Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3327188
Adrian Tang;Nacer Chahat;Yangyho Kim;Arhison Bharathan;Gabriel Virbila;Hans-Peter Marshall;Thomas Van Der Weide;Gaurangi Gupta;Raunika Anand;Goutam Chattopadhyay;Mau-Chung Frank Chang
This article presents development of a UAV based frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system for remotely sensing the water contained within snowpacks. To make the radar system compatible with the payload requirements of small UAV platforms, the radar electronics are implemented with CMOS technology, and the antenna is implemented as an extremely compact and lightweight metasurface (MTS) antenna. This article will discuss how the high absorption losses of snowpacks lead to dynamic range requirements much stricter than FMCW radars used for automotive and other sensing applications, and how these requirements are met through antenna isolation, leakage calibration and exploitation of the range correlation effect. The article discusses in detail the implementation of the radar system, the CMOS microwave and digital circuitry, and the MTS antenna. The developed radar was mounted on a drone and conducted surveys in both Idaho and Alaska during the 2022-2023 winter season. We present several of those field results.
{"title":"A UAV Based CMOS Ku-Band Metasurface FMCW Radar System for Low-Altitude Snowpack Sensing","authors":"Adrian Tang;Nacer Chahat;Yangyho Kim;Arhison Bharathan;Gabriel Virbila;Hans-Peter Marshall;Thomas Van Der Weide;Gaurangi Gupta;Raunika Anand;Goutam Chattopadhyay;Mau-Chung Frank Chang","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3327188","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3327188","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents development of a UAV based frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system for remotely sensing the water contained within snowpacks. To make the radar system compatible with the payload requirements of small UAV platforms, the radar electronics are implemented with CMOS technology, and the antenna is implemented as an extremely compact and lightweight metasurface (MTS) antenna. This article will discuss how the high absorption losses of snowpacks lead to dynamic range requirements much stricter than FMCW radars used for automotive and other sensing applications, and how these requirements are met through antenna isolation, leakage calibration and exploitation of the range correlation effect. The article discusses in detail the implementation of the radar system, the CMOS microwave and digital circuitry, and the MTS antenna. The developed radar was mounted on a drone and conducted surveys in both Idaho and Alaska during the 2022-2023 winter season. We present several of those field results.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"43-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10315711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135658998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3320712
Kefayet Ullah;Satheesh Bojja Venkatakrishnan;John L. Volakis
A 4-channel code-multiplexed digital receiver is presented for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) applications targeting 5G millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) communications. The receiver employs a code-multiplexing (CM) topology where multiple channels are encoded with unique orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard codes and multiplexed into a single-channel for digitization. This approach overcomes the bottleneck of hardware complexity, cost, and power consumption in traditional multiplexing topologies by employing a single wideband analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to serve several channels. The article presents an end-to-end testbed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Code-Multiplexed Digital Receiver (CMDR) that consists of 1) ultrawideband (UWB) tightly-coupled dipole array (TCDA), 2) a custom-designed encoder circuit board (ECB), and 3) a Radio-Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for encoding and decoding. The code sequences were generated at a maximum clock frequency of 400 MHz. Extensive experimental measurements were performed and test results were validated using performance metrics such as normalized mean square error (NMSE) and adjacent channel interference (ACI). Test results showed ACI of $>$ 20 dB, NMSE = -24.592 dB and little or no degradation in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest clock frequency and ACI value for hardware validation of channel multiplexing scheme reported in the literature.
