Pub Date : 2025-03-30DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3569638
Jasmin Falconer;Geneva Ecola;Zerina Kapetanovic
Johnson noise thermometers (JNTs) are a promising primary thermometer technology for harsh environments, including nuclear plants, industrial agriculture, and space. However, they are impractical to deploy at large scale in resource-constrained environments since they require a constant power supply. This paper presents the first analysis and demonstration of a wireless Johnson noise thermometer (WJNT). It addresses the deployment concerns of JNTs by separating the sensor, a passive antenna, and conductor from the active reader circuitry used to measure temperature. This makes the sensor easily scalable, completely passive, and detectable by a disconnected mobile reader system. In addition, the sensor's conductor can be distanced from its antenna to allow for the sensing of temperatures not accessible to the reader. This paper theoretically derives the signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of a WJNT. A proof-of-concept system was designed and evaluated in lab and outdoors to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness for use in different applications. The sensitivity, at room temperature, of the prototyped WJNT was measured to be 0.43 to 1 K for integration times ranging from 100 to 10 s using a 20 MHz bandwidth at 965 MHz.
{"title":"Wireless Johnson Noise Thermometry for Passive Temperature Sensing","authors":"Jasmin Falconer;Geneva Ecola;Zerina Kapetanovic","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3569638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3569638","url":null,"abstract":"Johnson noise thermometers (JNTs) are a promising primary thermometer technology for harsh environments, including nuclear plants, industrial agriculture, and space. However, they are impractical to deploy at large scale in resource-constrained environments since they require a constant power supply. This paper presents the first analysis and demonstration of a <italic>wireless</i> Johnson noise thermometer (WJNT). It addresses the deployment concerns of JNTs by separating the sensor, a passive antenna, and conductor from the active reader circuitry used to measure temperature. This makes the sensor easily scalable, completely passive, and detectable by a disconnected mobile reader system. In addition, the sensor's conductor can be distanced from its antenna to allow for the sensing of temperatures not accessible to the reader. This paper theoretically derives the signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of a WJNT. A proof-of-concept system was designed and evaluated in lab and outdoors to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness for use in different applications. The sensitivity, at room temperature, of the prototyped WJNT was measured to be 0.43 to 1 K for integration times ranging from 100 to 10 s using a 20 MHz bandwidth at 965 MHz.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"829-840"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11018425","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-27DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3550804
Shengjia Wu;Jiro Hirokawa;Takashi Tomura;Nelson J. G. Fonseca
This paper discusses the optimal assignment of phase differences between adjacent output ports in a recently proposed generalized one-dimensional orthogonal switching matrix with five beams by considering the RF performance of the compared matrices, including bandwidth of reflection coefficients, frequency dependence of adjacent output phase differences, etc. To demonstrate the advantages of the optimal assignment, the worst assignment is used for comparison. Both assignments use the same couplers but have different values of phase shift, so the beam directions determined by adjacent output phase differences are decided by the phase shifters. The best and worst assignments are identified using the absolute sum of phase differences with reference to a straight waveguide, defined as the difference between the transmission phase of a one-layer-length straight waveguide and the actual required values of one-layer-length phase shifters. The optimal assignment has the smallest absolute sum of phase differences, while the worst assignment has the largest value. This proposed assignment selection technique is general and suitable for matrices with a large component count, which prevents using full-wave analyses to identify preferred configurations. The two assignments are realized using post-wall waveguide technology and designed to operate over the frequency band from 20 GHz to 24 GHz, using PTFE substrates having a thickness of 3.2 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.17. Both matrices are simulated, manufactured and measured by adding transitions to input ports and output ports and connecting with standard waveguide WR42. Both simulated and measured results confirm that the assignment resulting in the smaller absolute sum of phase differences has better performance than the one with the largest sum in terms of transmission and reflection coefficients, phase differences between adjacent output ports, and array factor, confirming the selected metric as a good indicator of the performance of the generalized orthogonal switching matrix.
