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Toxic effects of Rhodamine B on antioxidant system and photosynthesis of Hydrilla verticillata 罗丹明B对水螅抗氧化系统及光合作用的毒性影响
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100069
Jyotshana Sharma, Shubhangani Sharma, Upma Bhatt, Vineet Soni

Rhodamine B is a synthetic dye released in huge quantities as hazardous colored effluents into aquatic ecosystems. It negatively affects the metabolic and physiological processes in aquatic plants. The goal of current study was to assess the impact of various Rhodamine B concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L) on antioxidant and photosynthetic performance of Hydrilla verticillata exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h. Results of present study clearly demonstrate that Rhodamine B inhibits the activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD) in H. verticillata. Activities of SOD, CAT, and GPOD were constantly raised at lower concentrations and then decreased with increasing concentration and exposure duration of Rhodamine B. In vivo chlorophyll fluorescence experiments were used to examine its inhibitory effects on H. verticillata photosystem II (PSII). The OJIP fluorescence induction kinetics were altered by increasing the Rhodamine B concentration and treatment time as a result increasing the parameters Fo/Fm and φDo while decreasing Fm, φPo, Ψo, φEo, RC/CSm, ABS/CSm, TR/CSm, ET/CSm and, PIabs. When exposed to Rhodamine B, electron transport is slowed down on both the acceptor and donor sides and overall decreases the photosynthetic performance of H. verticillata.

罗丹明B是一种合成染料,作为有害的有色废水大量排放到水生生态系统中。它对水生植物的代谢和生理过程产生负面影响。本研究的目的是评估不同罗丹明B浓度(5、10、15、20和25 mg/L)对暴露24、48和72 h的水蛭抗氧化和光合性能的影响。本研究结果清楚地表明,罗丹明B抑制水蛭超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和愈疮木酚过氧化物酶(GPOD)的活性。在低浓度下,SOD、CAT和GPOD活性不断升高,然后随着罗丹明b浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长而降低。采用体内叶绿素荧光实验考察了其对H. verticillata光系统II (PSII)的抑制作用。随着罗丹明B浓度和处理时间的增加,OJIP荧光诱导动力学发生变化,Fo/Fm和φDo参数升高,Fm、φPo、Ψo、φEo、RC/CSm、ABS/CSm、TR/CSm、ET/CSm和PIabs参数降低。当暴露于罗丹明B时,受体和供体两侧的电子传递都减慢,整体上降低了H. verticillata的光合性能。
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引用次数: 12
Ingested microplastics: Do humans eat one credit card per week? 摄入的微塑料:人类每周吃掉一张信用卡吗?
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100071
Martin Pletz

Ingested Microplastic (MP) particles can harm the human body. Estimations of the total mass of ingested MP particles correspond to 50 plastic bags per year (Bai et al., 2022), one credit card per week (Gruber et al., 2022), or a median value of 4.1 μg/week for adults (Mohamed Nor et al., 2021). The first two estimations are based on an analysis (Senathirajah et al., 2021) that predicts a total ingested mass of MP particles mi,MP of 0.1–5 g/week. This work revisits and evaluates this calculation and compares its results and methods to Mohamed Nor et al. (2021). Senathirajah combines data of averaged MP particle masses m¯MP from papers that reported MP particle sizes and MP particle counts nMP in shellfish, salt, beer, and water based on other papers that detected MP particles. Combined with the estimated weekly consumption of those consumables, they compute mi,MP. This work raises some serious issues of Senathirajah in the way they combine data and they obtained particle sizes. It concludes that Senathirajah overestimates mi,MP by several orders of magnitude and that mi,MP can be considered as a rather irrelevant factor for the toxic effects of MP particles on the human body.

