animal model analyses performed on the data using ASReml4 revealed high heritability estimates of 0.44 for allowing touch interactions and 0.48 for both willingness to approach and keeping a distance from the human observer. In addition, significant genetic correlations among behavioural response traits were estimated, ranging from -0.99 between keeping a distance and willingness to approach the human observer, to 0.87 between allowing touch interactions and willingness to approach the human observer.4. In contrast, genetic correlations of behavioural response traits with most slaughter and skin traits were low, variable, and not significant. The exception was hair follicle score, which appeared to be unfavourably correlated with key behavioural traits.5. This study suggested that the temperament of ostriches could be improved by selection of birds that demonstrate willingness to associate with humans without compromising slaughter weight or skin traits.
{"title":"Genetic parameters and correlations for behavioural response traits towards humans in South African Black ostriches.","authors":"P T Muvhali, M Bonato, A Engelbrecht, I A Malecki, S W P Cloete","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2368902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2368902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The aim of this study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations, first among behavioural responses of juvenile South African Black ostriches towards humans and secondly with slaughter weight and skin traits.2. Behavioural traits, such as willingness of the birds to approach humans, keeping a distance from the human observer and allowing touch interactions by a human were recorded (<i>n</i> = 1012 birds). In addition, slaughter weight, skin size, scores for nodule size, nodule shape and the presence of hair follicles were recorded.3. Single- and multi-trait animal model analyses performed on the data using ASReml4 revealed high heritability estimates of 0.44 for allowing touch interactions and 0.48 for both willingness to approach and keeping a distance from the human observer. In addition, significant genetic correlations among behavioural response traits were estimated, ranging from -0.99 between keeping a distance and willingness to approach the human observer, to 0.87 between allowing touch interactions and willingness to approach the human observer.4. In contrast, genetic correlations of behavioural response traits with most slaughter and skin traits were low, variable, and not significant. The exception was hair follicle score, which appeared to be unfavourably correlated with key behavioural traits.5. This study suggested that the temperament of ostriches could be improved by selection of birds that demonstrate willingness to associate with humans without compromising slaughter weight or skin traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141431414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2315079
A Ibrahim, M Rodehutscord, W Siegert
1. A reduction in crude protein (CP) in feed for broiler chickens necessitates elevated free amino acid (AA) levels to meet the requirement of each AA. This study investigated adaptations following a change to diets with increasing free AA concentrations and possible reasons for the limitation caused by the inclusion of more free AA.2. Male Ross 308 broiler hatchlings received a starter diet (164 g CP/kg containing 80 g/kg soy protein isolate (SPI)) until d 7. From d 7-22, birds received a diet almost identical to the starter diet or two other diets, where 50% or 100% of digestible AA in SPI were substituted with a free AA mixture. Birds were allocated to metabolism units located in the same barn to determine performance (n = 7 units) and blood traits (n = 14 birds). Total excreta collection was performed on d 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 11-12, 14-15 and 21-22. Blood samples were collected on d 7, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 21.3. Average daily weight gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) was unaffected at 50% AA substitution but decreased at 100% AA substitution on d 7-22 (p ≤ 0.001). The 100% substitution led to a decline in ADG and ADFI consistently on all days (p ≤ 0.037) except on d 11-12. A 50% AA substitution resulted in lower ADFI on d 7-8 and 14-15 (p ≤ 0.032). Nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUE) was on a level of ~ 0.74 and was only affected by treatment up to d 11-12 (p ≤ 0.008). Concentrations of 10, 9, 8, 10 and 4 plasma free AA were affected on d 8, 9, 11, 14 and 21, respectively (p ≤ 0.037).4. Following a change to diets containing high levels of free AA, NUE and free AA concentrations in the circulation became more balanced within 3 to 7 d. The results suggested that peptide-bound and free AA did not cause different NUE, particularly 3 and 7 d after the diet change.
