Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.3389/fsens.2022.970921
Kylie Yang, Katrina Pavic, Amy A Bowyer, N. Manolios, Elizabeth J. New
Inflammatory rheumatological disorders are often characterised by altered levels of matrix metalloproteinase levels in joint fluid and joint membranes. Therefore, monitoring of MMP activity in synovial fluid is essential to enable timely diagnosis, prognosis, and effective treatment. Here we report a novel fluorescence assay to measure protease activity in aspirated synovial fluid. Our fluorescent reporters contain cleavable linkers based on the peptide sequences of protease substrates, showing a ratiometric output upon cleavage. We have validated our reporters in patient-derived synovial fluid, and demonstrated their ability to characterise disease type.
{"title":"Supplementing clinical diagnostics of erosive joint diseases with bio-inspired ratiometric sensors","authors":"Kylie Yang, Katrina Pavic, Amy A Bowyer, N. Manolios, Elizabeth J. New","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.970921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.970921","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory rheumatological disorders are often characterised by altered levels of matrix metalloproteinase levels in joint fluid and joint membranes. Therefore, monitoring of MMP activity in synovial fluid is essential to enable timely diagnosis, prognosis, and effective treatment. Here we report a novel fluorescence assay to measure protease activity in aspirated synovial fluid. Our fluorescent reporters contain cleavable linkers based on the peptide sequences of protease substrates, showing a ratiometric output upon cleavage. We have validated our reporters in patient-derived synovial fluid, and demonstrated their ability to characterise disease type.","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41577199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.3389/fsens.2022.921795
Kyunghwan Oh
Optoelectronic and photonic (OE-P) sensors incessantly expand their roles in emerging sciences and technologies that evolve into new industries. Various OE-P sensors are being developed and implemented in autonomous vehicles to secure precise maneuvering. In-situ sensing of physical parameters between a vehicle and surrounding objects demands an unprecedented level of OE-P sensing technology. The broader expansion of internet-of-things technologies into industry and society is facing new hurdles to which OE-P sensors can provide solutions. Furthermore, recent green taxonomy regulations have opened a new avenue of detection, monitoring, and feedback of environmentally sensitive substances. OE-P sensors will generate an interdisciplinary technical platform capable of coping with these societal issues, in a bottom-up manner. This platform will encompass novel sensing materials, creative device structures, multi-functional components, and integrated system implementation. OE-P sensors will also include the innovative area of sensing based on quantum technologies that can extend the sensing scope into nanoscale dimensions. Autonomous vehicles are being explored in various prototypes, and numerous supporting sensors are being developed (Ignatious et al., 2022). Yet, they share a fundamental challenge for sensor technology-how to measure distances between the moving vehicle and its surrounding objects in real-time. Lidar became one of the critical solutions to this task (Li and Ibanez-Guzman, 2020). It is a sensor unit that illuminates the surroundings by emitting lasers. Ranges are measured precisely by opto-electronically processing the re fl ected laser returns from surfaces. Lidar is an excellent example of an OE-P sensor that integrates the pathways of electrons and photons to sense physical quantities. Information on the physical range between two objects can be converted into meaningful information. We believe that Lidar can serve as a platform for OE-P sensor technologies that can be expanded to other areas such as structural safety monitoring, seismic sensing, as well as robot orthopedic operations.