{"title":"RFSoC-FPGA Realization of a Code-Multiplexed Digital Receiver (CMDR) Using 1-ADC/Quad-Channel","authors":"Kefayet Ullah;Satheesh Bojja Venkatakrishnan;John L. Volakis","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3320712","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3320712","url":null,"abstract":"A 4-channel code-multiplexed digital receiver is presented for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) applications targeting 5G millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) communications. The receiver employs a code-multiplexing (CM) topology where multiple channels are encoded with unique orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard codes and multiplexed into a single-channel for digitization. This approach overcomes the bottleneck of hardware complexity, cost, and power consumption in traditional multiplexing topologies by employing a single wideband analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to serve several channels. The article presents an end-to-end testbed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Code-Multiplexed Digital Receiver (CMDR) that consists of 1) ultrawideband (UWB) tightly-coupled dipole array (TCDA), 2) a custom-designed encoder circuit board (ECB), and 3) a Radio-Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for encoding and decoding. The code sequences were generated at a maximum clock frequency of 400 MHz. Extensive experimental measurements were performed and test results were validated using performance metrics such as normalized mean square error (NMSE) and adjacent channel interference (ACI). Test results showed ACI of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$>$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u000020 dB, NMSE = -24.592 dB and little or no degradation in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest clock frequency and ACI value for hardware validation of channel multiplexing scheme reported in the literature.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"123-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10286104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3321071
Brian M. Sun;Russell H. Kenney;Mark B. Yeary;Hjalti H. Sigmarsson;Jay W. McDaniel
Modern navigation solutions rely on a combination of inertial measurement units (IMUs) and a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver to estimate a navigating body's position. In order to produce a high-fidelity solution, the current approach is to utilize a single ultra-low bias navigational grade IMU in the system. However, these high-quality IMUs are expensive, bulky, heavy, and require significant power consumption. This article proposes the fusion of multiple lower-quality IMUs to achieve near-identical or better positional accuracy as a single high-quality sensor to minimize cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP) without sacrificing the positional estimation accuracy. The primary focus is on a generalized method to fuse multiple position estimations from multiple co-located IMUs for a single navigating body. The proposed fusion algorithm is applied to simulated data produced by three precision micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) grade IMU modules (Analog Devices ADIS16465) from two different simulated flight paths. The absolute error is calculated between the position estimation generated by the proposed algorithm and the “truth” position provided by the simulation to determine the accuracy of the final result. The error of the proposed algorithm using the Analog Devices modules is then compared to the error between a single navigational grade IMU (NovAtel IMU-ISA-100 C) and the simulated “truth” position. The results show that using only three precision MEMS grade IMUs; the proposed method can produce identically accurate position estimations as a navigational grade IMU while drastically reducing C-SWaP. This result is further validated in measured data from an instrumented test setup using the above mentioned IMU configurations fused with a standard GPS and compared to a real-time kinematic GNSS setup used as a the third-party ground truth. In addition, the proposed method is further validated by integrating the two navigation systems with a Ku-band radar to produce synthetic aperture radar images. The image produced using the multi-IMU configuration as opposed to the navigation-grade IMU is more focused. Given these results, the proposed method has been validated in theory, simulation, and measurement, resulting in an order of magnitude reduction in cost, size, and power consumption, as well as a three-and-a-half times weight reduction of the overall IMU solution.
{"title":"Reduced Navigation Error Using a Multi-Sensor Fusion Technique and Its Application in Synthetic Aperture Radar","authors":"Brian M. Sun;Russell H. Kenney;Mark B. Yeary;Hjalti H. Sigmarsson;Jay W. McDaniel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3321071","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3321071","url":null,"abstract":"Modern navigation solutions rely on a combination of inertial measurement units (IMUs) and a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver to estimate a navigating body's position. In order to produce a high-fidelity solution, the current approach is to utilize a single ultra-low bias navigational grade IMU in the system. However, these high-quality IMUs are expensive, bulky, heavy, and require significant power consumption. This article proposes the fusion of multiple lower-quality IMUs to achieve near-identical or better positional accuracy as a single high-quality sensor to minimize cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP) without sacrificing the positional estimation accuracy. The primary focus is on a generalized method to fuse multiple position estimations from multiple co-located IMUs for a single navigating body. The proposed fusion algorithm is applied to simulated data produced by three precision micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) grade IMU modules (Analog Devices ADIS16465) from two different simulated flight paths. The absolute error is calculated between the position estimation generated by the proposed algorithm and the “truth” position provided by the simulation to determine the accuracy of the final result. The error of the proposed algorithm using the Analog Devices modules is then compared to the error between a single navigational grade IMU (NovAtel IMU-ISA-100 C) and the simulated “truth” position. The results show that using only three precision MEMS grade IMUs; the proposed method can produce identically accurate position estimations as a navigational grade IMU while drastically reducing C-SWaP. This result is further validated in measured data from an instrumented test setup using the above mentioned IMU configurations fused with a standard GPS and compared to a real-time kinematic GNSS setup used as a the third-party ground truth. In addition, the proposed method is further validated by integrating the two navigation systems with a Ku-band radar to produce synthetic aperture radar images. The image produced using the multi-IMU configuration as opposed to the navigation-grade IMU is more focused. Given these results, the proposed method has been validated in theory, simulation, and measurement, resulting in an order of magnitude reduction in cost, size, and power consumption, as well as a three-and-a-half times weight reduction of the overall IMU solution.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"86-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10284531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136303237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3322606
{"title":"2023 Index IEEE Journal of Microwaves Vol. 3","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3322606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3322606","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"3 4","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9171629/10271404/10273218.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3318528
Jonathan Bott;Florian Vogelsang;Nils Pohl
Wireless communication and sensing applications seek higher frequencies to enable higher data rates or more precise localization using a wider modulation bandwidth. Particularly, 6G and autonomous driving research projects focus on the D-band. With higher frequencies, antennas can be placed closer together, allowing for more antennas in the same area and creating a narrower beam. However, a greater number of channels increases system complexity. Each antenna typically requires one vector modulator in a phased-array system, which entails four analog control voltages and four DACs. Consequently, increasing the frequency and utilizing more channels can result in an enlarged system size due to the complex PCB design. This article presents a phased-array chain consisting of a tunable branchline coupler based on varactor diodes, a digital vector modulator, and a power amplifier. The combination of varactor diodes and the VM enables coarse phase changes through 4-bit digital switching and precise phase adjustment through varactor tuning. This approach demonstrates that a four-element array only requires two DACs instead of 16 to cover the entire angular range. The phased-array chain was designed and manufactured using B11HFC silicon-germanium technology from Infineon Technologies AG.
