Justification. Characteristics of regional features of the etiological structure of non-polio enterovirus infection in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Goal. Assessment of monitoring of the etiological structure of non-polio entero-viral infection in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Materials and methods. The data from the forms of statistical observation for 2013-2022 and the results of molecular genetic studies of the structure of non-polio enterovirus infection in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods were used. Results. It was found that the dynamics of the incidence of EVI in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in the pre-pandemic period for COVID-19 is characterized by a high level of activity of the epidemic process, exceeding the average for the Russian Federation by 5-6 times. The predominant share in the total incidence of EVI is the urban population with a predominance of children under 6 years of age. During the period of the highest incidence rates in 2017 and 2019, Coxsackie A6 viruses in combination with ECHO30, Coxsackie A9 dominated, and during the period of their decline, the proportion of EV A71, Coxsackie A16 increased. In the post-pandemic period, the calculated trends of dynamics for 2022 were confirmed for the dominant viruses and enterovirus A71. In the same year, there was an increase in the identification of Coxsackie B2 and ECHO6 viruses, which previously circulated irregularly and in isolated cases. The prevalence of CV-A6 in the epidemic process was accompanied by clinical manifestations of infection mainly in the form of enterovirus vesicular stomatitis, and with a high frequency of ECHO30, computer cases were recorded in most cases. Conclusion. Based on the results of monitoring of the etiological structure of non-poliomyelitis enterovirus infection in the pre-pandemic period, a trend towards a further increase in the incidence of EVI in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is predicted. Genotyping of the detected strains makes it possible to determine the spectrum of enterovirus strains endemic to the territory and predict their prevalence, which is necessary to prevent the spread of EVI and ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being in the region.
{"title":"SPECIES SPECTRUM OF NON-POLIOMYELITIC ENTEROVIRUSES IN KHMAO-YUGRA IN THE PRE-PANDEMIC AND POST-PANDEMIC PERIOD","authors":"T. Suranova","doi":"10.17816/eid112440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid112440","url":null,"abstract":"Justification. Characteristics of regional features of the etiological structure of non-polio enterovirus infection in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Goal. Assessment of monitoring of the etiological structure of non-polio entero-viral infection in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Materials and methods. The data from the forms of statistical observation for 2013-2022 and the results of molecular genetic studies of the structure of non-polio enterovirus infection in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods were used. Results. It was found that the dynamics of the incidence of EVI in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in the pre-pandemic period for COVID-19 is characterized by a high level of activity of the epidemic process, exceeding the average for the Russian Federation by 5-6 times. The predominant share in the total incidence of EVI is the urban population with a predominance of children under 6 years of age. During the period of the highest incidence rates in 2017 and 2019, Coxsackie A6 viruses in combination with ECHO30, Coxsackie A9 dominated, and during the period of their decline, the proportion of EV A71, Coxsackie A16 increased. In the post-pandemic period, the calculated trends of dynamics for 2022 were confirmed for the dominant viruses and enterovirus A71. In the same year, there was an increase in the identification of Coxsackie B2 and ECHO6 viruses, which previously circulated irregularly and in isolated cases. The prevalence of CV-A6 in the epidemic process was accompanied by clinical manifestations of infection mainly in the form of enterovirus vesicular stomatitis, and with a high frequency of ECHO30, computer cases were recorded in most cases. Conclusion. Based on the results of monitoring of the etiological structure of non-poliomyelitis enterovirus infection in the pre-pandemic period, a trend towards a further increase in the incidence of EVI in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is predicted. Genotyping of the detected strains makes it possible to determine the spectrum of enterovirus strains endemic to the territory and predict their prevalence, which is necessary to prevent the spread of EVI and ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being in the region.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86811871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Danilov, T. L. Abramyan, V. I. Eremin, Natalya A. Philippova