{"title":"Optoelectronic and Photonic Sensors, Frontiers in Sensors","authors":"Kyunghwan Oh","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.921795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.921795","url":null,"abstract":"Optoelectronic and photonic (OE-P) sensors incessantly expand their roles in emerging sciences and technologies that evolve into new industries. Various OE-P sensors are being developed and implemented in autonomous vehicles to secure precise maneuvering. In-situ sensing of physical parameters between a vehicle and surrounding objects demands an unprecedented level of OE-P sensing technology. The broader expansion of internet-of-things technologies into industry and society is facing new hurdles to which OE-P sensors can provide solutions. Furthermore, recent green taxonomy regulations have opened a new avenue of detection, monitoring, and feedback of environmentally sensitive substances. OE-P sensors will generate an interdisciplinary technical platform capable of coping with these societal issues, in a bottom-up manner. This platform will encompass novel sensing materials, creative device structures, multi-functional components, and integrated system implementation. OE-P sensors will also include the innovative area of sensing based on quantum technologies that can extend the sensing scope into nanoscale dimensions. Autonomous vehicles are being explored in various prototypes, and numerous supporting sensors are being developed (Ignatious et al., 2022). Yet, they share a fundamental challenge for sensor technology-how to measure distances between the moving vehicle and its surrounding objects in real-time. Lidar became one of the critical solutions to this task (Li and Ibanez-Guzman, 2020). It is a sensor unit that illuminates the surroundings by emitting lasers. Ranges are measured precisely by opto-electronically processing the re fl ected laser returns from surfaces. Lidar is an excellent example of an OE-P sensor that integrates the pathways of electrons and photons to sense physical quantities. Information on the physical range between two objects can be converted into meaningful information. We believe that Lidar can serve as a platform for OE-P sensor technologies that can be expanded to other areas such as structural safety monitoring, seismic sensing, as well as robot orthopedic operations.","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45880316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.3389/fsens.2022.945525
G. López-Muñoz, Armando Cortés‐Reséndiz, J. Ramón‐Azcón, A. Rydosz
Scientific research in plasmonic metasurfaces has been widely widespread in the last years, motivated by the recent advances in the nanofabrication field and the increasing demand for high throughput sensing platforms. The recent advances in electronics, microfluidics, and signal processing have enabled the complete development of highly integrated devices with broad application potential. However, the progress observed from a fabrication point of view has been remarkable, led by the potential benefits metamaterials can offer in plasmonic sensing: sensor miniaturization, multiplexing opportunities, and extreme sensitivity biodetection. Although conventional top-down approaches, i.e., electron-beam lithography, have been extensively employed to develop plasmonic metasurfaces for biosensing, lithography-free bottom-up nanofabrication strategies based on nano-patterned/sculpted thin-films are candidates to surpass the limitations of top-down lithographic techniques with large-scale and high-throughput fabrication processes for 2D and 3D plasmonic metasurfaces over a broad material set. This perspective paper focuses on the challenges and opportunities to achieve lithography-free plasmonic metasurfaces by nano-patterned/sculpted thin films to conduct scalable and high-throughput plasmonic metamaterials for sensitive biosensing platforms.
{"title":"Scalable, Lithography-Free Plasmonic Metasurfaces by Nano-Patterned/Sculpted Thin Films for Biosensing","authors":"G. López-Muñoz, Armando Cortés‐Reséndiz, J. Ramón‐Azcón, A. Rydosz","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.945525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.945525","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific research in plasmonic metasurfaces has been widely widespread in the last years, motivated by the recent advances in the nanofabrication field and the increasing demand for high throughput sensing platforms. The recent advances in electronics, microfluidics, and signal processing have enabled the complete development of highly integrated devices with broad application potential. However, the progress observed from a fabrication point of view has been remarkable, led by the potential benefits metamaterials can offer in plasmonic sensing: sensor miniaturization, multiplexing opportunities, and extreme sensitivity biodetection. Although conventional top-down approaches, i.e., electron-beam lithography, have been extensively employed to develop plasmonic metasurfaces for biosensing, lithography-free bottom-up nanofabrication strategies based on nano-patterned/sculpted thin-films are candidates to surpass the limitations of top-down lithographic techniques with large-scale and high-throughput fabrication processes for 2D and 3D plasmonic metasurfaces over a broad material set. This perspective paper focuses on the challenges and opportunities to achieve lithography-free plasmonic metasurfaces by nano-patterned/sculpted thin films to conduct scalable and high-throughput plasmonic metamaterials for sensitive biosensing platforms.","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44269776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conventional detection of cancer involves highly invasive and expensive diagnostic procedures, often leading to non-compliance from patients. Therefore, there is a strong requirement for the development of non-invasive techniques that can facilitate rapid and timely diagnosis of the disease. The tumor-immune interaction often leads to anomalous expression of different soluble immune signaling molecules like cytokines and chemokines, thus making them promising candidates for sensing disease development and progression. Furthermore, differential expression of soluble isoforms of several immune-checkpoint molecules like PD-L1, CTLA-4 etc., has been found to have strong correlation with tissue-specific tumor development, disease progression and in many cases, disease