{"title":"A D-Band Phased-Array Chain Based on a Tunable Branchline Coupler and a Digitally Controlled Vector Modulator","authors":"Jonathan Bott;Florian Vogelsang;Nils Pohl","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3318528","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3318528","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless communication and sensing applications seek higher frequencies to enable higher data rates or more precise localization using a wider modulation bandwidth. Particularly, 6G and autonomous driving research projects focus on the D-band. With higher frequencies, antennas can be placed closer together, allowing for more antennas in the same area and creating a narrower beam. However, a greater number of channels increases system complexity. Each antenna typically requires one vector modulator in a phased-array system, which entails four analog control voltages and four DACs. Consequently, increasing the frequency and utilizing more channels can result in an enlarged system size due to the complex PCB design. This article presents a phased-array chain consisting of a tunable branchline coupler based on varactor diodes, a digital vector modulator, and a power amplifier. The combination of varactor diodes and the VM enables coarse phase changes through 4-bit digital switching and precise phase adjustment through varactor tuning. This approach demonstrates that a four-element array only requires two DACs instead of 16 to cover the entire angular range. The phased-array chain was designed and manufactured using B11HFC silicon-germanium technology from Infineon Technologies AG.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"101-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10272375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136003117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3308472
Presents a listing of reviewers who contributed to this publication in 2023.
提供2023年对本出版物做出贡献的评审人员名单。
{"title":"List of Reviewers for Volume 3, 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3308472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3308472","url":null,"abstract":"Presents a listing of reviewers who contributed to this publication in 2023.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"3 4","pages":"1267-1268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9171629/10271404/10271518.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3314065
Allison Marsh
When Rhonda Franklin earned her doctorate in 1995, she was one of only six African-Americans graduating with engineering PhDs in the United States. When she was tenured and promoted to an associate professor at the University of Minnesota in 2004, she was the first female of any race to earn tenure in her department from the rank of assistant professor and the first African American female tenured in the college. Today, Franklin is the McKnight Presidential Endowed Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Minnesota and Abbott Professor of Innovative Education in the Institute for Engineering in Medicine. Her research focuses on circuits, antennas, integration and packaging and materials characterization in radio frequency (RF), microwave and milli wave applications related to communications systems and biomedicine. This article is the third in a continuing series of biographical pieces on women who have made significant and continuous contributions to microwave science, technology, applications, and education over the course of their careers. The articles are based on oral histories with the subject, conducted in conjunction with the IEEE History Center and deposited online with the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.
{"title":"Women in Microwaves: Rhonda Franklin","authors":"Allison Marsh","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3314065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3314065","url":null,"abstract":"When Rhonda Franklin earned her doctorate in 1995, she was one of only six African-Americans graduating with engineering PhDs in the United States. When she was tenured and promoted to an associate professor at the University of Minnesota in 2004, she was the first female of any race to earn tenure in her department from the rank of assistant professor and the first African American female tenured in the college. Today, Franklin is the McKnight Presidential Endowed Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Minnesota and Abbott Professor of Innovative Education in the Institute for Engineering in Medicine. Her research focuses on circuits, antennas, integration and packaging and materials characterization in radio frequency (RF), microwave and milli wave applications related to communications systems and biomedicine. This article is the third in a continuing series of biographical pieces on women who have made significant and continuous contributions to microwave science, technology, applications, and education over the course of their careers. The articles are based on oral histories with the subject, conducted in conjunction with the IEEE History Center and deposited online with the Engineering and Technology History Wiki.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"3 4","pages":"1102-1108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9171629/10271404/10271513.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3312892
{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3312892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3312892","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"3 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9171629/10271404/10271517.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3312894
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3312894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3312894","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"3 4","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9171629/10271404/10271509.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3319585
{"title":"Call for Papers—IEEE Journal of Microwaves Special Issue on Microwaves in Climate Change","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3319585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3319585","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"3 4","pages":"1269-1269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9171629/10271404/10271406.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49952314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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