Background. The clinical course of COVID-19 infection can be significantly affected by severe immunosuppression, viral load, concomitant diseases and conditions not related to HIV, the absence of antiretroviral therapy. It is potentially important to assess the state of post-ovoid immunity for the provision of medical care to HIV-infected patients with COVID-19. Aim: to assess the impact of HIV infection on the clinical course of a new coronavirus infection, the severity of the disease and its outcomes, and immune response. Materials and methods. Medical records of 35,328 patients who underwent COVID-19 in 2020 were analyzed, including 46 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-infected individuals. To determine specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, 281 blood samples were examined by ELISA. The clinical course of COVID-19 in HIV-infected patients, as well as the production of IgG to SARS-CoV-2, depending on the level of CD4 and viral load, were assessed. Results. In 76% of co-infected patients, there were signs of progression of HIV infection, opportunistic infections and concomitant diseases. 52.2% of the analyzed group were users of psychoactive substances. Among patients co-infected with HIV and COVID-19, men predominated in the age groups over 30 years old, while among the HIV-negative population, women in the age groups over 18 years old predominated. The proportion of severe forms of COVID-19 in HIV-infected people (47.8%) exceeds that in the group of patients without immunodeficiency (12.3%). The mortality rate from COVID-19 among HIV-infected people was more than 7 times higher than that of the HIV-negative population of the region (t=1.81; p=0.01). Among the examined 72 HIV-infected patients, IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 20 patients, of which 4 (28.5%) with confirmed HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection and 16 people (27.5%) without medical confirmation. HIV-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency did not develop a humoral immune response to COVID-19 infection, and in 25% the immune response lasted less than 3 months. Conclusions. HIV-infected patients are at greater risk of developing a severe course of coronavirus infection. The presence of deep immunodeficiency and high viral load in patients without antiretroviral therapy significantly reduces tension and shortens the development and duration of post-COVID immunity.
{"title":"Influence of HIV-infection on clinical course and a frequency of antibody response to the new coronavirus infection","authors":"A. Danilov, T. L. Abramyan, V. I. Eremin, Natalya A. Philippova","doi":"10.17816/eid105222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid105222","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The clinical course of COVID-19 infection can be significantly affected by severe immunosuppression, viral load, concomitant diseases and conditions not related to HIV, the absence of antiretroviral therapy. It is potentially important to assess the state of post-ovoid immunity for the provision of medical care to HIV-infected patients with COVID-19. \u0000Aim: to assess the impact of HIV infection on the clinical course of a new coronavirus infection, the severity of the disease and its outcomes, and immune response. \u0000Materials and methods. Medical records of 35,328 patients who underwent COVID-19 in 2020 were analyzed, including 46 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-infected individuals. To determine specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, 281 blood samples were examined by ELISA. The clinical course of COVID-19 in HIV-infected patients, as well as the production of IgG to SARS-CoV-2, depending on the level of CD4 and viral load, were assessed. \u0000Results. In 76% of co-infected patients, there were signs of progression of HIV infection, opportunistic infections and concomitant diseases. 52.2% of the analyzed group were users of psychoactive substances. Among patients co-infected with HIV and COVID-19, men predominated in the age groups over 30 years old, while among the HIV-negative population, women in the age groups over 18 years old predominated. The proportion of severe forms of COVID-19 in HIV-infected people (47.8%) exceeds that in the group of patients without immunodeficiency (12.3%). The mortality rate from COVID-19 among HIV-infected people was more than 7 times higher than that of the HIV-negative population of the region (t=1.81; p=0.01). Among the examined 72 HIV-infected patients, IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 20 patients, of which 4 (28.5%) with confirmed HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection and 16 people (27.5%) without medical confirmation. HIV-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency did not develop a humoral immune response to COVID-19 infection, and in 25% the immune response lasted less than 3 months. \u0000Conclusions. HIV-infected patients are at greater risk of developing a severe course of coronavirus infection. The presence of deep immunodeficiency and high viral load in patients without antiretroviral therapy significantly reduces tension and shortens the development and duration of post-COVID immunity.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77554118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Shakhmardanov, V. Nikiforov, A. Skryabina, S. Burova, Y. N. Tomilin, A. S. Abusueva, N. Antipyat
Tetanus is a rare disease caused by Clostridium tetani, causing damage to the central nervous system with the development of muscle hypertension and attacks of generalized seizures caused by the action of the pathogen toxin. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, the urgency of the problem of tetanus incidence is high, since a significant part of the population is not immunized against this disease, and severe manifestations of tetanus can be fatal. A clinical case of traumatic generalized tetanus in an 11-year-old patient is described. The absence of routine immunization against tetanus and emergency active-passive immunization contributed to the development of the disease. The disease proceeded in a typical form with the development of muscle spasm, myoclonia, trism, convulsions. Specific tetanus serum was treated, pathogenetic therapy with anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants was performed against the background of which clinical recovery occurred and the patient was discharged from the hospital.