prognosis. Therefore, development of biosensors, to rapidly detect and analyze the levels of these soluble immune molecules in different body fluids, requiring minimal sample volume, has the potential to be a game-changer in the field of cancer diagnosis. In addition, real time monitoring of these soluble immune checkpoint molecules in patient-derived biofluids may serve as decision support tools for patient selection for immunotherapeutic interventions. Majority of the biosensors designed to detect the soluble immune biomarkers, have used a two-antibody based sandwich system to capture the target analyte. However, new technologies using bioreceptors like the aptamers or nano-yeast scFv antibody fragments have made possible multiplexed detection of several analytes simultaneously. The use of gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes on the electrode surface serves to increase the sensitivity of detection, due to their high electrical conductivity. Further, fabrication of the biosensors on microfluidic platforms enable the detection of these analytes at ultra-low levels. This review discusses the recent advances made in the development of biosensors for specific and selective detection of these immune-markers that can be successfully translated to the clinics as a new paradigm in disease diagnosis and monitoring.
{"title":"Sensing Soluble Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Disease-Relevant Cytokines in Cancer: A Novel Paradigm in Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring","authors":"Nidhi Pandey, Debarati Biswas, Nirmita Dutta, Anita Hansda, Gorachand Dutta, G. Mukherjee","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.789771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.789771","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional detection of cancer involves highly invasive and expensive diagnostic procedures, often leading to non-compliance from patients. Therefore, there is a strong requirement for the development of non-invasive techniques that can facilitate rapid and timely diagnosis of the disease. The tumor-immune interaction often leads to anomalous expression of different soluble immune signaling molecules like cytokines and chemokines, thus making them promising candidates for sensing disease development and progression. Furthermore, differential expression of soluble isoforms of several immune-checkpoint molecules like PD-L1, CTLA-4 etc., has been found to have strong correlation with tissue-specific tumor development, disease progression and in many cases, disease prognosis. Therefore, development of biosensors, to rapidly detect and analyze the levels of these soluble immune molecules in different body fluids, requiring minimal sample volume, has the potential to be a game-changer in the field of cancer diagnosis. In addition, real time monitoring of these soluble immune checkpoint molecules in patient-derived biofluids may serve as decision support tools for patient selection for immunotherapeutic interventions. Majority of the biosensors designed to detect the soluble immune biomarkers, have used a two-antibody based sandwich system to capture the target analyte. However, new technologies using bioreceptors like the aptamers or nano-yeast scFv antibody fragments have made possible multiplexed detection of several analytes simultaneously. The use of gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes on the electrode surface serves to increase the sensitivity of detection, due to their high electrical conductivity. Further, fabrication of the biosensors on microfluidic platforms enable the detection of these analytes at ultra-low levels. This review discusses the recent advances made in the development of biosensors for specific and selective detection of these immune-markers that can be successfully translated to the clinics as a new paradigm in disease diagnosis and monitoring.","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43822180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.3389/fsens.2022.835140
L. Maurin, N. Roussel, G. Laffont
Pipe internal pressure measurement is of utmost importance in the oil & gas industry to monitor the extraction process, and thus to prevent hydrate-plugs formation which may occur in specific temperature and pressure conditions. Traditional solutions usually rely on pressure sensors in direct contact with the fluid to monitor, therefore requiring one hole per sensor, but they also weaken the pipe structure, which may prematurely lead to significant leaks. Attempts to develop non-intrusive pressure sensors relying, for instance, on acoustic waves detection or even strain measurements (the pipe wall acting, in some way, like the membrane of a traditional intrusive sensor), are up to now not fully satisfying, mainly due to poor temperature cross-sensitivity compensation. Thus, 1 °C temperature compensation error typically leads for Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) transducers to pressure measurement biases greater than 26% at 100 bar (e.g.: Ø 4” NPS Sch. 160 steel pipe). Consequently, if such non-intrusive, but biased, solutions could possibly have been considered to monitor, for instance, a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) primary coolant circuit, it was with the risk of dramatic consequences since the fluid can reach temperatures up to 320 °C. On the other hand, the solution detailed here truly achieves to cancel the temperature cross-sensitivity, and potentially any additional effect on pressure measurement, provided that each effect has the same influence on all transducers. It first relies on a better understanding of the pipe behavior under hydrostatic pressure, supported by a dedicated model developed on purpose, which demonstrates that the internal pressure and the surface temperature variations of a closed pipe can be recovered with at least two direction-sensitive transducers, the temperature dependence of the pressure measurement being simply removed by a straightforward compensation process. This paper explains the underlying principle, thanks to a formal model established with only few hypotheses, but extended to more complex field conditions. It ends with a lab-test validation involving FBG transducers attached to a pressure circuit submitted to temperature variations greater than several tens of °C, and concludes about the advantages and limitations of this novel approach for non-intrusive sensing, and its potential extensions to other measurement techniques.