1.肉鸡饲料中粗蛋白质(CP)的减少要求提高游离氨基酸(AA)的含量,以满足对每种 AA 的需求。本研究调查了改喂游离 AA 浓度增加的日粮后的适应情况,以及游离 AA 含量增加造成限制的可能原因。雄性 Ross 308 肉鸡幼雏在第 7 d 前食用开食料(164 g CP/kg,含 80 g/kg 分离大豆蛋白 (SPI))。从第 7-22 天起,鸡群开始摄入与起始日粮几乎相同的日粮或另外两种日粮,其中 SPI 中 50% 或 100% 的可消化 AA 被游离 AA 混合物取代。鸟类被分配到位于同一牛舍的新陈代谢单元,以测定性能(n = 7 个单元)和血液性状(n = 14 只鸟)。第 7-8 天、第 8-9 天、第 9-10 天、第 11-12 天、第 14-15 天和第 21-22 天收集排泄物总量。第 7、8、9、11、14 和 21.3 天采集血液样本。日均增重(ADG)和日均采食量(ADFI)在50% AA替代时未受影响,但在第7-22天100% AA替代时有所下降(p ≤ 0.001)。除第 11-12 天外,100% AA 替代导致 ADG 和 ADFI 在所有日期持续下降(p ≤ 0.037)。50%的AA替代导致第7-8天和第14-15天的ADFI降低(p ≤ 0.032)。氮利用效率(NUE)约为 0.74,仅在第 11-12 天受到处理的影响(p ≤ 0.008)。血浆中 10、9、8、10 和 4 个游离 AA 的浓度分别在第 8、9、11、14 和 21 天受到影响(p ≤ 0.037)。 结果表明,肽结合 AA 和游离 AA 不会导致不同的氮利用效率,尤其是在换日粮后的 3 和 7 天。
{"title":"Investigation on adaptations of broiler chickens to high dietary free amino acid levels in nitrogen utilisation and plasma amino acid concentrations.","authors":"A Ibrahim, M Rodehutscord, W Siegert","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2315079","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2315079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. A reduction in crude protein (CP) in feed for broiler chickens necessitates elevated free amino acid (AA) levels to meet the requirement of each AA. This study investigated adaptations following a change to diets with increasing free AA concentrations and possible reasons for the limitation caused by the inclusion of more free AA.2. Male Ross 308 broiler hatchlings received a starter diet (164 g CP/kg containing 80 g/kg soy protein isolate (SPI)) until d 7. From d 7-22, birds received a diet almost identical to the starter diet or two other diets, where 50% or 100% of digestible AA in SPI were substituted with a free AA mixture. Birds were allocated to metabolism units located in the same barn to determine performance (<i>n</i> = 7 units) and blood traits (<i>n</i> = 14 birds). Total excreta collection was performed on d 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 11-12, 14-15 and 21-22. Blood samples were collected on d 7, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 21.3. Average daily weight gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) was unaffected at 50% AA substitution but decreased at 100% AA substitution on d 7-22 (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). The 100% substitution led to a decline in ADG and ADFI consistently on all days (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.037) except on d 11-12. A 50% AA substitution resulted in lower ADFI on d 7-8 and 14-15 (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.032). Nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUE) was on a level of ~ 0.74 and was only affected by treatment up to d 11-12 (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.008). Concentrations of 10, 9, 8, 10 and 4 plasma free AA were affected on d 8, 9, 11, 14 and 21, respectively (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.037).4. Following a change to diets containing high levels of free AA, NUE and free AA concentrations in the circulation became more balanced within 3 to 7 d. The results suggested that peptide-bound and free AA did not cause different NUE, particularly 3 and 7 d after the diet change.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"342-351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139912080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-02-23DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2309550
Y Wang, S Wang, I Mabrouk, Y Zhou, X Fu, Y Song, J Ma, X Hu, Z Yang, F Liu, J Hou, J Yu, Y Sun
1. Feathers are an important product from poultry, and the state of feather growth and development plays an important role in their economic value.2. In total, 120 eggs were selected for immunoblotting and immunolocalisation experiments of ERK and β-catenin proteins in different developmental stages of goose embryos. The ERK protein was highly expressed in the early stage of goose embryo development, while β-catenin protein was highly expressed in the middle stage of embryo development.3. The 120 eggs were divided into four treatment groups, including an uninjected group (BLANK), a group injected with 100 µl of cosolvent (CK), a group injected with 100 µl of AZD6244 containing cosolvent in a dose of 5 mg/kg AZD6244 containing cosolvent (AZD5) and a group injected with 100 µl of AZD6244 containing cosolvent in a dose of 15 mg/kg AZD6244 containing cosolvent (AZD15). The eggs were injected on the ninth day of embryonic development (E9). Samples were collected at E21.5 to observe feather width, feather follicle diameter, ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathway protein expression.4. The AZD5 and AZD15 doses were within the embryonic safety range compared to the BLANK and CK groups and had no significant effect on the survival rate and weight at the inflection point, but significantly reduced the feather width and feather follicle diameter (p < 0.05). The AZD6244 treatment inhibited ERK protein phosphorylation levels and blocked the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which in turn significantly down-regulated the expression levels of FZD4, β-catenin, TCF4 and LEF1 (p < 0.05), with an inhibitory effect in the AZD15 group being more significant. The immunohistochemical results of β-catenin and p-ERK were consistent with Western blot results.5. The small molecule inhibitor AZD6244 regulated the growth and development of feather follicles in goose embryos by the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