{"title":"Generalized tetanus: a case report.","authors":"M. Shakhmardanov, V. Nikiforov, A. Skryabina, S. Burova, Y. N. Tomilin, A. S. Abusueva, N. Antipyat","doi":"10.17816/eid114801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid114801","url":null,"abstract":"Tetanus is a rare disease caused by Clostridium tetani, causing damage to the central nervous system with the development of muscle hypertension and attacks of generalized seizures caused by the action of the pathogen toxin. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, the urgency of the problem of tetanus incidence is high, since a significant part of the population is not immunized against this disease, and severe manifestations of tetanus can be fatal. A clinical case of traumatic generalized tetanus in an 11-year-old patient is described. The absence of routine immunization against tetanus and emergency active-passive immunization contributed to the development of the disease. The disease proceeded in a typical form with the development of muscle spasm, myoclonia, trism, convulsions. Specific tetanus serum was treated, pathogenetic therapy with anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants was performed against the background of which clinical recovery occurred and the patient was discharged from the hospital.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81507957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. According to WHO, more than 60 million people get sick with gonococcal infection every year in the world. Recently, there has been a decrease in the incidence of gonorrhea in Russia, but in addition to N.gonorrhoeae, other microorganisms may also take part in the development of acute urethritis. However, there is no record of morbidity for them.Aim. To analyze the epidemiological situation of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urethral nonspecific inflammatory diseases in the Perm Region for the period 2010-2021.Material and Methods. A comparative retrospective analysis of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urogenital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases among patients of the Perm Region was carried out. The annually published data of official statistics were used. The data on the incidence of genital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases were obtained from outpatient patient records of three clinics in the city of Perm. Epidemiological and statistical methods of information processing are used in the work. The Pearson coefficient was used for correlation analysis.Results. The long-term dynamics of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection among the population of the Perm Region was characterized by a pronounced downward trend. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of genital tract infections in women and men. The decrease in the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection is most likely due to the fact that when the properties of N. gonorrhoeae change, laboratory diagnosis becomes significantly more difficult and often leads to false negative results. In addition, the high polymorphism of cultural, morphological and biochemical properties of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms further complicates the identification stage of the isolated strains.Conclusion. As a result, against the background of a decrease in the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection, an increase in the incidence of genital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases was revealed. The peculiarities of the epidemic process of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urogenital tract, as well as the complexity of laboratory diagnostics of these conditions cause their untimely detection.
{"title":"Features of the epidemiological situation with acute urogenital gonococcal infection in the Perm Region for the period from 2010 to 2021","authors":"D. A. Oborin","doi":"10.17816/eid115995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid115995","url":null,"abstract":"Background. According to WHO, more than 60 million people get sick with gonococcal infection every year in the world. Recently, there has been a decrease in the incidence of gonorrhea in Russia, but in addition to N.gonorrhoeae, other microorganisms may also take part in the development of acute urethritis. However, there is no record of morbidity for them.Aim. To analyze the epidemiological situation of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urethral nonspecific inflammatory diseases in the Perm Region for the period 2010-2021.Material and Methods. A comparative retrospective analysis of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urogenital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases among patients of the Perm Region was carried out. The annually published data of official statistics were used. The data on the incidence of genital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases were obtained from outpatient patient records of three clinics in the city of Perm. Epidemiological and statistical methods of information processing are used in the work. The Pearson coefficient was used for correlation analysis.Results. The long-term dynamics of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection among the population of the Perm Region was characterized by a pronounced downward trend. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of genital tract infections in women and men. The decrease in the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection is most likely due to the fact that when the properties of N. gonorrhoeae change, laboratory diagnosis becomes significantly more difficult and often leads to false negative results. In addition, the high polymorphism of cultural, morphological and biochemical properties of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms further complicates the identification stage of the isolated strains.Conclusion. As a result, against the background of a decrease in the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection, an increase in the incidence of genital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases was revealed. The peculiarities of the epidemic process of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urogenital tract, as well as the complexity of laboratory diagnostics of these conditions cause their untimely detection.