{"title":"Optimally Temperature Compensated FBG-Based Sensor Dedicated to Non-Intrusive Pipe Internal Pressure Monitoring","authors":"L. Maurin, N. Roussel, G. Laffont","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.835140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.835140","url":null,"abstract":"Pipe internal pressure measurement is of utmost importance in the oil & gas industry to monitor the extraction process, and thus to prevent hydrate-plugs formation which may occur in specific temperature and pressure conditions. Traditional solutions usually rely on pressure sensors in direct contact with the fluid to monitor, therefore requiring one hole per sensor, but they also weaken the pipe structure, which may prematurely lead to significant leaks. Attempts to develop non-intrusive pressure sensors relying, for instance, on acoustic waves detection or even strain measurements (the pipe wall acting, in some way, like the membrane of a traditional intrusive sensor), are up to now not fully satisfying, mainly due to poor temperature cross-sensitivity compensation. Thus, 1 °C temperature compensation error typically leads for Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) transducers to pressure measurement biases greater than 26% at 100 bar (e.g.: Ø 4” NPS Sch. 160 steel pipe). Consequently, if such non-intrusive, but biased, solutions could possibly have been considered to monitor, for instance, a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) primary coolant circuit, it was with the risk of dramatic consequences since the fluid can reach temperatures up to 320 °C. On the other hand, the solution detailed here truly achieves to cancel the temperature cross-sensitivity, and potentially any additional effect on pressure measurement, provided that each effect has the same influence on all transducers. It first relies on a better understanding of the pipe behavior under hydrostatic pressure, supported by a dedicated model developed on purpose, which demonstrates that the internal pressure and the surface temperature variations of a closed pipe can be recovered with at least two direction-sensitive transducers, the temperature dependence of the pressure measurement being simply removed by a straightforward compensation process. This paper explains the underlying principle, thanks to a formal model established with only few hypotheses, but extended to more complex field conditions. It ends with a lab-test validation involving FBG transducers attached to a pressure circuit submitted to temperature variations greater than several tens of °C, and concludes about the advantages and limitations of this novel approach for non-intrusive sensing, and its potential extensions to other measurement techniques.","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41837763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-13DOI: 10.3389/fsens.2022.896299
Liuting Shang, Sungyong Jung, Fengjun Li, C. Pan
Neural networks have been widely deployed in sensor networks and IoT systems due to the advance in lightweight design and edge computing as well as emerging energy-efficient neuromorphic accelerators. However, adversary attack has raised a major threat against neural networks, which can be further enhanced by leveraging the natural hard faults in the neuromorphic accelerator that is based on resistive random access memory (RRAM). In this paper, we perform a comprehensive fault-aware attack analysis method for RRAM-based accelerators by considering five attack models based on a wide range of device- and circuit-level nonideal properties. The research on nonideal properties takes into account detailed hardware situations and provides a more accurate perspective on security. Compared to the existing adversary attack strategy that only leverages the natural fault, we propose an initiative attack based on two soft fault injection methods, which do not require a high-precision laboratory environment. In addition, an optimized fault-aware adversary algorithm is also proposed to enhance the attack effectiveness. The simulation results of an MNIST dataset on a classic convolutional neural network have shown that the proposed fault-aware adversary attack models and algorithms achieve a significant improvement in the attacking image classification.
