The variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (Linn) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) is eaten mostly in the South western region of Nigeria. Thiaminase is a toxic enzyme present in some foods. The activity of thiaminase in the gut of Zonocerus variegatus is described. The enzyme was isolated using DEAE- Cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration on Biogel P-100. The enzyme had a specific activity of 7.9 unit per milligram of protein. The enzyme exhibited a maximal activity at pH 8.0 and K m of 5 and 25 µM for thiamine and aniline respectively. The substrate specificity showed that the thiaminase from Z. variegatus was specific for thiamine and aniline as substrates. The optimum temperature of Z. variegatus thiaminase was 50 o C. The native molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by gel filtration was 102,000. The amino acids markedly enhanced the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme was activated by Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ and Hg 2+ but inhibited by Na + , NH 4 + , Co 2+ and Zn 2+ . 2-mercaptoethanol and 6-amino hexanoic acid completely inhibited the thiaminase. Z. variegatus should be prepared using extensive and prolong cooking to avoid suffering from thiamine deficiency.
{"title":"Biochemical properties of thiaminase, a toxic enzyme in the gut of grasshoppers (Zonocerus variegatus Linn)","authors":"L. Ehigie, R. Okonji, Folashade A. Ehigie","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (Linn) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) is eaten mostly in the South western region of Nigeria. Thiaminase is a toxic enzyme present in some foods. The activity of thiaminase in the gut of Zonocerus variegatus is described. The enzyme was isolated using DEAE- Cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration on Biogel P-100. The enzyme had a specific activity of 7.9 unit per milligram of protein. The enzyme exhibited a maximal activity at pH 8.0 and K m of 5 and 25 µM for thiamine and aniline respectively. The substrate specificity showed that the thiaminase from Z. variegatus was specific for thiamine and aniline as substrates. The optimum temperature of Z. variegatus thiaminase was 50 o C. The native molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by gel filtration was 102,000. The amino acids markedly enhanced the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme was activated by Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ and Hg 2+ but inhibited by Na + , NH 4 + , Co 2+ and Zn 2+ . 2-mercaptoethanol and 6-amino hexanoic acid completely inhibited the thiaminase. Z. variegatus should be prepared using extensive and prolong cooking to avoid suffering from thiamine deficiency.","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"9-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85420896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Few studies have been conducted to verify how mist net mesh size affects the capture rates of birds in Nigeria. This research was undertaken from 06.30 to 18.30 hours between February 2010 and January 2011 at Shasha Forest Reserve (4o20' to 4o40' E, 7o00' to 7o 10' N) near Ile-Ife in southwestern Nigeria, to verify how mesh size affects the capture rates of birds and the efficiency or otherwise of the mist nets involved. Bird species occurrence was recorded using eight nylon mist nets each of 36mm and 61mm mesh sizes in linear transects. The linear transects cuts across different vegetational types with varying degrees of human disturbance. A total of 970 birds were captured and made up of 584 (60.2%) with 36mm mesh and 386 (39.8%) with 61mm mesh. Of the 106 species mist-netted 93(87.7%) were caught by 36mm while 61mm caught 73(68.9%). The 36mm mesh net was more effective for birds with less than 200mm body length while 61mm mesh was more effective for birds with more than 250mm body length. However, both meshes were suitable for birds between 151 and 200mm long. Thirty six millimeter mesh net captured most of the birds below 20g while 61mm mesh captured was more efficient for the larger species. Both mesh sizes were effective for birds with body weights between 41.00 and 80.00g. Deployment of both nets will provide an improvement of abundance estimates for some larger species. By using only 36mm mesh nets, there may be an improvement in the capture rate of small birds and similarly 61mm mesh would substantially improve the capture rate of bigger and heavier birds.