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80085974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the work is a comparative research of the experience of legal regulation of public relations in the field of counteracting the development of epidemics (pandemics) in the USSR and the Russian Federation, considered in the context of the legal formulation of a model of socially useful behavior of an individual. It was found that the model of socially useful behavior of an individual in conditions of the threat of epidemics in the USSR was normatively formed by the 70s-80s. and included the traditional law-abiding and active components: the first was based on the population's knowledge of the normatively fixed rules of action in the event of foci of the spread of specific diseases, and the second was associated with the involvement of the public in the direct implementation of anti-epidemic measures. It is revealed that the current Russian legislation does not create sufficient legal prerequisites for the formation of a legal model of socially useful behavior of an individual, the circumstances that led to such a situation are indicated. The conclusion is formulated that in order to create legal prerequisites for the formation of a traditional law-abiding model of socially useful behavior of an individual, it is necessary to accumulate its inherent restrictions and prohibitions in the uniform federal Rules of conduct for citizens and activities of organizations under the threat of epidemics of dangerous diseases with the provision of the states of the Russian Federation with the right to authorize them. application. The formation of a legal model of socially active behavior of an individual requires the definition of legal forms and the permissible degree of public participation in preventive work by analogy with the extensive Soviet experience, while the incentives for useful behavior should be a ramified system of legal guarantees in the field of labor, social security, educational, etc. relationship.
{"title":"Comparative research of the legal regulation of counteraction to development epidemics (pandemics) in the USSR and modern Russia: the experience of forming a legal model of socially useful behavior of the individual","authors":"T. Suranova","doi":"10.17816/eid119215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid119215","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the work is a comparative research of the experience of legal regulation of public relations in the field of counteracting the development of epidemics (pandemics) in the USSR and the Russian Federation, considered in the context of the legal formulation of a model of socially useful behavior of an individual. It was found that the model of socially useful behavior of an individual in conditions of the threat of epidemics in the USSR was normatively formed by the 70s-80s. and included the traditional law-abiding and active components: the first was based on the population's knowledge of the normatively fixed rules of action in the event of foci of the spread of specific diseases, and the second was associated with the involvement of the public in the direct implementation of anti-epidemic measures. It is revealed that the current Russian legislation does not create sufficient legal prerequisites for the formation of a legal model of socially useful behavior of an individual, the circumstances that led to such a situation are indicated. The conclusion is formulated that in order to create legal prerequisites for the formation of a traditional law-abiding model of socially useful behavior of an individual, it is necessary to accumulate its inherent restrictions and prohibitions in the uniform federal Rules of conduct for citizens and activities of organizations under the threat of epidemics of dangerous diseases with the provision of the states of the Russian Federation with the right to authorize them. application. The formation of a legal model of socially active behavior of an individual requires the definition of legal forms and the permissible degree of public participation in preventive work by analogy with the extensive Soviet experience, while the incentives for useful behavior should be a ramified system of legal guarantees in the field of labor, social security, educational, etc. relationship.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84126730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: The spread of microbial resistance to antibiotics is a recent global problem, which has become more acute in recent years because of a significant increase in the consumption of antibiotics, against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. A direct consequence of the spread of antibiotic-insensitive strains of pneumococci limits the treatment options for such patients and deterioration of the prognosis. AIM: To determine whether sex is a factor associated with the development of diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the electronic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, a search was conducted for articles published from January 1980 to December 2020, and studies in English and Russian were selected. The selection of articles and meta-analysis was based on the recommendations of the PRISMA Group and MOOSE. After combining the data, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Heterogeneity was assessed. RESULTS: After applying the exclusion criteria, 41 publications covering 16635 patients with invasive and non-invasive forms of pneumococcal infection were selected for analysis. Of these, 36 case-control studies and 5 cross-sectional studies were identified. Accordingly, the sex of the patient does not affect the frequency of isolation of pneumococcal strains insensitive to penicillin (odds ratio [OR]=0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.821.03, I2=7%), resistant to penicillin (OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.671.07, I2=1%), and insensitive to erythromycin (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.511.24, I2=0%). Male sex is associated with pneumococcal resistance to levofloxacin (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.033.33, I2=0%). CONCLUSIONS: The sex of the patient is not a factor associated with the isolation of S. pneumonia strains insensitive and resistant to penicillin and erythromycin. Moreover, the male sex probably increases the chance of isolation of levofloxacin-resistant pneumococci in adults with invasive pneumococcal infections.