摄入的微塑料(MP)颗粒会对人体造成伤害。估计摄入的MP颗粒的总质量相当于每年50个塑料袋(Bai等人,2022年),每周一张信用卡(Gruber等人,2022年),或者成年人的中位数为4.1 μg/周(Mohamed Nor等人,2021年)。前两个估计是基于一项分析(Senathirajah et al., 2021),该分析预测MP颗粒的总摄入质量为0.1-5 g/周。这项工作重新审视和评估了这一计算,并将其结果和方法与Mohamed Nor等人(2021)进行了比较。Senathirajah结合了来自报告MP颗粒大小的论文的平均MP颗粒质量m¯MP和基于检测到MP颗粒的其他论文的贝类,盐,啤酒和水中的MP颗粒计数nMP的数据。结合这些消耗品的每周估计消费量,他们计算出mi和MP。这项工作提出了Senathirajah在结合数据和获得颗粒大小的方式上的一些严重问题。它的结论是,Senathirajah高估了mmp数个数量级,mmp可被视为与mmp颗粒对人体的毒性作用相当无关的因素。
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引用次数: 7
Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects in plants: A review 铅在植物体内的生物积累及其影响研究进展
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100064
Samuel Collin , Amritha Baskar , Deepthi Mariam Geevarghese , Mohamed Niyaz Vellala Syed Ali , Praveena Bahubali , Rajan Choudhary , Vladislav Lvov , Gabriel Ibrahin Tovar , Fedor Senatov , Sivasankar Koppala , Sasikumar Swamiappan

Heavy metals (HM) toxicity is becoming a major threat to living organisms in recent years due to the increase in population and anthropogenic activities. Lead (Pb) shares about 10% of total pollution produced by heavy metals. The uptake of lead by the primary producers (plants) is found to affect their metabolic functions, growth, and photosynthetic activity. The accumulation of lead in excess can cause up to a 42% reduction in the growth of the roots. The current review addresses the global status of lead contamination in soil, potential lead sources, and the mechanism of lead uptake by the plants. This article also provides information about the lead concentration in plants in polluted and non-polluted areas. Humans are directly or indirectly dependent on plants to meet their daily requirements. So, it becomes necessary to review the problems associated with lead pollution in plants and its mode of action affecting the plant system. Factors like bioaccumulation, bioavailability, bioconcentration, transfer factor, and the role of Casparian strips as a natural physical barrier are discussed. Further, the updated literature survey about the various bioremediation strategies utilized for its elimination is also presented. The current study suggests that more attention needs to be focused on evaluating the effectiveness of bioremediation methods.

近年来,由于人口和人类活动的增加,重金属毒性已成为生物的主要威胁。铅(Pb)约占重金属污染总量的10%。发现初级生产者(植物)对铅的吸收影响其代谢功能、生长和光合活性。过量铅的积累可导致根的生长减少42%。本文综述了全球土壤中铅污染的现状、潜在的铅来源以及植物对铅的吸收机制。本文还提供了污染地区和非污染地区植物铅浓度的信息。人类直接或间接地依赖植物来满足日常需求。因此,有必要对植物中铅污染的相关问题及其影响植物系统的作用方式进行综述。讨论了生物积累、生物利用度、生物浓度、转移因子等因素,以及卡斯帕里斯条作为天然物理屏障的作用。此外,还介绍了用于消除其的各种生物修复策略的最新文献综述。目前的研究表明,需要更多地关注评估生物修复方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 41
Natural nanoparticles of the critical element tellurium 关键元素碲的天然纳米粒子
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100053
Owen P. Missen , Ella R. Lausberg , Joël Brugger , Barbara Etschmann , Stuart J. Mills , Koichi Momma , Rahul Ram , Mihoko Maruyama , Xi-Ya Fang , Erik Melchiorre , Christopher G. Ryan , Edgar E. Villalobos-Portillo , Hiram Castillo-Michel , Kiyofumi Nitta , Oki Sekizawa , Jeremiah Shuster , Santonu K. Sanyal , Andrew Frierdich , Steve Hunt , Yuka Tsuri , Maria A.D. Rea

Tellurium (Te) is a Critical Element that is toxic to microorganisms and humans alike, most notably in its soluble oxyanionic forms. To date, the biogeochemical behaviour of Te in Earth’s surface environment is largely unknown. Here, we report the discovery of elemental Te nanoparticles (Te NPs) in regolith samples using Single-Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy. Tellurium NPs were detected in both proximal and distal locations (bulk concentrations >4 ppm) relative to weathering Te ores. Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Mapping and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy showed that bulk Te in the regolith is generally associated with Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and clay minerals, and mostly found in the oxidation states +IV and +VI. Although Te NPs account for less than 2 mol‰ of Te in our samples, their detection provides evidence for the active biogeochemical cycling of Te in surface environments. Te NPs are reactive and are likely to have formed in situ in distal samples, most likely via microbially-mediated reduction. Hence, the presence of Te NPs indicates the potential for release of toxic soluble forms of Te even in environments where most Te is “fixed” in forms such as Fe (oxyhydr)oxides that have low solubility and poor bioavailability.