{"title":"Mesh size and bird capture rates in shasha forest reserve, ile-ife, Nigeria","authors":"A. Akinpelu","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Few studies have been conducted to verify how mist net mesh size affects the capture rates of birds in Nigeria. This research was undertaken from 06.30 to 18.30 hours between February 2010 and January 2011 at Shasha Forest Reserve (4o20' to 4o40' E, 7o00' to 7o 10' N) near Ile-Ife in southwestern Nigeria, to verify how mesh size affects the capture rates of birds and the efficiency or otherwise of the mist nets involved. Bird species occurrence was recorded using eight nylon mist nets each of 36mm and 61mm mesh sizes in linear transects. The linear transects cuts across different vegetational types with varying degrees of human disturbance. A total of 970 birds were captured and made up of 584 (60.2%) with 36mm mesh and 386 (39.8%) with 61mm mesh. Of the 106 species mist-netted 93(87.7%) were caught by 36mm while 61mm caught 73(68.9%). The 36mm mesh net was more effective for birds with less than 200mm body length while 61mm mesh was more effective for birds with more than 250mm body length. However, both meshes were suitable for birds between 151 and 200mm long. Thirty six millimeter mesh net captured most of the birds below 20g while 61mm mesh captured was more efficient for the larger species. Both mesh sizes were effective for birds with body weights between 41.00 and 80.00g. Deployment of both nets will provide an improvement of abundance estimates for some larger species. By using only 36mm mesh nets, there may be an improvement in the capture rate of small birds and similarly 61mm mesh would substantially improve the capture rate of bigger and heavier birds.","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"18 1","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90657362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P A. Njukeng, G M. Chewachong, P. Sakwe, G. Chofong, L W Nkeabeng, P. Demo, K. D. Njualem
Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important cash-food crop, which is widely grown in three of the five agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. A study was carried out to determine the prevalence of PVA, PLRV, PVM, PVS, PVX and PVY in 1175 sprouted potato seed tubers of different diameters collected from four seed stores in the North West Region of Cameroon. The study also sorts to ascertain variations in virus incidence in small, medium and large size sprouted tubers prior to planting. The DAS-ELISA method was used to test for the presence of these viruses. Results showed significant differences in the prevalence of the six viruses with PVM being the most prevalent (92%), while PLRV was least prevalent (35%) in all the four seed stores sampled. Upper-Farm store registered the highest relative prevalence (82%), with PVM detected in all the tubers while samples from Rock-Farm store showed the least relative incidence (55%) with no PLRV detected. Viruses were significantly most prevalent in small size tubers (71%) and least in large size potato tubers (63%). Our results suggest that tuber size can serve as a guide to identify healthy (virus-free) tubers. Farmers could therefore use large size potato tubers for planting.
{"title":"Prevalence of six viruses in potato seed tubers produced in informal seed system in the north west region of Cameroon","authors":"P A. Njukeng, G M. Chewachong, P. Sakwe, G. Chofong, L W Nkeabeng, P. Demo, K. D. Njualem","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important cash-food crop, which is widely grown in three of the five agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. A study was carried out to determine the prevalence of PVA, PLRV, PVM, PVS, PVX and PVY in 1175 sprouted potato seed tubers of different diameters collected from four seed stores in the North West Region of Cameroon. The study also sorts to ascertain variations in virus incidence in small, medium and large size sprouted tubers prior to planting. The DAS-ELISA method was used to test for the presence of these viruses. Results showed significant differences in the prevalence of the six viruses with PVM