背景:微生物抗生素耐药性的传播是最近出现的一个全球性问题，近年来在COVID-19大流行的背景下，由于抗生素消费量的显著增加，这一问题变得更加严重。肺炎球菌抗生素不敏感菌株传播的直接后果限制了这类患者的治疗选择，并导致预后恶化。目的:确定性别是否与肺炎链球菌耐药菌株引起的疾病发展相关。材料与方法:使用PubMed、ScienceDirect和谷歌Scholar电子数据库，检索1980年1月至2020年12月发表的文章，选择英文和俄文研究。文章的选择和荟萃分析是基于PRISMA小组和MOOSE的建议。合并资料后，以95%置信区间(95% CI)计算优势比(OR)。评估异质性。结果:应用排除标准后，选择41篇出版物，涵盖16635例侵袭性和非侵袭性肺炎球菌感染患者进行分析。其中，确定了36项病例对照研究和5项横断面研究。因此，患者性别不影响青霉素不敏感肺炎球菌菌株的分离频率(优势比[OR]=0.92, 95%可信区间[CI] 0.821.03, I2=7%)、青霉素耐药肺炎球菌菌株(OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.671.07, I2=1%)和红霉素不敏感肺炎球菌菌株(OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.511.24, I2=0%)。男性与肺炎球菌对左氧氟沙星的耐药性相关(OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.033.33, I2=0%)。结论:患者的性别与分离出对青霉素和红霉素不敏感和耐药的肺炎链球菌无关。此外，男性可能会增加侵袭性肺炎球菌感染成人中左氧氟沙星耐药肺炎球菌的分离机会。
{"title":"Sensitivity of <>iStreptococcus pneumoniae to antibiotics and the sex of the patient: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Sergey A. Semenov, G. Khasanova","doi":"10.17816/eid112115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid112115","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The spread of microbial resistance to antibiotics is a recent global problem, which has become more acute in recent years because of a significant increase in the consumption of antibiotics, against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. A direct consequence of the spread of antibiotic-insensitive strains of pneumococci limits the treatment options for such patients and deterioration of the prognosis. \u0000AIM: To determine whether sex is a factor associated with the development of diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the electronic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, a search was conducted for articles published from January 1980 to December 2020, and studies in English and Russian were selected. The selection of articles and meta-analysis was based on the recommendations of the PRISMA Group and MOOSE. After combining the data, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Heterogeneity was assessed. \u0000RESULTS: After applying the exclusion criteria, 41 publications covering 16635 patients with invasive and non-invasive forms of pneumococcal infection were selected for analysis. Of these, 36 case-control studies and 5 cross-sectional studies were identified. Accordingly, the sex of the patient does not affect the frequency of isolation of pneumococcal strains insensitive to penicillin (odds ratio [OR]=0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.821.03, I2=7%), resistant to penicillin (OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.671.07, I2=1%), and insensitive to erythromycin (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.511.24, I2=0%). Male sex is associated with pneumococcal resistance to levofloxacin (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.033.33, I2=0%). \u0000CONCLUSIONS: The sex of the patient is not a factor associated with the isolation of S. pneumonia strains insensitive and resistant to penicillin and erythromycin. Moreover, the male sex probably increases the chance of isolation of levofloxacin-resistant pneumococci in adults with invasive pneumococcal infections.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79038358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510285
A. Dawet, K. Yusuf, CH Golnaan, ET Lengnen, MN Buhari, D. Yakubu
Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is an asymptomatic disease, but often takes a severe and life-threatening course during pregnancy, in foetuses, new bon babies and immune-compromised people. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women attending Ante Natal Clinic in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) and factors associated with it. 356 Pregnant women between 15 - 49 years were enrolled in the study. 5 ml of venous blood was collected aseptically using needle and syringe from each participant and were transported to Human Virology Laboratory, Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, for analysis. ELISA was used to determine the sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma IgG antibody. A structured questionnaire was used to collect on socio-demographic characteristics and factors associated with the infection. Data was analyzed using Chi square and independent T-test. Out of the 356 pregnant women examined, 105 (29.49%) tested positive. T. gondii infection was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the level of education, area of residence, occupation and cleaning of cat litter, but was not significantly (P > 0.05) associated with age, trimester, gravidity, eating meat and vegetables, HIV status, still birth and owning a cat. The high prevalence of Toxoplasmosis could probably be due to lack of knowledge about the disease as presented in these results. Therefore, health education on the disease and its transmission should be given to the public routinely which will help preventing T. gondii and other zoonotic infections.