{"title":"Optimal Adjacent Output Phase Difference Assignments in Generalized One-Dimensional Five-Beam Switching Matrices","authors":"Shengjia Wu;Jiro Hirokawa;Takashi Tomura;Nelson J. G. Fonseca","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3550804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3550804","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the optimal assignment of phase differences between adjacent output ports in a recently proposed generalized one-dimensional orthogonal switching matrix with five beams by considering the RF performance of the compared matrices, including bandwidth of reflection coefficients, frequency dependence of adjacent output phase differences, etc. To demonstrate the advantages of the optimal assignment, the worst assignment is used for comparison. Both assignments use the same couplers but have different values of phase shift, so the beam directions determined by adjacent output phase differences are decided by the phase shifters. The best and worst assignments are identified using the absolute sum of phase differences with reference to a straight waveguide, defined as the difference between the transmission phase of a one-layer-length straight waveguide and the actual required values of one-layer-length phase shifters. The optimal assignment has the smallest absolute sum of phase differences, while the worst assignment has the largest value. This proposed assignment selection technique is general and suitable for matrices with a large component count, which prevents using full-wave analyses to identify preferred configurations. The two assignments are realized using post-wall waveguide technology and designed to operate over the frequency band from 20 GHz to 24 GHz, using PTFE substrates having a thickness of 3.2 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.17. Both matrices are simulated, manufactured and measured by adding transitions to input ports and output ports and connecting with standard waveguide WR42. Both simulated and measured results confirm that the assignment resulting in the smaller absolute sum of phase differences has better performance than the one with the largest sum in terms of transmission and reflection coefficients, phase differences between adjacent output ports, and array factor, confirming the selected metric as a good indicator of the performance of the generalized orthogonal switching matrix.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"654-665"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10944527","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a fused silica glass (quartz) multi-layer substrate using the copper direct bonding method. A fabricated substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) based two-plane hybrid coupler composed of five quartz layers showed low loss characteristics at the 60 GHz band. Quartz has low loss characteristics even at higher frequency bands but suffers from the difficulty of multilayer. We propose a copper direct bonding method to realize low-loss multilayer quartz substrates and characterize straight SIW lines and the two-plane hybrid coupler composed of a five-quartz-layer substrate. The straight SIW line shows low loss characteristics of 0.013 dB/mm at most from 57 GHz to 64 GHz with estimated $epsilon _{r}=3.75$ and $tan delta =0.00034$ for the quartz and $sigma = 4.0times 10^{7}$ S/m for the copper. The low insertion loss between an external waveguide and the SIW located in the inner quartz layer is confirmed as 0.12 dB at most, from 58 GHz to 63 GHz. The two-plane hybrid shows a low amplitude imbalance of 0.75 dB with a low insertion loss of 1.1 dB. These results strongly show that the quartz multi-layer substrate using the copper direct bonding method enables low-loss multilayer microwave components. Because this fabrication technique is scalable and the number of quartz layers can be increased, it can be applied to beam-switching circuits and feeding circuits with low loss and compact volume.
