The article is devoted to the issues of readiness of medical organizations to carry out measures in an emergency situation of a sanitary-epidemiological (biological) nature. Special attention is paid to the algorithm of actions of a medical worker in identifying a patient with monkey pox and cholera.
{"title":"On the readiness of medical organizations to prevent the introduction and spread of dangerous infectious diseases","authors":"Tatiana Suranova","doi":"10.17816/eid108391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid108391","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the issues of readiness of medical organizations to carry out measures in an emergency situation of a sanitary-epidemiological (biological) nature. Special attention is paid to the algorithm of actions of a medical worker in identifying a patient with monkey pox and cholera.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89595573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510276
Nworgu Confidence Ogechi, Elele Kinsley, A. Elias
Introduction: This study assessed the toxicity and antiplasmodial profile of the ethanolic leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on Plasmodium berghei -infected mice. Methods: The extract was screen qualitatively and quantitatively for phytochemical constituents. Adult Swiss albino mice (20-23 g) of n = 5/group were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei intraperitoneally and were orally treated with the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) and CQ (10 mg/kg) (Standard) daily, respectively. In the sub-acute toxicity study, mice (n = 5/group) were treated with the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) daily for 28 days, respectively. After treatments, blood samples were collected and examined for percentage parasitemia, inhibition and biochemical parameters. Results: The extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, terpernoids, glycosides and saponins. It has high flavonoids (9.04 mg) quantity and low steroids (0.41 mg) quantity. The acute toxicity study of the extract showed no mortality with 3162 mg/kg as the lethal dose 50. The extract exhibited significant (p < 0.05) curative, suppressive and prophylactic antiplasmodial activities in a dose-related fashion when compared to parasitized control. Curatively, the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) produced 84.81%, 90.70% and 95.63% parasitemia inhibitions, respectively while CQ produced 94.31% parasitemia inhibition. MST was increased by the extract in a dose-dependent fashion when compared to parasitized control. The altered haematological parameters were restored by the extract in a dose-dependent fashion when compared to parasitized control. The acute toxicity study of the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) significantly impaired renal and liver function biomarkers in a dose-related fashion when compare to normal control at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: Chromolaena odorata leaf extract has promising antiplasmodial activity.
{"title":"Toxicity and Antiplasmodial Assessments of Chromolaena odorata Leaf Extract on Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice","authors":"Nworgu Confidence Ogechi, Elele Kinsley, A. Elias","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510276","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study assessed the toxicity and antiplasmodial profile of the ethanolic leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on Plasmodium berghei -infected mice. Methods: The extract was screen qualitatively and quantitatively for phytochemical constituents. Adult Swiss albino mice (20-23 g) of n = 5/group were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei intraperitoneally and were orally treated with the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) and CQ (10 mg/kg) (Standard) daily, respectively. In the sub-acute toxicity study, mice (n = 5/group) were treated with the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) daily for 28 days, respectively. After treatments, blood samples were collected and examined for percentage parasitemia, inhibition and biochemical parameters. Results: The extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, terpernoids, glycosides and saponins. It has high flavonoids (9.04 mg) quantity and low steroids (0.41 mg) quantity. The acute toxicity study of the extract showed no mortality with 3162 mg/kg as the lethal dose 50. The extract exhibited significant (p < 0.05) curative, suppressive and prophylactic antiplasmodial activities in a dose-related fashion when compared to parasitized control. Curatively, the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) produced 84.81%, 90.70% and 95.63% parasitemia inhibitions, respectively while CQ produced 94.31% parasitemia inhibition. MST was increased by the extract in a dose-dependent fashion when compared to parasitized control. The altered haematological parameters were restored by the extract in a dose-dependent fashion when compared to parasitized control. The acute toxicity study of the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) significantly impaired renal and liver function biomarkers in a dose-related fashion when compare to normal control at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: Chromolaena odorata leaf extract has promising antiplasmodial activity.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44933259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and significant factors of incidence of pregnancy among HIV positive women under ART follow up. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was employed and a sample size of 429 was selected using simple random sampling technique. Both chi-square test of association and multiple binary logistic regression analysis were used. Results: The study has shown that 21.2% of women were pregnant during the follow-up. Variables like, WHO clinical stage, spouse’s HIV status, marital status, contraception use, body weight, occupation, CD4 count, age and time of ART were significant predictors of incidence of pregnancy. Conclusion: Women with advance WHO clinical stage were less likely to be pregnant. Women, who are married, employed, had never used contraceptive methods were more likely to had pregnancy. When CD4 cell count and body weight increase, incidence of pregnancy also increases and women who had longer time on ART were more likely to be pregnant. Health institutions and clinicians should be cautious when the patients have faced advanced WHO clinical stage and low CD4 count. We would like to put remarks of increasing employment of HIV Positive women, providing effective services of ART health care, and studying further investigation for the general wellbeing of mothers and their respective potentially born children.