碲(Te)是一种对微生物和人类都有毒的关键元素,最明显的是其可溶性氧阴离子形式。迄今为止,Te在地球表面环境中的生物地球化学行为在很大程度上是未知的。在这里,我们报告了使用单粒子电感耦合等离子体质谱在风化层样品中发现元素Te纳米颗粒(Te NPs)。相对于风化Te矿石,在近端和远端位置均检测到碲NPs(体积浓度> 4ppm)。同步加速器x射线荧光成像和x射线吸收光谱分析表明,大块Te在风化层中普遍与Fe(氧合)氧化物和粘土矿物伴生,且多以+IV和+VI氧化态存在。虽然NPs在样品中所占的比例不到2 mol‰,但它们的检测为Te在地表环境中活跃的生物地球化学循环提供了证据。NPs是活性的,很可能是在远端样品中原位形成的,很可能是通过微生物介导的还原。因此,Te NPs的存在表明,即使在大多数Te以低溶解度和生物利用度差的铁(氧合)氧化物等形式“固定”的环境中,也有可能释放出有毒的可溶性Te。
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引用次数: 2
Corrigendum to “The distribution of persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) pharmaceuticals and personal care products monitored across Chinese water resources” “中国水资源监测的持久性、流动性和毒性(PMT)药品和个人护理产品的分布”勘误表
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100049
Chen Huang , Biao Jin
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引用次数: 0
Smartphone-enabled rapid quantification of microplastics 智能手机支持的微塑料快速定量
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100052
Jamie Leonard , Hatice Ceylan Koydemir , Vera S. Koutnik , Derek Tseng , Aydogan Ozcan , Sanjay K Mohanty

Developing methods to quickly detect microplastics is critical to assessing the extent of microplastic contamination in the environment. However, current methods to quantify microplastics from environmental samples can take several hours to days and often require access to expensive specialized microscopy instruments. Herein we report a smartphone-based method to rapidly quantify microplastics. The method involves isolating microplastics from soil or water by density separation and vacuum filtration, staining the isolated plastic polymers with Nile Red, and quantifying the strained microplastics as small as 10 µm using a smartphone-based fluorescence microscope with an opti-mechanical attachment. The smartphone-enabled quantification using an algorithm eliminates time-consuming digestion steps and manual counting, thereby enabling quantification of microplastic concentration in environmental samples within 1 h. The method successfully detected a wide range of plastic polymers, but a dilution step was often needed if the samples contained high concentrations of particulates or non-plastic debris to minimize optical overlap or blocking. This method could serve as an initial assessment tool to rapidly quantify microplastics in environments in remote places with limited access to expensive resources and open the possibility to increase the frequency of monitoring microplastic concentration in engineered systems such as wastewater treatment plants.

开发快速检测微塑料的方法对于评估环境中微塑料污染的程度至关重要。然而,目前从环境样本中量化微塑料的方法可能需要几个小时到几天的时间,而且往往需要使用昂贵的专业显微镜仪器。在这里,我们报告了一种基于智能手机的方法来快速量化微塑料。该方法包括通过密度分离和真空过滤从土壤或水中分离微塑料,用尼罗河红对分离的塑料聚合物进行染色,并使用带有光学机械附件的基于智能手机的荧光显微镜对小至10微米的拉伸微塑料进行定量。使用算法的智能手机支持的定量消除了耗时的消化步骤和人工计数,从而能够在1小时内对环境样品中的微塑料浓度进行定量。该方法成功检测了各种塑料聚合物,但如果样品含有高浓度的颗粒或非塑料碎片,则通常需要稀释步骤,以尽量减少光学重叠或阻塞。这种方法可以作为一种初步评估工具,在偏远地区的环境中快速量化微塑料,这些环境无法获得昂贵的资源,并有可能增加对污水处理厂等工程系统中微塑料浓度的监测频率。
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引用次数: 10
Novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an active-use C6-based aqueous film forming foam 新型全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质在现役c6基水成膜泡沫中的应用
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100061
Marzieh Shojaei , Abigail S. Joyce , P. Lee Ferguson , Jennifer L. Guelfo

Studies have identified hundreds of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and there is increasing reliance on HRMS with suspect screening in areas such as PFAS fate and transport. Characterization of active-use AFFF formulations is crucial for maintaining representative lists of PFAS for such efforts. Herein, targeted analysis, total oxidizable precursor assay (TOP), suspect screening, and non-targeted analysis were used to characterize PFAS in an AFFF currently certified for use by the U.S. military. The sum of PFAS identified during targeted analysis and suspect screening was compared to TOP, demonstrating that > 90% (20.2 mM) of the estimated total PFAS concentration (22.4 mM) was comprised of "unknown" PFAS. Tandem and multi-stage tandem mass spectra were used to annotate 10 PFAS within 9 classes, 8 of which have never been reported. A subset are fluorotelomer-based isomers of legacy, electrochemically synthesized PFAS. Thus, suspect screening efforts that rely solely on accurate mass matching may mis-annotate PFAS presented here as isomers that will have key differences in properties such as biotransformation pathways. The total estimated concentration of the 10 PFAS was ~20 mM, which agrees with the "unknown" fraction (20.2 mM) identified by TOP.