{"title":"Low Loss Quartz Multilayer Substrates and Substrate Integrated Two-Plane Hybrid Couplers Enabled by Copper Direct Bonding","authors":"Takashi Tomura;Jiro Hirokawa;Osamu Kagaya;Nobutaka Kidera;Daisuke Yamanaka;Hisaaki Furukawa;Katsuaki Miyatani","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3566010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3566010","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a fused silica glass (quartz) multi-layer substrate using the copper direct bonding method. A fabricated substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) based two-plane hybrid coupler composed of five quartz layers showed low loss characteristics at the 60 GHz band. Quartz has low loss characteristics even at higher frequency bands but suffers from the difficulty of multilayer. We propose a copper direct bonding method to realize low-loss multilayer quartz substrates and characterize straight SIW lines and the two-plane hybrid coupler composed of a five-quartz-layer substrate. The straight SIW line shows low loss characteristics of 0.013 dB/mm at most from 57 GHz to 64 GHz with estimated <inline-formula><tex-math>$epsilon _{r}=3.75$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math>$tan delta =0.00034$</tex-math></inline-formula> for the quartz and <inline-formula><tex-math>$sigma = 4.0times 10^{7}$</tex-math></inline-formula> S/m for the copper. The low insertion loss between an external waveguide and the SIW located in the inner quartz layer is confirmed as 0.12 dB at most, from 58 GHz to 63 GHz. The two-plane hybrid shows a low amplitude imbalance of 0.75 dB with a low insertion loss of 1.1 dB. These results strongly show that the quartz multi-layer substrate using the copper direct bonding method enables low-loss multilayer microwave components. Because this fabrication technique is scalable and the number of quartz layers can be increased, it can be applied to beam-switching circuits and feeding circuits with low loss and compact volume.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"1003-1014"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11008625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3563527
Wonryeol Lee;Taeyong Jeong;Daju Lee;Kyusik Woo;Kang-Yoon Lee;Chang-Ryul Yun;Chulhun Seo;Juntaek Oh;Keum Cheol Hwang;Sun K. Hong
This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a fully integrated digital phased array-based nonlinear radar system. The proposed system employs a bi-static structure, where the transmitter and receiver are physically separated. The transmitter operates at 3–3.2 GHz, while the receiver is designed to capture the second harmonic responses at 6–6.4 GHz. The system consists of 64 channels for both transmission and reception, enabling electronic beam steering through phase shift control. To enhance the beamforming accuracy, a novel transmitter calibration method utilizing an oscilloscope instead of a network analyzer was implemented. The method simplifies synchronization requirements while maintaining precise phase alignment. Performance evaluation of the radar system was conducted through experimental validation in both free-space and concealed conditions, using arbitrary commercial electronic devices as targets. The experimental validation results demonstrated an average range error of 32.3 cm with a range resolution of 37.5 cm. Additionally, multi-target detection was performed using beamforming techniques. In free-space conditions, the radar achieved accurate target localization with angular errors below 1°. In concealed conditions, nonlinear reflections introduced minor localization errors due to clutter. Despite these challenges, the system successfully detected multiple targets by employing a clustering method. To the best of our knowledge, the system presented here is the first demonstration of a fully integrated digital phased array-based nonlinear radar in the open literature.
{"title":"Fully Digital Phased Array Harmonic Radar for Detecting Concealed Electronic Devices","authors":"Wonryeol Lee;Taeyong Jeong;Daju Lee;Kyusik Woo;Kang-Yoon Lee;Chang-Ryul Yun;Chulhun Seo;Juntaek Oh;Keum Cheol Hwang;Sun K. Hong","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3563527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3563527","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a fully integrated digital phased array-based nonlinear radar system. The proposed system employs a bi-static structure, where the transmitter and receiver are physically separated. The transmitter operates at 3–3.2 GHz, while the receiver is designed to capture the second harmonic responses at 6–6.4 GHz. The system consists of 64 channels for both transmission and reception, enabling electronic beam steering through phase shift control. To enhance the beamforming accuracy, a novel transmitter calibration method utilizing an oscilloscope instead of a network analyzer was implemented. The method simplifies synchronization requirements while maintaining precise phase alignment. Performance evaluation of the radar system was conducted through experimental validation in both free-space and concealed conditions, using arbitrary commercial electronic devices as targets. The experimental validation results demonstrated an average range error of 32.3 cm with a range resolution of 37.5 cm. Additionally, multi-target detection was performed using beamforming techniques. In free-space conditions, the radar achieved accurate target localization with angular errors below 1°. In concealed conditions, nonlinear reflections introduced minor localization errors due to clutter. Despite these challenges, the system successfully detected multiple targets by employing a clustering method. To the best of our knowledge, the system presented here is the first demonstration of a fully integrated digital phased array-based nonlinear radar in the open literature.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"868-881"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11006501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3539871