{"title":"Incidence and Predictors of Pregnancy among HIV Positive Women on ART in North West Ethiopia, a Retrospective Cohort Study","authors":"Gebrie Yenesew Fentahun, Dessie Tadesse Mihretie, Yeshiwas Dawit","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510272","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and significant factors of incidence of pregnancy among HIV positive women under ART follow up. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was employed and a sample size of 429 was selected using simple random sampling technique. Both chi-square test of association and multiple binary logistic regression analysis were used. Results: The study has shown that 21.2% of women were pregnant during the follow-up. Variables like, WHO clinical stage, spouse’s HIV status, marital status, contraception use, body weight, occupation, CD4 count, age and time of ART were significant predictors of incidence of pregnancy. Conclusion: Women with advance WHO clinical stage were less likely to be pregnant. Women, who are married, employed, had never used contraceptive methods were more likely to had pregnancy. When CD4 cell count and body weight increase, incidence of pregnancy also increases and women who had longer time on ART were more likely to be pregnant. Health institutions and clinicians should be cautious when the patients have faced advanced WHO clinical stage and low CD4 count. We would like to put remarks of increasing employment of HIV Positive women, providing effective services of ART health care, and studying further investigation for the general wellbeing of mothers and their respective potentially born children.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49645818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510275
M. Paul, Elduma Adel Hussein, H. Leonard, Kamara Kassim, H. Alden, Gebru Gebrekrstos Negash
Introduction: Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease with potentially serious illness with similar symptoms as smallpox but with the distinguishing symptom of lymphadenopathy. On March 9, 2021, health authorities in the Koinadugu District in Sierra Leone reported a suspected case of monkeypox. We investigated this case to confirm the diagnosis, and to identify the source of infection and risk factors, and institute control measures. Methods: We used the Integrated Disease Surveillance Response case-based form to collect demographic information and clinical symptoms. Blood samples from the case-patient were collected for laboratory confirmation. Contacts were identified, line listed, traced, and monitored for 21 days. Active searches for people with monkeypox-like symptoms in health facilities and communities and an environmental assessment in the community was conducted. Results: Monkeypox case was confirmed in a 47-year-old male who presented with fever, headache, generalized painless vesicles, rash, itching skin, and firm pustules prominent on the face and ear. The case-patient had no travel history in the last two months and no contact with animals. However, his household’s surroundings showed poor sanitary conditions and the presence of rodents. None of the 24 contacts identified and monitored daily for 21 days showed signs or symptoms of monkeypox infection. The case-patient was isolated, treated, and recovered from the disease. No additional cases were found in health facility or in the community. Conclusions: The confirmation of human monkeypox virus infection in the Koinadugu District indicates that the virus is circulating in the environment. However, the source of infection and risk of exposure are unknown. Strengthening surveillance capacity to quickly detect and notify similar cases may be helpful to raise awareness of the disease and its manifestations and establish appropriate prevention measures, preparedness, and response activities.