研究使用高分辨率质谱(HRMS)在水成膜泡沫(AFFF)中确定了数百种单氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFAS),并且在PFAS命运和运输等领域越来越依赖于HRMS进行可疑筛选。积极使用的AFFF配方的特征对于为这种努力维持具有代表性的PFAS清单至关重要。在此,靶向分析、总氧化前体测定(TOP)、可疑筛选和非靶向分析被用于表征美国军方目前认证使用的AFFF中的PFAS。将目标分析和可疑筛选过程中发现的PFAS的总和与TOP进行比较,表明>估计总PFAS浓度(22.4 mM)的90% (20.2 mM)由“未知”PFAS组成。采用串联和多级串联质谱对9类10个PFAS进行了注释,其中8个未见报道。一个子集是遗留的基于氟端粒的异构体,电化学合成的PFAS。因此,仅依靠精确质量匹配的可疑筛选工作可能会错误地将PFAS作为在生物转化途径等特性上具有关键差异的异构体进行注释。10个PFAS的总浓度估计为~20 mM,与TOP鉴定的“未知”部分(20.2 mM)一致。
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引用次数: 9
Henry’s Law constants of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances determined by static headspace analysis 静态顶空分析测定十五氟烷基和多氟烷基物质的亨利定律常数
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100070
Ibrahim Abusallout , Chase Holton , Junli Wang , David Hanigan

While it is thought that some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may volatilize from aqueous solutions, experimentally measured Henry’s Law constants (kH, synonymous with air : water partition coefficient) are scarce. This leads to a lack of understanding of the partitioning of PFAS and an inability to predict concentrations above contaminated groundwater (e.g., vapor intrusion). We measured kH for 27 PFAS via headspace analysis and manipulations of the gas to liquid phase ratio. Fifteen PFAS produced mass spectrometry signals suitable for kH measurements. At 25 °C the experimentally measured dimensionless kH were: 0.31 – 2.82 for four fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), 0.09 – 0.18 for three fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs), 0.30 – 1.01 for three iodinated PFAS, 0.43 – 0.92 for two sulfonamides, 3.86 for 6:2 fluorotelomer olefin, 0.69 for 8:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, and 0.32 for 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate. Longer fluoroalkyl chain length resulted in increased kH for FTOHs and FTSs, the only two groups in which chain length was studied. Perfluorinated sulfonates and carboxylates were generally not volatile enough to be measured, even at pH as low as 1, although fluorotelomers of both functional groups were measurably volatile. Temperature effects were well described by the van’t Hoff equation. kH was not significantly different in various environmentally relevant matrices demonstrating the broad applicability of the produced constants.

虽然人们认为某些单氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)可能从水溶液中挥发,但实验测量的亨利定律常数(kH,即空气:水分配系数的同义词)很少。这导致对PFAS的分配缺乏了解,并且无法预测污染地下水上方的浓度(例如蒸气侵入)。我们通过顶空分析和气液比操作测量了27种PFAS的kH。15个PFAS产生适合于kH测量的质谱信号。在25℃下,实验测得的无量纲kH分别为:四氟端粒醇(FTOHs)为0.31 ~ 2.82,三氟端粒磺酸(FTSs)为0.09 ~ 0.18,三碘化PFAS为0.30 ~ 1.01,两种磺胺为0.43 ~ 0.92,6:2氟端粒烯烃为3.86,8:2氟端粒羧酸为0.69,8:2氟端粒丙烯酸为0.32。较长的氟烷基链长导致FTOHs和FTSs的kH增加,这是仅有的两个链长被研究的基团。即使在pH值低至1时,全氟磺酸盐和羧酸盐的挥发性一般也不足以测量,尽管两种官能团的氟端聚体的挥发性都可测量。范霍夫方程很好地描述了温度效应。kH在各种环境相关矩阵中没有显着差异,表明所产生的常数具有广泛的适用性。
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引用次数: 3
Mobility of polypropylene microplastics in stormwater biofilters under freeze-thaw cycles 冻融循环下聚丙烯微塑料在雨水生物过滤器中的流动性
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100048
Vera S. Koutnik , Annesh Borthakur , Jamie Leonard , Sarah Alkidim , Hatice Ceylan Koydemir , Derek Tseng , Aydogan Ozcan , Sujith Ravi , Sanjay K Mohanty