{"title":"<i>In ovo</i> injection of AZD6244 suppresses feather follicle development by the inhibition of ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in goose embryos (<i>Anser cygnoides</i>).","authors":"Y Wang, S Wang, I Mabrouk, Y Zhou, X Fu, Y Song, J Ma, X Hu, Z Yang, F Liu, J Hou, J Yu, Y Sun","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2309550","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2309550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Feathers are an important product from poultry, and the state of feather growth and development plays an important role in their economic value.2. In total, 120 eggs were selected for immunoblotting and immunolocalisation experiments of ERK and β-catenin proteins in different developmental stages of goose embryos. The ERK protein was highly expressed in the early stage of goose embryo development, while β-catenin protein was highly expressed in the middle stage of embryo development.3. The 120 eggs were divided into four treatment groups, including an uninjected group (BLANK), a group injected with 100 µl of cosolvent (CK), a group injected with 100 µl of AZD6244 containing cosolvent in a dose of 5 mg/kg AZD6244 containing cosolvent (AZD5) and a group injected with 100 µl of AZD6244 containing cosolvent in a dose of 15 mg/kg AZD6244 containing cosolvent (AZD15). The eggs were injected on the ninth day of embryonic development (E9). Samples were collected at E21.5 to observe feather width, feather follicle diameter, ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathway protein expression.4. The AZD5 and AZD15 doses were within the embryonic safety range compared to the BLANK and CK groups and had no significant effect on the survival rate and weight at the inflection point, but significantly reduced the feather width and feather follicle diameter (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The AZD6244 treatment inhibited ERK protein phosphorylation levels and blocked the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which in turn significantly down-regulated the expression levels of FZD4, β-catenin, TCF4 and LEF1 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with an inhibitory effect in the AZD15 group being more significant. The immunohistochemical results of β-catenin and p-ERK were consistent with Western blot results.5. The small molecule inhibitor AZD6244 regulated the growth and development of feather follicles in goose embryos by the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"307-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139939731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2326886
A M Johnson, J Charre-Perales, A Todd, M Arguelles-Ramos, A A B Ali
*1. In many countries, eggs are not refrigerated and must be stored at room temperature. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dietary oregano oil (275 mgkg; ORE) versus an unsupplemented control diet (CON) on laying hens on the shelf life and fatty acid profile of eggs.2. Treatments were randomly distributed into 10 pens containing 27 birds each. A total of 200 eggs were collected from both groups on the same day and were stored for either 0, 10, 21 and 35 d. At each storage time, egg yolks were analysed for fatty acid profile and lipid peroxidation.3. The main indicator of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), was significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (p = 0.001). Storage time had a significant impact on MDA concentrations (p = 0.023), with the highest found after 35 d. Significant differences were found for individual fatty acids, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (p < 0.05). Palmitoleic acid (p = 0.002), linolenic acid (p = 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs.4. Storage only affected oleic, linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (p < 0.05). Total SFA, MUFA, n-6 and ratio of n-3 to n-6 (n-3:n-6) PUFA were significantly higher in CON eggs (p < 0.05). The ratio of SFA to PUFA (SFA:PUFA, p = 0.005) and total n-3 PUFA (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs.5. The n-3:n-6 ratio was significantly impacted by treatment (p = 0.021) and storage (p = 0.031) with no significant interaction. This ratio is important for human health indication and could lead to the development of designer eggs.