{"title":"Sero-Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Pregnant Women Attending Ante Natal Care in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH)","authors":"A. Dawet, K. Yusuf, CH Golnaan, ET Lengnen, MN Buhari, D. Yakubu","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510285","url":null,"abstract":"Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is an asymptomatic disease, but often takes a severe and life-threatening course during pregnancy, in foetuses, new bon babies and immune-compromised people. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women attending Ante Natal Clinic in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) and factors associated with it. 356 Pregnant women between 15 - 49 years were enrolled in the study. 5 ml of venous blood was collected aseptically using needle and syringe from each participant and were transported to Human Virology Laboratory, Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, for analysis. ELISA was used to determine the sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma IgG antibody. A structured questionnaire was used to collect on socio-demographic characteristics and factors associated with the infection. Data was analyzed using Chi square and independent T-test. Out of the 356 pregnant women examined, 105 (29.49%) tested positive. T. gondii infection was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the level of education, area of residence, occupation and cleaning of cat litter, but was not significantly (P > 0.05) associated with age, trimester, gravidity, eating meat and vegetables, HIV status, still birth and owning a cat. The high prevalence of Toxoplasmosis could probably be due to lack of knowledge about the disease as presented in these results. Therefore, health education on the disease and its transmission should be given to the public routinely which will help preventing T. gondii and other zoonotic infections.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42631720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510283
Yesuf Mohammed Seid, Dagne Daniel, Maru Minwuyelet, Shiferaw Birtukan, Missaye Assefa, Desalegn Seid Ali
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)/is the leading cause of global burden of disease. The main goal of antiretroviral treatment is to suppress the replication of the virus in the body. Suppressed viral replication facilitates restoration of the immune function and significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission. Viral load testing is the most recommended method to diagnose and confirm antiretroviral treatment failure. Epidemiological data on viral suppression status are very important for program managers so as to implement successful treatment regimen and design the correct prevention strategy. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of unsuppressed HIV viral load from patients referred for HIV viral load testing at Amhara Public Health Institute Dessie Branch Regional Reference laboratory from January 1/2017 to January 1/2019. Methods: An institution based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted from January 1/2017 to January 1/2019. After obtaining permission from all concerned bodies, data were collected from the viral load request paper, viral load result registration book and from the viral load and early infant diagnosis (EID) data base using a standard checklist. Data were checked for completeness, entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 computer software. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed to examine the possible risk factors of unsuppressed viral load. P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 32,778 participants were included in this study and their mean age was 36 years. About 63.5% participants were females and 36.5% were males. The overall magnitude of unsuppressed HIV viral load was 15.1%. Being male (AOR = 1.300, 95% CI: 1.213-1.392), lower age, WHO clinical stage IV (AOR 75.352; 95% CI 48.831-116.277) and participants with targeted repeat viral load test (AOR 23.131; 95% CI 18.249-29.318) were significantly associated with viral un-suppression status. On the other hand there was no statistically significant association between pregnancy status, poor adherence and age greater than 40 years with viral un-suppression. Conclusion: The viral suppression status in this study, 84.9% were low when compared with the UNAIDS 95% target to be achieved in 2030. Lower age, male gender, fair adherence, advanced WHO clinical stage and participants with targeted repeat viral load test were significantly associated with viral un-suppression status. Comprehensive close follow up and intensified targeted adherence support should be provided for lower aged ART users and for those first viral load test exceed 1000 copies/ml.