Stormwater biofilters naturally experience dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles, which could remobilize deposited particulate pollutants including microplastics. Yet, the effect of these natural weathering conditions on the mobility of deposited microplastics has not been evaluated. We deposited microplastics on columns packed with sand or a mixture of sand with soil (25% by volume) to simulate biofilter media, subjected them to intermittent infiltration events punctuated by either freeze-thaw cycles or drying cycles. Comparing the vertical distribution of microplastics in biofilters after both treatments, we showed that more than 90% of microplastics were retained within the first 3 cm of filter media, but the distribution in deeper layers varied with media type and treatment conditions. Freeze-thaw cycles were more effective than dry-wet cycles in increasing the downward mobility of deposited microplastics. We attributed these results to the disruption of filter media by expanding ice crystals, which could release deposited colloids and associated microplastics. An increase in natural colloid concentration in the effluent following freeze-thaw treatments confirmed the hypothesis. The results are useful in predicting microplastic transport in the root zone in stormwater biofilters or contaminated land experiencing natural freeze-thaw cycles.

雨水生物过滤器自然经历干湿和冻融循环,这可以重新移动沉积的颗粒污染物,包括微塑料。然而,这些自然风化条件对沉积微塑料迁移性的影响尚未得到评价。我们将微塑料沉积在用沙子或沙子与土壤的混合物(体积比为25%)填充的柱上,以模拟生物过滤介质,使其遭受间歇性渗透事件,并被冻融循环或干燥循环打断。对比两种处理后生物过滤器中微塑料的垂直分布,我们发现90%以上的微塑料保留在过滤介质的前3cm内,但在较深层的分布因介质类型和处理条件而异。冻融循环比干湿循环更有效地增加沉积微塑料的向下迁移率。我们将这些结果归因于通过扩大冰晶破坏过滤介质,这可能会释放沉积的胶体和相关的微塑料。冻融处理后出水中天然胶体浓度的增加证实了这一假设。该结果可用于预测雨水生物过滤器根区或经历自然冻融循环的污染土地的微塑料运输。
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引用次数: 10
Targeted analysis and Total Oxidizable Precursor assay of several insecticides for PFAS 几种杀虫剂对PFAS的靶向分析及总氧化前体测定
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100067
Steven Lasee , Kaylin McDermett , Naveen Kumar , Jennifer Guelfo , Paxton Payton , Zhao Yang , Todd A. Anderson

Targeted analysis for 24 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) was conducted on 10 insecticide formulations used on a United States Department of Agriculture crop research field. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was found in 6 of the 10 formulations with concentrations ranging from 3.92 to 19.2 mg/kg. Further analysis of soil and plant samples collected at the site found several additional PFAS, with PFOS being the most prominent. Suspect screening was then conducted on the formulations and provided several suspected PFAS in addition to the 24 targeted analyzed PFAS in 7 of the 10 samples, one of which showed no PFAS during targeted analysis. PFAS-precursor oxidation was then conducted on the two insecticide formulations with the greatest lists of suspected PFAS as validation of potential unknown PFAS in the formulations. This study revealed a previously unknown potential PFAS contamination source for rural and agricultural environments.

对美国农业部作物研究领域使用的10种杀虫剂配方进行了24种全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)的针对性分析。10种配方中有6种含有全氟辛烷磺酸,浓度范围为3.92至19.2毫克/千克。对现场收集的土壤和植物样本的进一步分析发现了几种额外的全氟辛烷化合物,其中全氟辛烷磺酸最为突出。然后对配方进行可疑筛选,在10个样品中的7个样品中,除了24个目标分析的PFAS外,还提供了几个可疑的PFAS,其中一个样品在靶向分析时没有显示PFAS。然后对可疑PFAS列表最多的两种杀虫剂配方进行PFAS前体氧化,以验证配方中潜在的未知PFAS。这项研究揭示了一个以前未知的农村和农业环境的潜在PFAS污染源。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of hazardous materials letters
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