{"title":"The impact of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on fatty acid composition and lipid stability in eggs stored at room temperature.","authors":"A M Johnson, J Charre-Perales, A Todd, M Arguelles-Ramos, A A B Ali","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2326886","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2326886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>*1. In many countries, eggs are not refrigerated and must be stored at room temperature. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dietary oregano oil (275 mg<math><mrow><mo>/</mo></mrow></math>kg; ORE) versus an unsupplemented control diet (CON) on laying hens on the shelf life and fatty acid profile of eggs.2. Treatments were randomly distributed into 10 pens containing 27 birds each. A total of 200 eggs were collected from both groups on the same day and were stored for either 0, 10, 21 and 35 d. At each storage time, egg yolks were analysed for fatty acid profile and lipid peroxidation.3. The main indicator of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), was significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (<i>p</i> = 0.001). Storage time had a significant impact on MDA concentrations (<i>p</i> = 0.023), with the highest found after 35 d. Significant differences were found for individual fatty acids, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Palmitoleic acid (<i>p</i> = 0.002), linolenic acid (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, <i>p</i> = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs.4. Storage only affected oleic, linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Total SFA, MUFA, <i>n</i>-6 and ratio of <i>n</i>-3 to <i>n</i>-6 (<i>n</i>-3:<i>n</i>-6) PUFA were significantly higher in CON eggs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The ratio of SFA to PUFA (SFA:PUFA, <i>p</i> = 0.005) and total <i>n</i>-3 PUFA (<i>p</i> = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs.5. The <i>n</i>-3:<i>n</i>-6 ratio was significantly impacted by treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.021) and storage (<i>p</i> = 0.031) with no significant interaction. This ratio is important for human health indication and could lead to the development of designer eggs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"242-249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140173778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2326450
L J Posadas Mendoza, A P Silva Ton, M Sbardella, V R Cambito de Paula, V L Rothmund, C Oliveira Brito, C Kiefer, A Corassa
1. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional and energy values of four maize distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and one maize high protein distiller's dried grains (HP-DDG) from ethanol production plants in Brazil; to evaluate the digestibility, performance, nitrogen balance and energy values for broiler chickens fed diets containing these coproducts (Experiment I); and to evaluate the effects of xylanase inclusion in diets containing maize DDGS for broilers on energy availability, digestibility, nitrogen balance and gastrointestinal morphometry (Experiment II).2. For each experiment, 180 broiler chickens aged 17 and 30 days with initial weights of 450 ± 18 g and 1228 ± 33 g, respectively, were used; the chickens were distributed into 36 metabolism cages. The experimental design consisted of complete randomised blocks, with six replications per treatment and five birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a basal diet (BD) and five test diets containing maize ethanol coproducts (Experiment I) one BD and five test diets containing DDGS with inclusions of 0, 8,000, 16,000, 24,000 and 32,000 BXU/kg xylanase (Experiment II). In Experiment I, HP-DDG and DDGS2 presented higher AME and AMEn values (14.1 and 13.9 MJ/kg and 13.4 and 13.3 MJ/kg, respectively), than did the other coproducts (p < 0.05). Compared with DDGS1 and DDGS3, DDGS4 and HP-DDG had higher digestible CP values (p < 0.05). In Experiment II, the inclusion of the enzyme quadratically affected the values of digestible CP and digestible EE (p < 0.05), with the maximum values occurring with the inclusion of 18 750 and 22,170 BXU/kg of xylanase, respectively.3. The digestible NDF and digestible MM values linearly increased with the inclusion of xylanase (p < 0.05). The addition of xylanase had no effect on gastrointestinal morphometry (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the inclusion of between 18,000 and 22,000 BXU/kg of xylanase resulted in better digestible CP and digestible EE values.
{"title":"Digestibility and nutritional parameters of maize ethanol coproducts and xylanase for broiler diets.","authors":"L J Posadas Mendoza, A P Silva Ton, M Sbardella, V R Cambito de Paula, V L Rothmund, C Oliveira Brito, C Kiefer, A Corassa","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2326450","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2326450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional and energy values of four maize distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and one maize high protein distiller's dried grains (HP-DDG) from ethanol production plants in Brazil; to evaluate the digestibility, performance, nitrogen balance and energy values for broiler chickens fed diets containing these coproducts (Experiment I); and to evaluate the effects of xylanase inclusion in diets containing maize DDGS for broilers on energy availability, digestibility, nitrogen balance and gastrointestinal morphometry (Experiment II).2. For each experiment, 180 broiler chickens aged 17 and 30 days with initial weights of 450 ± 18 g and 1228 ± 33 g, respectively, were used; the chickens were distributed into 36 metabolism cages. The experimental design consisted of complete randomised blocks, with six replications per treatment and five birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a basal diet (BD) and five test diets containing maize ethanol coproducts (Experiment I) one BD and five test diets containing DDGS with inclusions of 0, 8,000, 16,000, 24,000 and 32,000 BXU/kg xylanase (Experiment II). In Experiment I, HP-DDG and DDGS2 presented higher AME and AMEn values (14.1 and 13.9 MJ/kg and 13.4 and 13.3 MJ/kg, respectively), than did the other coproducts (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Compared with DDGS1 and DDGS3, DDGS4 and HP-DDG had higher digestible CP values (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In Experiment II, the inclusion of the enzyme quadratically affected the values of digestible CP and digestible EE (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with the maximum values occurring with the inclusion of 18 750 and 22,170 BXU/kg of xylanase, respectively.3. The digestible NDF and digestible MM values linearly increased with the inclusion of xylanase (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The addition of xylanase had no effect on gastrointestinal morphometry (<i>p</i> > 0.05). It was concluded that the inclusion of between 18,000 and 22,000 BXU/kg of xylanase resulted in better digestible CP and digestible EE values.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"361-369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141086667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2316865