{"title":"Fault-Aware Adversary Attack Analyses and Enhancement for RRAM-Based Neuromorphic Accelerator","authors":"Liuting Shang, Sungyong Jung, Fengjun Li, C. Pan","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.896299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.896299","url":null,"abstract":"Neural networks have been widely deployed in sensor networks and IoT systems due to the advance in lightweight design and edge computing as well as emerging energy-efficient neuromorphic accelerators. However, adversary attack has raised a major threat against neural networks, which can be further enhanced by leveraging the natural hard faults in the neuromorphic accelerator that is based on resistive random access memory (RRAM). In this paper, we perform a comprehensive fault-aware attack analysis method for RRAM-based accelerators by considering five attack models based on a wide range of device- and circuit-level nonideal properties. The research on nonideal properties takes into account detailed hardware situations and provides a more accurate perspective on security. Compared to the existing adversary attack strategy that only leverages the natural fault, we propose an initiative attack based on two soft fault injection methods, which do not require a high-precision laboratory environment. In addition, an optimized fault-aware adversary algorithm is also proposed to enhance the attack effectiveness. The simulation results of an MNIST dataset on a classic convolutional neural network have shown that the proposed fault-aware adversary attack models and algorithms achieve a significant improvement in the attacking image classification.","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43419515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.3389/fsens.2022.901628
R. Rejithamol, S. Beena
The relevance of the carbon-paste electrodes in the field of neurotransmitter electrochemical sensing is focused on in this review. The significance of biomolecules especially neurotransmitters in treatments related to different diseases has tremendously expanded the scope of analytical detection of these biomolecules. The detection of them from biological fluids and pharmaceutical dosages is highly recommendable because the normal functioning of a human body is very much related to the exact concentrations of these biomolecules. Therefore, electroanalytical techniques can be employed for the quantification of these molecules as these techniques take over the advantage of fast response time, are easy to handle, and possess highly sensitive results. Due to the cost-effectiveness and vague electron transfer kinetics, many carbon-paste electrode-based electrochemical sensors have been developed for various biomolecules, environmental pollutants, food additives, and pharmaceuticals. This review gives an intuition on different materials used for the quantification of neurotransmitters using carbon-paste electrode modified electrochemical methods. The electrochemical analysis of neurochemicals by probing the various analytical utilities of carbon-paste electrodes can enlighten the upcoming research on these molecules.
{"title":"Carbon Paste Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Neurotransmitters","authors":"R. Rejithamol, S. Beena","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.901628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.901628","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the carbon-paste electrodes in the field of neurotransmitter electrochemical sensing is focused on in this review. The significance of biomolecules especially neurotransmitters in treatments related to different diseases has tremendously expanded the scope of analytical detection of these biomolecules. The detection of them from biological fluids and pharmaceutical dosages is highly recommendable because the normal functioning of a human body is very much related to the exact concentrations of these biomolecules. Therefore, electroanalytical techniques can be employed for the quantification of these molecules as these techniques take over the advantage of fast response time, are easy to handle, and possess highly sensitive results. Due to the cost-effectiveness and vague electron transfer kinetics, many carbon-paste electrode-based electrochemical sensors have been developed for various biomolecules, environmental pollutants, food additives, and pharmaceuticals. This review gives an intuition on different materials used for the quantification of neurotransmitters using carbon-paste electrode modified electrochemical methods. The electrochemical analysis of neurochemicals by probing the various analytical utilities of carbon-paste electrodes can enlighten the upcoming research on these molecules.","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48519320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.3389/fsens.2022.850056
M. Monjur, Joseph Heacock, Joshua Calzadillas, Md Shaad Mahmud, J. Roth, K. Mankodiya, E. Sazonov, Qiaoyan Yu
Sensor networks and IoT systems have been widely deployed in monitoring and controlling system. With its increasing utilization, the functionality and performance of sensor networks and their applications are not the only design aims; security issues in sensor networks attract more and more attentions. Security threats in sensor and its networks could be originated from various sectors: users in cyber space, security-weak protocols, obsolete network infrastructure, low-end physical devices, and global supply chain. In this work, we take one of the emerging applications, advanced manufacturing, as an example to analyze the security challenges in the sensor network. Presentable attacks—hardware Trojan attack, man-in-the-middle attack, jamming attack and replay attack—are examined in the context of sensing nodes deployed in a long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) for advanced manufacturing. Moreover, we analyze the challenges of detecting those attacks.