being the most prevalent (92%), while PLRV was least prevalent (35%) in all the four seed stores sampled. Upper-Farm store registered the highest relative prevalence (82%), with PVM detected in all the tubers while samples from Rock-Farm store showed the least relative incidence (55%) with no PLRV detected. Viruses were significantly most prevalent in small size tubers (71%) and least in large size potato tubers (63%). Our results suggest that tuber size can serve as a guide to identify healthy (virus-free) tubers. Farmers could therefore use large size potato tubers for planting.","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"54 1","pages":"44-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77616785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Diakabana, S. Kobawila, V. Massengo, D. Louembé
Le fruit de la mangue « Boko » presente des caracteristiques physiques et organoleptiques tres particulieres comparees aux autres mangues produites au Congo. La masse de ce fruit est de 390g en moyenne et tres proche de celle des varietes lippens et broagt , mais son rendement en pulpe (67% de la masse du fruit) est nettement plus eleve. Sa largeur (107,94±20,09mm) et son epaisseur (72,27±5,35mm) sont assez regulieres mais son indice de sphericite (0,88±0,52) est tres disperse. Les diverses caracteristiques physicochimiques du fruit de la mangue ’’Boko’’ sont fonction du degre de maturation physiologique evalue a partir de l’indice de maturation β (de β 1 =18,22 a β 3 = 83,5). La surmaturation de ce fruit intervient lorsque la valeur de l’indice de maturation est superieur (β 3 =83,5). Elle correspond a une forte diminution du degre d’acidite de 72,6%, une diminution significative de la teneur en eau (de 83,98% a 81,18% d’eau), mais a une augmentation considerable de la teneur en sucre (de 10 a 19° Brix). La faible acidite (2g de H 2 SO 4 /l) de la pulpe de mangue surmaturee est responsable de la fermentation incomplete du jus teste. Afin d’ameliorer la productivite horaire en ethanol du jus de pulpe de mangue surmaturee, il serait necessaire de proceder a une acidification indirecte par l’apport d’une portion de pulpe de mangue moins mure. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Effect of the maturation index on the kinetic of ethyl fermentation of juice from the mango cultivar'' Boko’’ pulp. The fruit of the mango'' boko’’ presents physical and organoleptic characteristics very special compared to other mangoes produced in Congo. The mass of this fruit is 390g on average and very close to those of lippens and broagt varieties, but its pulp yield (67% of the mass of fruit) is much higher. Its width (107, 94±20,09mm) and thickness (72, 27±5,35mm) are fairly regular, but the sphericity index (0, 88±0, 52) is very varied. The various physicochemical characteristics of mango ‘’ boko' ' fruit depend on the degree of physiological maturity assessed from the maturation index β (from β 1 =18.22 to β 3 = 83.5). The over-ripening of this fruit occurs when the value of the maturation index was higher (β 3 = 83.5) and corresponds to a decrease pronounced of degree of acidity of 72.6%, a significant decrease in water content (from 83.98% to 81.18% of water), but a considerable increase in sugar content (from10° Brix to 19° Brix). The low acidity (2g of H 2 SO 4 /l) of over-ripened mango pulp is responsible for the incomplete fermentation of juice tested. To improve the hourly productivity in ethanol from juice of ripened mango pulp, it would be necessary to acidify indirectly by providing a portion of mango pulp less mature.
与刚果生产的其他芒果相比，Boko芒果的果实具有非常特殊的物理和感官特征。这种水果的平均重量为390克，非常接近lippens和broagt品种，但果肉产量(占果实重量的67%)要高得多。其宽度(107.94±20.09 mm)和厚度(72.27±5.35 mm)相当规则，但球度指数(0.88±0.52)非常分散。boko芒果果实的各种理化特性取决于生理成熟程度，由β成熟指数(从β 1 = 18.22到β 3 = 83.5)评估。当成熟指数较高时(β 3 = 83.5)，果实就会过度成熟。这对应于酸度急剧下降72.6%，水分含量显著下降(从83.98%下降到81.18%)，但糖含量显著增加(从10°Brix上升到19°Brix)。芒果果肉的低酸度(2g h2so4 /l)是测试果汁不完全发酵的原因。为了提高芒果果肉汁每小时的乙醇产量，有必要通过添加一份不太成熟的芒果果肉来间接酸化。------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ index on the Effect of the陈化发酵动力学of乙基of juice from the mango cultivar’’Boko’’低俗。“boko”芒果的果实与刚果生产的其他芒果相比具有非常特殊的物理和生理特征。果实The mass of this is - on average and close to戴的堡垒of lippens broagt的目的,its低俗的产量(67% of The mass of fruit) is much higher。其宽度(107.94±20.09 mm)和厚度(72.27±5.35 mm)略规则，但球度指数(0.88±0.52)变化较大。“boko”芒果果实的各种物理化学特性取决于成熟指数β(从β 1 =18.22到β 3 = 83.5)评估的生理成熟程度。The over-ripening of this果实occurs when The value of The熟化was higher索引(β= 3 83.5)and喜欢to a decrease被命名of a degree of acidity of 72.6%,重大decrease in water content(从83.98% 81.18% of a毁灭”(increase in water),是sugar content (from10°糖度Brix 19°摄氏度)。(2g of The low acidity) 2分4 / l) of over-ripened mango低俗is SO for The of juice test发酵完全负责。为了提高成熟芒果果肉果汁的乙醇产量，必须通过提供一份不成熟的芒果果肉来直接酸化。