C Kaewkot, M-D Wu, F-J Tan
1. This study investigated the relationships of quality indices with the severity of wooden breast (WB) myopathy in chicken breast meat under refrigerated storage. The physicochemical properties, water-holding capacity (WHC), microbial quality and fatty acid profiles of normal chicken breast meat samples (NOR samples, n = 63), moderate WB (MWB, n = 63) myopathy and severe WB (SWB, n = 63) myopathy (MWB and SWB samples, respectively) were evaluated immediately after sampling and after 4 and 8 d of refrigerated storage at 4°C.2. Total collagen, fat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents, redness and pH of the SWB and MWB samples were higher than the NOR samples. The SWB samples that were stored for 8 d had poor WHC, total viable counts (TVC) of higher than 7.0log colony-forming units, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of greater than 15 mg/100 g and a thiobarbituric acid - reactive substance level of higher than 1 mg/kg malondialdehyde.3. No significant difference was observed in the TVB-N content and TVC of the MWB and NOR samples during storage. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was lower in the SWB and MWB samples than in the NOR samples. The SWB samples were tougher than the MWB and NOR samples after 8 d of refrigeration.4. In conclusion, the quality of chicken breast meat with SWB myopathy degraded considerably over time; thus, such meat should not be subjected to extended refrigeration for storage.
{"title":"Relationships of quality indices with wooden breast myopathy severity in chicken breast meat under refrigerated storage.","authors":"C Kaewkot, M-D Wu, F-J Tan","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2316865","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2316865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study investigated the relationships of quality indices with the severity of wooden breast (WB) myopathy in chicken breast meat under refrigerated storage. The physicochemical properties, water-holding capacity (WHC), microbial quality and fatty acid profiles of normal chicken breast meat samples (NOR samples, <i>n</i> = 63), moderate WB (MWB, <i>n</i> = 63) myopathy and severe WB (SWB, <i>n</i> = 63) myopathy (MWB and SWB samples, respectively) were evaluated immediately after sampling and after 4 and 8 d of refrigerated storage at 4°C.2. Total collagen, fat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents, redness and pH of the SWB and MWB samples were higher than the NOR samples. The SWB samples that were stored for 8 d had poor WHC, total viable counts (TVC) of higher than 7.0<sub>log</sub> colony-forming units, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of greater than 15 mg/100 g and a thiobarbituric acid - reactive substance level of higher than 1 mg/kg malondialdehyde.3. No significant difference was observed in the TVB-N content and TVC of the MWB and NOR samples during storage. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was lower in the SWB and MWB samples than in the NOR samples. The SWB samples were tougher than the MWB and NOR samples after 8 d of refrigeration.4. In conclusion, the quality of chicken breast meat with SWB myopathy degraded considerably over time; thus, such meat should not be subjected to extended refrigeration for storage.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"287-296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140101067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-02-23DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2310668
A Heydari, S Khalaji, M Yari
1. Effects of cereal type and conditioning temperature (CT) on protein and carbohydrate (CHO) molecular structures, nutrient retention, carcass and blood characteristics, caecal microbial population and growth criteria of broilers fed pellet diet were evaluated for a total period of 35 d.2. In total, 336-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly allotted into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two different cereal types (maize or wheat) processed in two different temperatures (CT; 68°C or 90°C) with seven pen replicates containing 12 birds each.3. Chicks fed the maize-based diets significantly gained higher body weight (BW) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison to the chicks fed wheat-based diets during the whole grow-out period (p < 0.01). Overall, the highest BW and feed intake (FI) were seen in birds fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 68°C, but the lowest FCR was observed in maize-based diet conditioned at 90°C at 7, 14 and 21 d of age (p < 0.01). However, BW was higher and FCR lower in chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at 90°C in the grower period (28 and 35 d; p < 0.01).4. The α-helix height was higher in wheat-based starter diets in comparison to the maize-based diet (p < 0.01). Ratio of amide I to II area and total CHO peak height were increased when diets were processed at 90°C in both maize and wheat-based starter diet (p < 0.05). Increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C reduced CHO peak 1 and 2 height by 11.6% and 3.95%, respectively, in maize-based starter diets, while increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C reduced CHO peak 1 and 2 height by 54.3% and 57.2%, respectively, in wheat-based starter diets. In the grower diets, increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C increased CHO peak 1 by 23% in maize-based diets, but reduced CHO peak 1 by 24.5% in wheat-based diets.5. Calcium and phosphorous retention were highest in chicks fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 90°C and lowest in chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at 90°C (p < 0.01). Salmonella, E. coli and coliforms in the caeca reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in chicks fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 90°C on d 11 and increased with the same diet at 35 d of age compared to the chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at both 68°C and 90°C or wheat-based diets conditioned at 68°C.6. Conditioning the wheat-based diets at 68°C improved production responses without causing any adverse effects on protein and CHO molecular structures, however increasing the conditioning temperature to 90°C impaired performance due to alteration of protein and CHO molecular structures. In contrast, conditioning of the maize-based diets at 90°C had the opposite effect, and improved production performance compared to diets conditioned at 68°C.