{"title":"Re-Emergence of Monkeypox in Sierra Leone, a Challenge for Clinicians in a Developing Country, 2021: A Case Report","authors":"M. Paul, Elduma Adel Hussein, H. Leonard, Kamara Kassim, H. Alden, Gebru Gebrekrstos Negash","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510275","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease with potentially serious illness with similar symptoms as smallpox but with the distinguishing symptom of lymphadenopathy. On March 9, 2021, health authorities in the Koinadugu District in Sierra Leone reported a suspected case of monkeypox. We investigated this case to confirm the diagnosis, and to identify the source of infection and risk factors, and institute control measures. Methods: We used the Integrated Disease Surveillance Response case-based form to collect demographic information and clinical symptoms. Blood samples from the case-patient were collected for laboratory confirmation. Contacts were identified, line listed, traced, and monitored for 21 days. Active searches for people with monkeypox-like symptoms in health facilities and communities and an environmental assessment in the community was conducted. Results: Monkeypox case was confirmed in a 47-year-old male who presented with fever, headache, generalized painless vesicles, rash, itching skin, and firm pustules prominent on the face and ear. The case-patient had no travel history in the last two months and no contact with animals. However, his household’s surroundings showed poor sanitary conditions and the presence of rodents. None of the 24 contacts identified and monitored daily for 21 days showed signs or symptoms of monkeypox infection. The case-patient was isolated, treated, and recovered from the disease. No additional cases were found in health facility or in the community. Conclusions: The confirmation of human monkeypox virus infection in the Koinadugu District indicates that the virus is circulating in the environment. However, the source of infection and risk of exposure are unknown. Strengthening surveillance capacity to quickly detect and notify similar cases may be helpful to raise awareness of the disease and its manifestations and establish appropriate prevention measures, preparedness, and response activities.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46345173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510274
Kamara Kassim, Gebru Gebrekrstos Negash Gebru, Namwase Angella Sandra, Squire James Sylvester, Foster Monique, Singh Tushar, Sloan Michelle L
Background: Sierra Leone reported its first case of COVID-19 on March 30, 2020. This report describes the clinical characteristics and the epidemiological features of the first few cases and contacts of COVID-19 in Sierra Leone. Methods: A prospective case-ascertained study was conducted to identify contacts of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases. Demographic, socio-economic, and clinical presentations were collected. Specimen were collected on day 1, day 7, and days 14-21. Data was analyzed using R, Stata, and Microsoft Excel. Results: The study included 160 cases and 1,003 contacts (56% males, 66% age 15-49 years). Of the total, 101/160 (63.1%) were primary cases, 59/160 (36.9%) secondary cases. Common symptoms reported included cough (39/160, 24.4%), headache (35/160, 21.9%), and fatigue (29/160, 18.1%). However, 55% (88/160) of the cases were asymptomatic at enrollment, and 83% (49/59) of the secondary cases were exposed to asymptomatic primary cases. The secondary infection rate was 5.8%. Almost 97% of the secondary cases tested positive on day 1and 3.4% on day 7. Pre-existing medical conditions among cases included diabetes and obesity. Conclusions: We were able to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 160 COVID-19 cases in the early phase of the pandemic in Sierra Leone. The findings of this study helped the Government of Sierra Leone develop and revise its policies and response strategies in order to reduce preventable COVID-19-related deaths. Early investigational protocols such as the first few cases study can be of great utility during outbreaks of relatively unknown diseases. What is already known on this topic A cluster of unusual pneumonia cases was reported in Wuhan, China, that was later identified to be caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2. However, limited knowledge exists on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the outbreak dynamics at the time Sierra Leone detected its first case. What this study adds This study helped to understand the key clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases and epidemiological features of COVID-19 diseases in Sierra Leone. Implications of the study in practice, or policy The findings of this study provided evidence for targeted and specific prevention and control measures to contain the spread of the disease in Sierra Leone.
{"title":"First Few Cases Study to Investigate Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 in the Early Phase of the Response, Sierra Leone 2020","authors":"Kamara Kassim, Gebru Gebrekrstos Negash Gebru, Namwase Angella Sandra, Squire James Sylvester, Foster Monique, Singh Tushar, Sloan Michelle L","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510274","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sierra Leone reported its first case of COVID-19 on March 30, 2020. This report describes the clinical characteristics and the epidemiological features of the first few cases and contacts of COVID-19 in Sierra Leone. Methods: A prospective case-ascertained study was conducted to identify contacts of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases. Demographic, socio-economic, and clinical presentations were collected. Specimen were collected on day 1, day 7, and days 14-21. Data was analyzed using R, Stata, and Microsoft Excel. Results: The study included 160 cases and 1,003 contacts (56% males, 66% age 15-49 years). Of the total, 101/160 (63.1%) were primary cases, 59/160 (36.9%) secondary cases. Common symptoms reported included cough (39/160, 24.4%), headache (35/160, 21.9%), and fatigue (29/160, 18.1%). However, 55% (88/160) of the cases were asymptomatic at enrollment, and 83% (49/59) of the secondary cases were exposed to asymptomatic primary cases. The secondary infection rate was 5.8%. Almost 97% of the secondary cases tested positive on day 1and 3.4% on day 7. Pre-existing medical conditions among cases included diabetes and obesity. Conclusions: We were able to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 160 COVID-19 cases in the early phase of the pandemic in Sierra Leone. The findings of this study helped the Government of Sierra Leone develop and revise its policies and response strategies in order to reduce preventable COVID-19-related deaths. Early investigational protocols such as the first few cases study can be of great utility during outbreaks of relatively unknown diseases. What is already known on this topic A cluster of unusual pneumonia cases was reported in Wuhan, China, that was later identified to be caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2. However, limited knowledge exists on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the outbreak dynamics at the time Sierra Leone detected its first case. What this study adds This study helped to understand the key clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases and epidemiological features of COVID-19 diseases in Sierra Leone. Implications of the study in practice, or policy The findings of this study provided evidence for targeted and specific prevention and control measures to contain the spread of the disease in Sierra Leone.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43908172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510273
Tahiliani Vikshit
{"title":"Monkey-Pox Virus and It's Impact","authors":"Tahiliani Vikshit","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44425949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Svetlana A. Suhanova, Oksana V. Proskurina, E. A. Jain, A. Globenko, Madina I. Bagaeva, A. Rydlovskaya, V. Nebolsin
The major feature of COVID-19 is intensive virus-induced inflammation in vital body organs and spatiotemporal dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines synthesis. All this leads to unpredicted clinical progression and high risk of "cytokine storm" development. The "cytokine storm" is the pathogenetic basis for further development of life-threatening complications. Thus, there is a huge need to select effective and safe approaches that allow to control virus-induced inflammation as a part of preventive anti-inflammatory therapy. This article presents toxicological characteristics of the original low-molecular compound XC221GI (1-[2-(1-methylimidazole-4-yl)-ethyl]perhydroazin-2,6-dione) from pre-clinical studies. The obtained results demonstrate that the XC221GI does not have any toxic effect in repeated long-term administration. The compound was well tolerated by all animals. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 30 mg/kg per day for dogs and 450 mg/kg per day for rats. There were no effects of XC221GI on blood count, hematopoiesis and hemostasis. As well as no cytotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic properties or anaphylactogenic and immunotoxic activity were revealed for XC221GI. All known data enable to classify XC221GI as a low toxic compound and consider its safety profile as reasonably favorable.
{"title":"Toxicity profile of the new compound XC221GI from pre-clinical studies","authors":"Svetlana A. Suhanova, Oksana V. Proskurina, E. A. Jain, A. Globenko, Madina I. Bagaeva, A. Rydlovskaya, V. Nebolsin","doi":"10.17816/eid108910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid108910","url":null,"abstract":"The major feature of COVID-19 is intensive virus-induced inflammation in vital body organs and spatiotemporal dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines synthesis. All this leads to unpredicted clinical progression and high risk of \"cytokine storm\" development. The \"cytokine storm\" is the pathogenetic basis for further development of life-threatening complications. Thus, there is a huge need to select effective and safe approaches that allow to control virus-induced inflammation as a part of preventive anti-inflammatory therapy. \u0000This article presents toxicological characteristics of the original low-molecular compound XC221GI (1-[2-(1-methylimidazole-4-yl)-ethyl]perhydroazin-2,6-dione) from pre-clinical studies. \u0000The obtained results demonstrate that the XC221GI does not have any toxic effect in repeated long-term administration. The compound was well tolerated by all animals. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 30 mg/kg per day for dogs and 450 mg/kg per day for rats. There were no effects of XC221GI on blood count, hematopoiesis and hemostasis. As well as no cytotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic properties or anaphylactogenic and immunotoxic activity were revealed for XC221GI. All known data enable to classify XC221GI as a low toxic compound and consider its safety profile as reasonably favorable.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86106518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510268
Mahdi Nadham Kadham
The prevalence history for intestinal protozoal and helminthic infections among Iraqi people is reviewed from 2000-2020. The distribution of the intestinal parasites is mentioned in different communities including hospital patients, primary school children, food handlers, general population, immunocompromised patients, malnourished patients, sicklers and day-care centers attendance in both rural and urban regions. The prevalence rates are also illustrated in relation to age and sex parameters. Protozoal infections are the most common infections in Iraq. Other parasitic infections are of a local public health problem. Even parasitic infections could cause malabsorption, malnutrition and blood loss but also might cause physical and mental growth retardation specially among children. Therefore, Implantation of a national control program is essential to apply.