{"title":"Effet du degré de maturation sur la cinétique de fermentation éthylique de la pulpe de mangue cultivar BOKO","authors":"P. Diakabana, S. Kobawila, V. Massengo, D. Louembé","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Le fruit de la mangue « Boko » presente des caracteristiques physiques et organoleptiques tres particulieres comparees aux autres mangues produites au Congo. La masse de ce fruit est de 390g en moyenne et tres proche de celle des varietes lippens et broagt , mais son rendement en pulpe (67% de la masse du fruit) est nettement plus eleve. Sa largeur (107,94±20,09mm) et son epaisseur (72,27±5,35mm) sont assez regulieres mais son indice de sphericite (0,88±0,52) est tres disperse. Les diverses caracteristiques physicochimiques du fruit de la mangue ’’Boko’’ sont fonction du degre de maturation physiologique evalue a partir de l’indice de maturation β (de β 1 =18,22 a β 3 = 83,5). La surmaturation de ce fruit intervient lorsque la valeur de l’indice de maturation est superieur (β 3 =83,5). Elle correspond a une forte diminution du degre d’acidite de 72,6%, une diminution significative de la teneur en eau (de 83,98% a 81,18% d’eau), mais a une augmentation considerable de la teneur en sucre (de 10 a 19° Brix). La faible acidite (2g de H 2 SO 4 /l) de la pulpe de mangue surmaturee est responsable de la fermentation incomplete du jus teste. Afin d’ameliorer la productivite horaire en ethanol du jus de pulpe de mangue surmaturee, il serait necessaire de proceder a une acidification indirecte par l’apport d’une portion de pulpe de mangue moins mure. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Effect of the maturation index on the kinetic of ethyl fermentation of juice from the mango cultivar'' Boko’’ pulp. The fruit of the mango'' boko’’ presents physical and organoleptic characteristics very special compared to other mangoes produced in Congo. The mass of this fruit is 390g on average and very close to those of lippens and broagt varieties, but its pulp yield (67% of the mass of fruit) is much higher. Its width (107, 94±20,09mm) and thickness (72, 27±5,35mm) are fairly regular, but the sphericity index (0, 88±0, 52) is very varied. The various physicochemical characteristics of mango ‘’ boko' ' fruit depend on the degree of physiological maturity assessed from the maturation index β (from β 1 =18.22 to β 3 = 83.5). The over-ripening of this fruit occurs when the value of the maturation index was higher (β 3 = 83.5) and corresponds to a decrease pronounced of degree of acidity of 72.6%, a significant decrease in water content (from 83.98% to 81.18% of water), but a considerable increase in sugar content (from10° Brix to 19° Brix). The low acidity (2g of H 2 SO 4 /l) of over-ripened mango pulp is responsible for the incomplete fermentation of juice tested. To improve the hourly productivity in ethanol from juice of ripened mango pulp, it would be necessary to acidify indirectly by providing a portion of mango pulp less mature.","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76605520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pour mieux comprendre la survenue de certaines anomalies chez des patients alcooliques chroniques, la recherche d’eventuelles relations entre les anomalies induites par l’alcoolisme chronique et le type d’alcools consommes, a ete realisee. 