{"title":"Magnitude of Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load at Amhara Public Health Institute Dessie Branch, Northeast Ethiopia","authors":"Yesuf Mohammed Seid, Dagne Daniel, Maru Minwuyelet, Shiferaw Birtukan, Missaye Assefa, Desalegn Seid Ali","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510283","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)/is the leading cause of global burden of disease. The main goal of antiretroviral treatment is to suppress the replication of the virus in the body. Suppressed viral replication facilitates restoration of the immune function and significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission. Viral load testing is the most recommended method to diagnose and confirm antiretroviral treatment failure. Epidemiological data on viral suppression status are very important for program managers so as to implement successful treatment regimen and design the correct prevention strategy. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of unsuppressed HIV viral load from patients referred for HIV viral load testing at Amhara Public Health Institute Dessie Branch Regional Reference laboratory from January 1/2017 to January 1/2019. Methods: An institution based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted from January 1/2017 to January 1/2019. After obtaining permission from all concerned bodies, data were collected from the viral load request paper, viral load result registration book and from the viral load and early infant diagnosis (EID) data base using a standard checklist. Data were checked for completeness, entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 computer software. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed to examine the possible risk factors of unsuppressed viral load. P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 32,778 participants were included in this study and their mean age was 36 years. About 63.5% participants were females and 36.5% were males. The overall magnitude of unsuppressed HIV viral load was 15.1%. Being male (AOR = 1.300, 95% CI: 1.213-1.392), lower age, WHO clinical stage IV (AOR 75.352; 95% CI 48.831-116.277) and participants with targeted repeat viral load test (AOR 23.131; 95% CI 18.249-29.318) were significantly associated with viral un-suppression status. On the other hand there was no statistically significant association between pregnancy status, poor adherence and age greater than 40 years with viral un-suppression. Conclusion: The viral suppression status in this study, 84.9% were low when compared with the UNAIDS 95% target to be achieved in 2030. Lower age, male gender, fair adherence, advanced WHO clinical stage and participants with targeted repeat viral load test were significantly associated with viral un-suppression status. Comprehensive close follow up and intensified targeted adherence support should be provided for lower aged ART users and for those first viral load test exceed 1000 copies/ml.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42829294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510284
Wang Weiwei, Chen Yusheng, Liao Qiyuan, Zhuang Jianping
{"title":"Club Convergence over Time for Infectious Disease in China","authors":"Wang Weiwei, Chen Yusheng, Liao Qiyuan, Zhuang Jianping","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510284","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42170352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the research is to determine the principles of functioning of a universal adaptive legal model of socially useful behavior of an individual during epidemics (pandemics). Legal and doctrinal sources, materials of meetings (congresses) of authorities, members of the public, related to the field of countering the development of epidemics, published during the existence of the USSR (1922-1991), as well as in modern Russia, are researched. It has been established that the construction of a universal legal model of socially useful behavior of an individual should be organized on the basis of conditions that contribute to ensuring the individual's compliance with formal requirements (empirical perception of risk, the degree of trust in formal rules, the presence and strength of the influence of factors-obstacles) . The principles of functioning of the desired model are proposed: 1) the principle of a single source of origin, non-contradiction and factual validity of the application of special rules of conduct in the face of the threat of the spread of dangerous diseases; 2) the principle of scientific validity of additional restrictions, prohibitions and obligations; 3) the principle of systematic preventive work; 4) the principle of rational planning for the preparation and use of human and material resources of public organizations of volunteers in the work to prevent epidemiological emergencies.
{"title":"Principles of functioning of a universal adaptive legal model of socially useful behavior of an individual during epidemics: state practices of the period of the existence of the USSR as a key to solving modern problems","authors":"T. Suranova","doi":"10.17816/eid112528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid112528","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research is to determine the principles of functioning of a universal adaptive legal model of socially useful behavior of an individual during epidemics (pandemics). Legal and doctrinal sources, materials of meetings (congresses) of authorities, members of the public, related to the field of countering the development of epidemics, published during the existence of the USSR (1922-1991), as well as in modern Russia, are researched. It has been established that the construction of a universal legal model of socially useful behavior of an individual should be organized on the basis of conditions that contribute to ensuring the individual's compliance with formal requirements (empirical perception of risk, the degree of trust in formal rules, the presence and strength of the influence of factors-obstacles) . The principles of functioning of the desired model are proposed: 1) the principle of a single source of origin, non-contradiction and factual validity of the application of special rules of conduct in the face of the threat of the spread of dangerous diseases; 2) the principle of scientific validity of additional restrictions, prohibitions and obligations; 3) the principle of systematic preventive work; 4) the principle of rational planning for the preparation and use of human and material resources of public organizations of volunteers in the work to prevent epidemiological emergencies.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83856460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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