{"title":"Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Iraq during a Period from 2000-2020","authors":"Mahdi Nadham Kadham","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510268","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence history for intestinal protozoal and helminthic infections among Iraqi people is reviewed from 2000-2020. The distribution of the intestinal parasites is mentioned in different communities including hospital patients, primary school children, food handlers, general population, immunocompromised patients, malnourished patients, sicklers and day-care centers attendance in both rural and urban regions. The prevalence rates are also illustrated in relation to age and sex parameters. Protozoal infections are the most common infections in Iraq. Other parasitic infections are of a local public health problem. Even parasitic infections could cause malabsorption, malnutrition and blood loss but also might cause physical and mental growth retardation specially among children. Therefore, Implantation of a national control program is essential to apply.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45249184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510270
Kenguele Hilaire Moundounga, Meye Bourdettes, Ndong Thièry, Mickala Patrick
Background: Blood donation is a lifesaving intervention and a precious gift for patients in urgent need. However, the blood should be carefully checked for transfusion-transmitted infections such as HIV, hepatitis, syphilis, malaria and other endemic haemoparasites. In Gabon, like in many other African countries, blood is not routinely screened for malaria as recommended by the World health organization. Objective: The main objective of this study was to screen the blood of prospective donors attending Amissa Bongo Regional Hospital Center of Franceville (Southern Gabon) for blood-borne parasites. Methods: Blood donor candidates were subjected to a structured questionnaire and haemoparasites detected using microscopic examinations: direct examination and cytoconcentration technique for filarial worms, thick blood smears and direct examination for Babasia spp and Trypanosoma spp , SD Bioline Malaria AG P.F/PAN Test and thick/thin blood smears for Plasmodium falciparum. Results: The majority of blood donor candidates were males, family donors, work in the informal sector, and under 39 years old. The results also revealed that the prevalences of malaria parasites ( Plasmodium falciparum ) and filarial worms ( Loa loa and Mansonella perstans ) were respectively 5.59% (51/447) and 2.68% (12/447). In contrast, none of the prospective blood donors tested positive for Babesiosis or African Trypanosomiaisis. Family blood donors were more affected with malaria compare voluntary donors (OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 0.42 - 5.00). The age group 18-28 was statistically most affected by the filarial infection than the other groups (OR = 8.83; 95% CI = 1.09 - 71.35; P-value = 0.0411). The results also showed that more than one third of prospective donors suffered from anemia. However, there was no significant association with either malaria or microfilaria (P-value ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: The current hospital- based study detected Plasmodium falciparum and filarial worms among prospective blood donors. This finding that raises concerns should draw the attention of local health authorities and lead them to routinely screen blood for malaria parasites as recommended by the world health organization.
背景：献血是一种挽救生命的干预措施，也是送给急需帮助的患者的珍贵礼物。然而，应该仔细检查血液中是否有输血传播的感染，如艾滋病毒、肝炎、梅毒、疟疾和其他地方性血液寄生虫。在加蓬，与许多其他非洲国家一样，血液没有按照世界卫生组织的建议进行疟疾常规筛查。目的：本研究的主要目的是筛查在法国（加蓬南部）Amissa Bongo地区医院中心就诊的潜在献血者的血液中是否存在血源性寄生虫。方法：对候选献血者进行结构化问卷调查，并使用显微镜检查检测血液寄生虫：丝虫的直接检查和细胞浓缩技术，巴氏杆菌和锥虫的厚血涂片和直接检查，SD Bioline Malaria AG P.F/PAN试验和恶性疟原虫的厚/薄血涂片。结果：大多数候选献血者是男性、家庭献血者、在非正规部门工作以及39岁以下。结果还表明，疟原虫和丝虫的患病率分别为5.59%（51/447）和2.68%（12/447）。相比之下，没有一名潜在的献血者的巴贝斯病或非洲锥虫病检测呈阳性。与自愿献血者相比，家庭献血者受疟疾的影响更大（OR=1.45；95%CI=0.42-5.00）。18-28岁年龄组受丝虫感染的影响在统计学上比其他组大（OR=8.83；95%CI=1.09-71.35；P值=0.0411）。结果还显示，超过三分之一的潜在献血者患有贫血。然而，与疟疾或微丝蚴均无显著相关性（P值为0.05）。结论：目前基于医院的研究在潜在献血者中检测到恶性疟原虫和丝虫。这一令人担忧的发现应该引起当地卫生当局的注意，并促使他们按照世界卫生组织的建议，定期筛查血液中的疟原虫。