307 dossiers d’alcooliques chroniques ont ete selectionnes en fonction du type d’alcool consomme (Koutoukou ou alcool industriel ou les deux types d’alcool a la fois). Dans chaque dossier, les anomalies physiologiques et cliniques ont ete relevees puis, par la classification ascendante hierarchique et par l’analyse factorielle des correspondances, les eventuels liens entre les troubles de l’organisme et le type d’alcool consomme ont ete etablis. Il ressort de cette etude que chez les patients de moins de 40 ans, l’alcoolisme s’apparente a la consommation du Koutoukou alors que chez ceux de plus de 40 ans, les anomalies cliniques et para-cliniques sont associees a des pathologies diverses et leur alcoolisme, superieur a 5 ans, serait lie a la consommation du melange Koutoukou et alcools industriels. Par ailleurs, les femmes sont plus fragiles aux effets de l’alcool. Ainsi, le Koutoukou consomme seul ou en association avec les alcools industriels, semble causer plus de dommages a l’organisme, surtout apres 40 ans. Mots cles : Alcoolisme – Koutoukou – Classification Ascendante Hierarchique (CAH) – Analyse Factorielle des Correspondance (AFC) – Anomalie. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Electro-clinical approach to the effects of consumption of alcoholic beverages by correspondence analysis and hierarchical ascending classification. The objective of this study is to understand the possible relationships between the abnormalities induced by chronic alcoholism and type of alcohol consumed. 307 cases of chronic alcoholic patients were selected according to the type of alcohol consumed (koutoukou or industrial alcohol or both types of alcohol at a time). In each case, the physiological and clinical abnormalities were found and by the ascending hierarchical classification and the correspondence analysis, the possible links between disorders of the body and the type of alcohol consumed were established. It appears from this study that in patients under 40, alcohol consumption is related to the koutoukou. In alcoholics over 40 years, the clinical abnormalities are associated with various pathologies. Their alcoholism is more than 5 years, would be linked to the consumption of the mixture koutoukou and industrial alcohol. Moreover, women are more vulnerable to alcohol effects. Thus, koutoukou consumed alone or in combination with industrial alcohol, seems to cause more damage to the body, especially after 40 years. Keywords : Alcoholism – Koutoukou – ascending hierarchical classification – correspondence analysis – abnormality. Normal 0 21 false false false FR X-NONE AR-SA
{"title":"Approche électro-clinique des effets de la consommation de boissons alcooliques par l’analyse factorielle des correspondances et par la classification ascendante hiérarchique.","authors":"M. Yao, A. Camara, F. N. Bakou, A. Ba, B. Seri","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Pour mieux comprendre la survenue de certaines anomalies chez des patients alcooliques chroniques, la recherche d’eventuelles relations entre les anomalies induites par l’alcoolisme chronique et le type d’alcools consommes, a ete realisee. 307 dossiers d’alcooliques chroniques ont ete selectionnes en fonction du type d’alcool consomme (Koutoukou ou alcool industriel ou les deux types d’alcool a la fois). Dans chaque dossier, les anomalies physiologiques et cliniques ont ete relevees puis, par la classification ascendante hierarchique et par l’analyse factorielle des correspondances, les eventuels liens entre les troubles de l’organisme et le type d’alcool consomme ont ete etablis. Il ressort de cette etude que chez les patients de moins de 40 ans, l’alcoolisme s’apparente a la consommation du Koutoukou alors que chez ceux de plus de 40 ans, les anomalies cliniques et para-cliniques sont associees a des pathologies diverses et leur alcoolisme, superieur a 5 ans, serait lie a la consommation du melange Koutoukou et alcools industriels. Par ailleurs, les femmes sont plus fragiles aux effets de l’alcool. Ainsi, le Koutoukou consomme seul ou en association avec les alcools industriels, semble causer plus de dommages a l’organisme, surtout apres 40 ans. Mots cles : Alcoolisme – Koutoukou – Classification Ascendante Hierarchique (CAH) – Analyse Factorielle des Correspondance (AFC) – Anomalie. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Electro-clinical approach to the effects of consumption of alcoholic beverages by correspondence analysis and hierarchical ascending classification. The objective of this study is to understand the possible relationships between the abnormalities induced by chronic alcoholism and type of alcohol consumed. 307 cases of chronic alcoholic patients were selected according to the type of alcohol consumed (koutoukou or industrial alcohol or both types of alcohol at a time). In each case, the physiological and clinical abnormalities were found and by the ascending hierarchical classification and the correspondence analysis, the possible links between disorders of the body and the type of alcohol consumed were established. It appears from this study that in patients under 40, alcohol consumption is related to the koutoukou. In alcoholics over 40 years, the clinical abnormalities are associated with various pathologies. Their alcoholism is more than 5 years, would be linked to the consumption of the mixture koutoukou and industrial alcohol. Moreover, women are more vulnerable to alcohol effects. Thus, koutoukou consumed alone or in combination with industrial alcohol, seems to cause more damage to the body, especially after 40 years. Keywords : Alcoholism – Koutoukou – ascending hierarchical classification – correspondence analysis – abnormality. Normal 0 21 false false false FR X-NONE AR-SA","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"9 1","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82357287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aspects of the biology of an economically important crab, Callinectes amnicola (De Rochebrune, 1883), were studied to determine the growth pattern, condition factor, ectoparasitic load and trace metal (Manganese, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury) levels. Water and sediment samples were also collected for trace metal analysis and to determine bioconcentration factor in crab samples. Males recorded significantly longer carapace (p 0.05; b=3) and positive allometric growth for female and sex combined (p 3). Males were better conditioned than females and condition increased with size for males. Only male C. amnicola were infected with ectoparasitic barnacles with a prevalence of 13.46%. The ectoparasites select better conditioned crabs for infestation and this colonization subsequently reduces the condition with increased size. Mean trace metal values recorded for C. amnicola, water and sediment were in the order Manganese>Zinc>Lead>Cadmium>Mercury. The gills had the highest mean values for all the trace metals measured and also had the highest bioconcentration factor with lead recording a factor of 42 from water. However, the edible portion such as muscle, chelipeds and carapace bioaccumulated Manganese, Zinc and Cadmium from water by a maximum factor of 4. Carapace length, growth pattern, condition factor and ectoparasitic infestation may be used to discriminate among sexes of C. amnicola. This study shows relatively low concentrations of trace metals compared to the WHO limits and C. amnicola may be used to monitor the bioavailability of trace metals in
研究了一种具有重要经济价值的蟹，Callinectes amnicola (De Rochebrune, 1883)的生物学方面，以确定其生长模式、条件因素、体外寄生负荷和微量金属(锰、锌、铅、镉和汞)水平。采集水体和沉积物样品进行痕量金属分析，测定蟹样中的生物富集系数。雄性甲壳明显延长(p 0.05;b=3)，雌性和性别均为正异速生长(p =3)。雄性的条件优于雌性，雄性的条件随体型的增加而增加。体外寄生藤壶感染率仅为雄性，为13.46%。体外寄生虫选择条件较好的螃蟹进行侵染，这种定植随后随着尺寸的增加而减少条件。水和沉积物中痕量金属平均值依次为锰>锌>铅>镉>汞。鱼鳃中痕量金属的平均值最高，水中铅的生物富集系数也最高，为42。然而，可食用的部分，如肌肉、蹄足动物和甲壳，从水中生物积累的锰、锌和镉最高可达4倍。甲壳长度、生长形态、条件因子和体外寄生虫侵染情况可作为羊膜夜蛾的性别鉴别指标。这项研究表明，与世界卫生组织的限制相比，微量金属的浓度相对较低，羊膜菌可用于监测微量金属的生物利用度
{"title":"Growth pattern, condition factor, trace metal studies and ectoparasitic load of the blue crab, Callinectes amnicola from Lagos Lagoon, Badore, Ajah, Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"U. Omuvwie, O. Atobatele","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V9I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Aspects of the biology of an economically important crab, Callinectes amnicola (De Rochebrune, 1883), were studied to determine the growth pattern, condition factor, ectoparasitic load and trace metal (Manganese, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury) levels. Water and sediment samples were also collected for trace