Massinissa Ziane;Artem Boriskin;Maxim Zhadobov
This article introduces a novel method for fast measurement of the absorbed power density (APD) induced by an electromagnetic field (EMF) emmitting device operating near the human body at frequencies above 6 GHz, taking into account antenna/body interaction. The method employs an infrared (IR) thermography to remotely monitor the heat induced in a reflectivity-based skin equivalent phantom designed to reproduce the EMF scattering properties of human skin and the APD inside the human body. Such a phantom, implemented in the form of a thin planar solid dielectric structure, perturbs the device under test in a similar way as it would be perturbed by the presence of the human body, allowing the absorbed microwave energy to be effectively converted into an IR signal. The heat dynamics and the spatial temperature distribution on the phantom surface are measured by an IR camera and then converted to APD by postprocessing. To enhance the sensitivity of the method and to minimize the effect of heat conduction, spectral filtering is used. The proposed method is validated at 60 GHz using reference antennas (i.e. a cavity-fed dipole array and a pyramidal horn loaded with a slot array). The measured APD is compared with the reference APD simulated in human skin. The high accuracy and significant measurement time reduction, compared to conventional RF-based APD evaluation techniques, demonstrate a promising potential of the proposed IR-based method for fast EMF dosimetry and user exposure compliance testing of millimeter-wave (mmWave) 5 G and 6 G wireless devices.
{"title":"Fast In-Phantom Absorbed Power Density Evaluation at mmWaves Based on Infrared Measurements","authors":"Massinissa Ziane;Artem Boriskin;Maxim Zhadobov","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3539871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3539871","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel method for fast measurement of the absorbed power density (APD) induced by an electromagnetic field (EMF) emmitting device operating near the human body at frequencies above 6 GHz, taking into account antenna/body interaction. The method employs an infrared (IR) thermography to remotely monitor the heat induced in a reflectivity-based skin equivalent phantom designed to reproduce the EMF scattering properties of human skin and the APD inside the human body. Such a phantom, implemented in the form of a thin planar solid dielectric structure, perturbs the device under test in a similar way as it would be perturbed by the presence of the human body, allowing the absorbed microwave energy to be effectively converted into an IR signal. The heat dynamics and the spatial temperature distribution on the phantom surface are measured by an IR camera and then converted to APD by postprocessing. To enhance the sensitivity of the method and to minimize the effect of heat conduction, spectral filtering is used. The proposed method is validated at 60 GHz using reference antennas (i.e. a cavity-fed dipole array and a pyramidal horn loaded with a slot array). The measured APD is compared with the reference APD simulated in human skin. The high accuracy and significant measurement time reduction, compared to conventional RF-based APD evaluation techniques, demonstrate a promising potential of the proposed IR-based method for fast EMF dosimetry and user exposure compliance testing of millimeter-wave (mmWave) 5 G and 6 G wireless devices.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 2","pages":"269-280"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10930962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3541900
{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3541900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3541900","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10931044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3540157
Yuting Zhao;Tao Jiang;Simone Genovesi;Giuliano Manara;Filippo Costa
This paper presents a class of novel fabrication-tolerant resonator design for high-capacity chipless RFID tags. The proposed resonator is based on a high-quality-factor grounded dipole with a single etched slot of variable length. By controlling the slot length, the resonant frequency can be adjusted while exhibiting much lower sensitivity to design variables compared to conventional dipole resonators. This makes the design resilient to fabrication tolerances, a critical requirement for mm-wave frequency bands. This feature enables a two-step fabrication process: first, producing high-precision master tags (e.g., via roll-to-roll fabrication), and second, customizing them by etching slots using a flexible method like laser etching. The presence of a ground plane provides isolation from the tagged object, enabling application to diverse materials and geometries. An analytical model is derived to establish the relationship between slot length changes and resonant frequency shifts, enabling efficient design optimization. Sensitivity analysis shows the proposed resonator has a single parameter sensitivity of 0.008 (feasibility), and overall sensitivity of 0.04 (stability) under $pm 50;mutext{m}$ fabrication tolerance, over two orders of magnitude and half lower than the sensitivity of 1 for conventional dipoles. The resonator design is validated through simulations and experiments, demonstrating its potential for high-capacity, fabrication-tolerant chipless RFID tags.