{"title":"Prevalence of Haemoparasites among Blood Donors Attending the Regional Hospital Center of Franceville (Southern Gabon)","authors":"Kenguele Hilaire Moundounga, Meye Bourdettes, Ndong Thièry, Mickala Patrick","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510270","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Blood donation is a lifesaving intervention and a precious gift for patients in urgent need. However, the blood should be carefully checked for transfusion-transmitted infections such as HIV, hepatitis, syphilis, malaria and other endemic haemoparasites. In Gabon, like in many other African countries, blood is not routinely screened for malaria as recommended by the World health organization. Objective: The main objective of this study was to screen the blood of prospective donors attending Amissa Bongo Regional Hospital Center of Franceville (Southern Gabon) for blood-borne parasites. Methods: Blood donor candidates were subjected to a structured questionnaire and haemoparasites detected using microscopic examinations: direct examination and cytoconcentration technique for filarial worms, thick blood smears and direct examination for Babasia spp and Trypanosoma spp , SD Bioline Malaria AG P.F/PAN Test and thick/thin blood smears for Plasmodium falciparum. Results: The majority of blood donor candidates were males, family donors, work in the informal sector, and under 39 years old. The results also revealed that the prevalences of malaria parasites ( Plasmodium falciparum ) and filarial worms ( Loa loa and Mansonella perstans ) were respectively 5.59% (51/447) and 2.68% (12/447). In contrast, none of the prospective blood donors tested positive for Babesiosis or African Trypanosomiaisis. Family blood donors were more affected with malaria compare voluntary donors (OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 0.42 - 5.00). The age group 18-28 was statistically most affected by the filarial infection than the other groups (OR = 8.83; 95% CI = 1.09 - 71.35; P-value = 0.0411). The results also showed that more than one third of prospective donors suffered from anemia. However, there was no significant association with either malaria or microfilaria (P-value ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: The current hospital- based study detected Plasmodium falciparum and filarial worms among prospective blood donors. This finding that raises concerns should draw the attention of local health authorities and lead them to routinely screen blood for malaria parasites as recommended by the world health organization.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46618164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cholera is a diarrheal infectious disease that continues to cause morbidity and mortality in Zimbabwe. This study reviews the morbidity and mortality data of cholera in Zimbabwe during the 2008/2009 and 2018/2019 outbreaks, critically discussing the factors responsible for the outbreaks and then suggests recommendations for public health actions. The data used for this study was obtained from the National Health Information and Surveillance Unit under the Ministry of Health and Child Care, Zimbabwe, and other published literature. The 2008/2009 cholera outbreak represents the largest outbreak with a total of 98592 cases and 4288 deaths, Case Fatality Rate (CRF) 4.3%. The most recent outbreak occurred from September 2018 to March2019 where a total of 10730 cases and 69 deaths were recorded, (CRF 0.64%). The deterioration of the water and sewerage infrastructure in the country due to historically low or poor investment in this area together with the declining health infrastructure, and reduced health care staff are the main drivers of outbreaks. Improving these areas is critical for cholera elimination in the country.
{"title":"A Review of the 2008/2009 and 2018/2019 Cholera Outbreaks in Zimbabwe: Call for Public Health Action","authors":"Munyenyiwa Amon, M. Godfrey, Mutsaka-Makuvaza Masceline Jenipher, Mucheri Tolbert, M. Nicholas, Mudavanhu Aspire, Maponga Charles, Musandirangana Tafadzwa Jaime, Mukandavire Zindoga, Munyanyi Maines, Manangazira Portia","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510269","url":null,"abstract":"Cholera is a diarrheal infectious disease that continues to cause morbidity and mortality in Zimbabwe. This study reviews the morbidity and mortality data of cholera in Zimbabwe during the 2008/2009 and 2018/2019 outbreaks, critically discussing the factors responsible for the outbreaks and then suggests recommendations for public health actions. The data used for this study was obtained from the National Health Information and Surveillance Unit under the Ministry of Health and Child Care, Zimbabwe, and other published literature. The 2008/2009 cholera outbreak represents the largest outbreak with a total of 98592 cases and 4288 deaths, Case Fatality Rate (CRF) 4.3%. The most recent outbreak occurred from September 2018 to March2019 where a total of 10730 cases and 69 deaths were recorded, (CRF 0.64%). The deterioration of the water and sewerage infrastructure in the country due to historically low or poor investment in this area together with the declining health infrastructure, and reduced health care staff are the main drivers of outbreaks. Improving these areas is critical for cholera elimination in the country.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44237403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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