metal analysis and to determine bioconcentration factor in crab samples. Males recorded significantly longer carapace (p 0.05; b=3) and positive allometric growth for female and sex combined (p 3). Males were better conditioned than females and condition increased with size for males. Only male C. amnicola were infected with ectoparasitic barnacles with a prevalence of 13.46%. The ectoparasites select better conditioned crabs for infestation and this colonization subsequently reduces the condition with increased size. Mean trace metal values recorded for C. amnicola, water and sediment were in the order Manganese>Zinc>Lead>Cadmium>Mercury. The gills had the highest mean values for all the trace metals measured and also had the highest bioconcentration factor with lead recording a factor of 42 from water. However, the edible portion such as muscle, chelipeds and carapace bioaccumulated Manganese, Zinc and Cadmium from water by a maximum factor of 4. Carapace length, growth pattern, condition factor and ectoparasitic infestation may be used to discriminate among sexes of C. amnicola. This study shows relatively low concentrations of trace metals compared to the WHO limits and C. amnicola may be used to monitor the bioavailability of trace metals in","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"34-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80035816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. A. Mvondo, A. Boukong, H. D. Beyegue, A. Abba, A. Ze, M. S. Passale, L. Lawane
Resume L’espece Stylosanthes guianensis est recommandee dans les systemes de culture sous couverture vegetale (SCV) dans la zone cotonniere du Cameroun. L’une des difficultes rencontrees pour son adoption est l’absence d’information concernant sa production de biomasse en tete de rotation. La presente etude avait pour objectif d’estimer la production de biomasse de cette espece en culture pure ou en association avec le mais, en presence des fumures organique et minerale recommandees dans le Sud de la zone cotonniere du Cameroun. La production de biomasse de l’espece S. guianensis a varie de 9,7 a 13,6 t MS ha -1 en culture pure et de 4,5 a 7,9 t ha -1 en association avec le mais. Dans l’association, on a pu recolter jusqu’a 5,7 t ha -1 de grain et 7,8 t ha -1 de paille de mais. Les effets surtout lineaires des fumures sur les biomasses produites confirment qu’elles sont sub-optimales. Toutefois, elles permettraient l’entree en SCV l’annee suivante. Des etudes complementaires sont necessaires pour preciser les doses des fumures organique et minerale optimales pour la production de biomasse de l’espece S. guianensis en culture pure et dans les associations avec le mais dans la zone cotonniere du Nord Cameroun. Mots cles : Systeme de culture sous couverture vegetale (SCV), Stylosanthes guianensis, tete de rotation, biomasse, fertilisation Abstract Stylosanthes guianensis is one of the cover crops recently introduced in direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC) in the cotton production zone in Northern Cameroon. However, its biomass production as first crop in rotations has never been assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seeding year production of S. guianensis in the cotton producing zone of Cameroon, in the presence of the recommended organic and mineral fertilizer rates. Dry matter production of S. guianensis varied from 9.7 to 13.6 t ha -1 in pure stands and from 4.5 to 7.9 t ha -1 in association with corn. In the association, corn grain and straw production were 5.7 and 7.8 t ha -1 , respectively. The linear effects of fertilizers on biomass production suggest that their present levels are sub optimal. However, the amounts of biomass produced should be enough for further implementation of DMC systems. Further studies are recommended to determine optimal organic and mineral fertilizer rates for S. guianensis in pure stands or in association with corn in the cotton production zone in northern Cameroon. Key words: Direct seeding mulch-based cropping system (DMC), Stylosanthes guianensis , Seeding year biomass, fertilization