1.评估了谷物种类和调理温度(CT)对饲喂颗粒日粮的肉鸡蛋白质和碳水化合物(CHO)分子结构、营养保留、胴体和血液特征、盲肠微生物数量和生长标准的影响,总计 35 d2。将 336 日龄的 Cobb 500 肉鸡雏鸡随机分配到 2 × 2 因式排列中,两种不同谷物类型(玉米或小麦)在两种不同温度(CT;68°C 或 90°C)下加工,共设 7 个重复栏,每个重复栏含 12 只雏鸡。与饲喂小麦日粮的雏鸡相比,饲喂玉米日粮的雏鸡在整个生长期体重明显增加,饲料转化率(FCR)明显降低(p p p p p p 盲肠中的沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和大肠菌群明显减少(p p p p p p
{"title":"Cereal type and conditioning temperature altered protein and carbohydrate molecular structure, nutrient retention and performance in broilers fed pellet diets during starter and grower period.","authors":"A Heydari, S Khalaji, M Yari","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2310668","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2310668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Effects of cereal type and conditioning temperature (CT) on protein and carbohydrate (CHO) molecular structures, nutrient retention, carcass and blood characteristics, caecal microbial population and growth criteria of broilers fed pellet diet were evaluated for a total period of 35 d.2. In total, 336-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly allotted into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two different cereal types (maize or wheat) processed in two different temperatures (CT; 68°C or 90°C) with seven pen replicates containing 12 birds each.3. Chicks fed the maize-based diets significantly gained higher body weight (BW) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison to the chicks fed wheat-based diets during the whole grow-out period (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Overall, the highest BW and feed intake (FI) were seen in birds fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 68°C, but the lowest FCR was observed in maize-based diet conditioned at 90°C at 7, 14 and 21 d of age (<i>p</i> < 0.01). However, BW was higher and FCR lower in chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at 90°C in the grower period (28 and 35 d; <i>p</i> < 0.01).4. The α-helix height was higher in wheat-based starter diets in comparison to the maize-based diet (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Ratio of amide I to II area and total CHO peak height were increased when diets were processed at 90°C in both maize and wheat-based starter diet (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C reduced CHO peak 1 and 2 height by 11.6% and 3.95%, respectively, in maize-based starter diets, while increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C reduced CHO peak 1 and 2 height by 54.3% and 57.2%, respectively, in wheat-based starter diets. In the grower diets, increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C increased CHO peak 1 by 23% in maize-based diets, but reduced CHO peak 1 by 24.5% in wheat-based diets.5. Calcium and phosphorous retention were highest in chicks fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 90°C and lowest in chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at 90°C (<i>p</i> < 0.01). <i>Salmonella</i>, <i>E. coli</i> and coliforms in the caeca reduced significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in chicks fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 90°C on d 11 and increased with the same diet at 35 d of age compared to the chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at both 68°C and 90°C or wheat-based diets conditioned at 68°C.6. Conditioning the wheat-based diets at 68°C improved production responses without causing any adverse effects on protein and CHO molecular structures, however increasing the conditioning temperature to 90°C impaired performance due to alteration of protein and CHO molecular structures. In contrast, conditioning of the maize-based diets at 90°C had the opposite effect, and improved production performance compared to diets conditioned at 68°C.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"315-330"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139939733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}