{"title":"Novel Fabrication-Tolerant Resonator Design for mm-Wave Chipless RFID and Its Analytical Model","authors":"Yuting Zhao;Tao Jiang;Simone Genovesi;Giuliano Manara;Filippo Costa","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3540157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3540157","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a class of novel fabrication-tolerant resonator design for high-capacity chipless RFID tags. The proposed resonator is based on a high-quality-factor grounded dipole with a single etched slot of variable length. By controlling the slot length, the resonant frequency can be adjusted while exhibiting much lower sensitivity to design variables compared to conventional dipole resonators. This makes the design resilient to fabrication tolerances, a critical requirement for mm-wave frequency bands. This feature enables a two-step fabrication process: first, producing high-precision master tags (e.g., via roll-to-roll fabrication), and second, customizing them by etching slots using a flexible method like laser etching. The presence of a ground plane provides isolation from the tagged object, enabling application to diverse materials and geometries. An analytical model is derived to establish the relationship between slot length changes and resonant frequency shifts, enabling efficient design optimization. Sensitivity analysis shows the proposed resonator has a single parameter sensitivity of 0.008 (feasibility), and overall sensitivity of 0.04 (stability) under <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm 50;mutext{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula> fabrication tolerance, over two orders of magnitude and half lower than the sensitivity of 1 for conventional dipoles. The resonator design is validated through simulations and experiments, demonstrating its potential for high-capacity, fabrication-tolerant chipless RFID tags.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 2","pages":"305-311"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10931042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3541906
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3541906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3541906","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 2","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10931043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3541147
Martin Maier;Sebastian Paul;Milan Rother;Simona Di Meo;Marco Pasian;Joerg Schoebel;Vadim Issakov
This paper presents the comparison between microwave imaging for breast cancer detection using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system. We demonstrate that the VNA within the imaging setup can be replaced by an FMCW radar system without degrading image quality. For this purpose, we show that imaging with a VNA, based on the delay-and-sum (DAS) algorithm, is analytically identical to classic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. Moreover, we present images acquired from breast phantoms with different inclusions. We obtained images using both a VNA and an FMCW radar system operating from 6–14 GHz. The comparison of the images indicates that the FMCW radar system is a suitable alternative to the VNA for breast cancer detection using microwaves. The entire hardware of the radar system is realized with off-the-shelf components. This enables fast prototyping at a much lower cost compared to using a VNA or comparable radio frequency laboratory equipment.