{"title":"Hardware Security in Sensor and its Networks","authors":"M. Monjur, Joseph Heacock, Joshua Calzadillas, Md Shaad Mahmud, J. Roth, K. Mankodiya, E. Sazonov, Qiaoyan Yu","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.850056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.850056","url":null,"abstract":"Sensor networks and IoT systems have been widely deployed in monitoring and controlling system. With its increasing utilization, the functionality and performance of sensor networks and their applications are not the only design aims; security issues in sensor networks attract more and more attentions. Security threats in sensor and its networks could be originated from various sectors: users in cyber space, security-weak protocols, obsolete network infrastructure, low-end physical devices, and global supply chain. In this work, we take one of the emerging applications, advanced manufacturing, as an example to analyze the security challenges in the sensor network. Presentable attacks—hardware Trojan attack, man-in-the-middle attack, jamming attack and replay attack—are examined in the context of sensing nodes deployed in a long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) for advanced manufacturing. Moreover, we analyze the challenges of detecting those attacks.","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48196596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.3389/fsens.2022.840130
Phurpa Dema Thungon, Hui Wang, S. Vagin, C. Dyck, P. Goswami, B. Rieger, A. Meldrum
A paper-based microfluidic detection device for the detection of ethanol is demonstrated in this work. The method is based on a fluorophore consisting of short-chain conjugated molecular unit susceptible to the protonation of its terminal pyridine groups, along with a carboxyl-functionalized sidechain that acts as a binder and renders it water-soluble. The resulting fluorescent paper device yields large fluorescence changes when exposed to reactions that yield H2O2 in aqueous solutions. Using an enzyme-catalyzed rection that produces H2O2 from ethanol, we developed a two-zone, cut-out paper device containing a reaction zone in which the ethanol-containing analyte is placed, and an adjacent sensor zone where we observe a fluorescence color shift proportional to the ethanol concentration. The limit of detection of the fluidic ethanol biosensor was 0.05 v/v% and the dynamic range was 0.05–2 v/v%. This method was employed to detect the alcohol concentration of consumer vodkas using only a paper sensor and a smartphone camera. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"A Fluorescent Alcohol Biosensor Using a Simple microPAD Based Detection Scheme","authors":"Phurpa Dema Thungon, Hui Wang, S. Vagin, C. Dyck, P. Goswami, B. Rieger, A. Meldrum","doi":"10.3389/fsens.2022.840130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.840130","url":null,"abstract":"A paper-based microfluidic detection device for the detection of ethanol is demonstrated in this work. The method is based on a fluorophore consisting of short-chain conjugated molecular unit susceptible to the protonation of its terminal pyridine groups, along with a carboxyl-functionalized sidechain that acts as a binder and renders it water-soluble. The resulting fluorescent paper device yields large fluorescence changes when exposed to reactions that yield H2O2 in aqueous solutions. Using an enzyme-catalyzed rection that produces H2O2 from ethanol, we developed a two-zone, cut-out paper device containing a reaction zone in which the ethanol-containing analyte is placed, and an adjacent sensor zone where we observe a fluorescence color shift proportional to the ethanol concentration. The limit of detection of the fluidic ethanol biosensor was 0.05 v/v% and the dynamic range was 0.05–2 v/v%. This method was employed to detect the alcohol concentration of consumer vodkas using only a paper sensor and a smartphone camera. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":93754,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49473596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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