{"title":"Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection - A Comparison Between VNA and FMCW Radar","authors":"Martin Maier;Sebastian Paul;Milan Rother;Simona Di Meo;Marco Pasian;Joerg Schoebel;Vadim Issakov","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3541147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3541147","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the comparison between microwave imaging for breast cancer detection using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system. We demonstrate that the VNA within the imaging setup can be replaced by an FMCW radar system without degrading image quality. For this purpose, we show that imaging with a VNA, based on the delay-and-sum (DAS) algorithm, is analytically identical to classic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. Moreover, we present images acquired from breast phantoms with different inclusions. We obtained images using both a VNA and an FMCW radar system operating from 6–14 GHz. The comparison of the images indicates that the FMCW radar system is a suitable alternative to the VNA for breast cancer detection using microwaves. The entire hardware of the radar system is realized with off-the-shelf components. This enables fast prototyping at a much lower cost compared to using a VNA or comparable radio frequency laboratory equipment.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 2","pages":"291-304"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10931040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3534018
Jose L. Medrán del Río;Armando Fernandez-Prieto;Jesus Martel;Christian Elmiger;Dimitra Psychogiou
This paper presents a novel compact 3D bandpass filter (BPF) concept based on new classes of intertwined helical resonators. The concept is demonstrated by three unique RF filter architectures: a second-order single-band BPF, a second-order dual-band BPF, and a differential single-band BPF. The filter designs are based on coupled-resonator theory, and their implementation is performed using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) 3D printing to create monolithic, screwless structures with ultra-low weight (20–65 gr) and minimal loss. The proposed intertwined helical resonator-based BPF concept, which enables designs with compact size and large fractional bandwidth (FBW) with transmission zeroes (TZ), has been experimentally validated. Manufactured prototypes have demonstrated the following RF performance: single-band BPF: center frequency of 1.08 GHz, 3 dB FBW of 15.5%, and insertion loss (IL) of 0.08 dB; dual-band BPF: passbands centered at 0.84 GHz and 1.53 GHz, with a 3 dB FBW of 19% and 6.5% and IL of 0.2 dB and 0.55 dB, respectively; differential single-band BPF: center frequency of 0.78 GHz, 3 dB FBW of 4%, and IL of 0.87 dB. To the best of the author's knowledge, this work is the first approach to 3D-printed differential BPFs.
提出了一种基于新型缠绕螺旋谐振器的新型紧凑型三维带通滤波器（BPF）概念。该概念通过三种独特的RF滤波器架构来演示：二阶单带BPF、二阶双带BPF和差分单带BPF。该滤波器设计基于耦合谐振器理论，并使用立体光刻设备（SLA） 3D打印来实现，以创建具有超低重量（20-65克）和最小损耗的单片无螺旋结构。提出的基于缠绕螺旋谐振器的BPF概念，可以实现具有传输零点（TZ）的紧凑尺寸和大分数带宽（FBW）的设计，并已经过实验验证。已制造的样机显示了以下射频性能：单频段BPF：中心频率1.08 GHz， 3 dB FBW为15.5%，插入损耗（IL）为0.08 dB；双频BPF：以0.84 GHz和1.53 GHz为中心的通带，3 dB FBW分别为19%和6.5%，IL分别为0.2 dB和0.55 dB；差分单带BPF：中心频率0.78 GHz， 3 dB FBW为4%，IL为0.87 dB。据作者所知，这项工作是3d打印差分bp的第一种方法。
{"title":"Monolithically-Integrated Bandpass Filters Using Capacitively-Loaded Intertwined Helical Resonators","authors":"Jose L. Medrán del Río;Armando Fernandez-Prieto;Jesus Martel;Christian Elmiger;Dimitra Psychogiou","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3534018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3534018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel compact 3D bandpass filter (BPF) concept based on new classes of intertwined helical resonators. The concept is demonstrated by three unique RF filter architectures: a second-order single-band BPF, a second-order dual-band BPF, and a differential single-band BPF. The filter designs are based on coupled-resonator theory, and their implementation is performed using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) 3D printing to create monolithic, screwless structures with ultra-low weight (20–65 gr) and minimal loss. The proposed intertwined helical resonator-based BPF concept, which enables designs with compact size and large fractional bandwidth (FBW) with transmission zeroes (TZ), has been experimentally validated. Manufactured prototypes have demonstrated the following RF performance: single-band BPF: center frequency of 1.08 GHz, 3 dB FBW of 15.5%, and insertion loss (IL) of 0.08 dB; dual-band BPF: passbands centered at 0.84 GHz and 1.53 GHz, with a 3 dB FBW of 19% and 6.5% and IL of 0.2 dB and 0.55 dB, respectively; differential single-band BPF: center frequency of 0.78 GHz, 3 dB FBW of 4%, and IL of 0.87 dB. To the best of the author's knowledge, this work is the first approach to 3D-printed differential BPFs.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 2","pages":"476-486"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10931065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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