圭亚那Stylosanthes guianensis被推荐用于喀麦隆棉花地区的植被覆盖系统(SCV)。采用它的困难之一是缺乏关于轮作生物量生产的资料。这项研究的目的是估计在喀麦隆南部棉花区推荐的有机和矿物肥料存在的情况下，该物种在纯种植或与玉米联合种植时的生物量产量。guianensis a在纯培养时的生物量产量为9.7 ~ 13.6 t hm - 2，与玉米联合时的生物量产量为4.5 ~ 7.9 t hm - 2。该组合可收获5.7 t ha -1的谷物和7.8 t ha -1的玉米秸秆。肥料对产生的生物量的线性影响证实了它们是次优的。然而，他们将允许下一年进入SCV。还需要进行进一步的研究，以确定在喀麦隆北部棉花区纯栽培和与玉米联合栽培的圭亚那S. guianensis生物量生产的最佳有机和矿物肥料剂量。关键词:冠层耕作系统(SCV)、圭亚那柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis)、轮作头、生物量、施肥摘要圭亚那柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis)是喀麦隆北部棉花产区最近引入的直接播种覆盖耕作系统(DMC)的覆盖作物之一。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的总面积为，其中土地和(1.691平方公里)水。本研究的目的是评估在喀麦隆棉花生产区存在推荐的有机肥料和矿物肥料比率的情况下圭亚那S. guianensis的种子年产量。桂花干物质产量纯品位为9.7 ~ 13.6 t ha -1，玉米联合品位为4.5 ~ 7.9 t ha -1。在联合中，玉米和秸秆产量分别为5.7和7.8 t ha -1。肥料对生物质生产的线性影响表明，它们目前的水平是次优的。不过，生物质产量应足以进一步实施DMC系统。建议进行进一步的研究，以确定在喀麦隆北部棉花生产区，纯品位或与玉米结合的桂花的最佳有机和矿物肥料率。关键词:直接播种覆盖作物系统(DMC)，柱花草，种子年生物量，施肥
{"title":"Production de biomasse de l’espèce Stylosanthes guianensis en tête de rotation en vue de la mise en place d’un système de culture sous couverture végétale au sud de la zone cotonnière du Cameroun","authors":"J. A. Mvondo, A. Boukong, H. D. Beyegue, A. Abba, A. Ze, M. S. Passale, L. Lawane","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V8I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V8I1","url":null,"abstract":"Resume L’espece Stylosanthes guianensis est recommandee dans les systemes de culture sous couverture vegetale (SCV) dans la zone cotonniere du Cameroun. L’une des difficultes rencontrees pour son adoption est l’absence d’information concernant sa production de biomasse en tete de rotation. La presente etude avait pour objectif d’estimer la production de biomasse de cette espece en culture pure ou en association avec le mais, en presence des fumures organique et minerale recommandees dans le Sud de la zone cotonniere du Cameroun. La production de biomasse de l’espece S. guianensis a varie de 9,7 a 13,6 t MS ha -1 en culture pure et de 4,5 a 7,9 t ha -1 en association avec le mais. Dans l’association, on a pu recolter jusqu’a 5,7 t ha -1 de grain et 7,8 t ha -1 de paille de mais. Les effets surtout lineaires des fumures sur les biomasses produites confirment qu’elles sont sub-optimales. Toutefois, elles permettraient l’entree en SCV l’annee suivante. Des etudes complementaires sont necessaires pour preciser les doses des fumures organique et minerale optimales pour la production de biomasse de l’espece S. guianensis en culture pure et dans les associations avec le mais dans la zone cotonniere du Nord Cameroun. Mots cles : Systeme de culture sous couverture vegetale (SCV), Stylosanthes guianensis, tete de rotation, biomasse, fertilisation Abstract Stylosanthes guianensis is one of the cover crops recently introduced in direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC) in the cotton production zone in Northern Cameroon. However, its biomass production as first crop in rotations has never been assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seeding year production of S. guianensis in the cotton producing zone of Cameroon, in the presence of the recommended organic and mineral fertilizer rates. Dry matter production of S. guianensis varied from 9.7 to 13.6 t ha -1 in pure stands and from 4.5 to 7.9 t ha -1 in association with corn. In the association, corn grain and straw production were 5.7 and 7.8 t ha -1 , respectively. The linear effects of fertilizers on biomass production suggest that their present levels are sub optimal. However, the amounts of biomass produced should be enough for further implementation of DMC systems. Further studies are recommended to determine optimal organic and mineral fertilizer rates for S. guianensis in pure stands or in association with corn in the cotton production zone in northern Cameroon. Key words: Direct seeding mulch-based cropping system (DMC), Stylosanthes guianensis , Seeding year biomass, fertilization","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"37 1","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85699489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-21DOI: 10.4314/CAJEB.V7I1.69789
A. Benmoussa, P. Kanyonga, M’hammed Ansar, A. Zellou, J. E. Harti, Jamal Lamsaouri, M. Y. A. Faouzi, A. Zahidi, H. Benziane, Y. Cherrah, J. Taoufik
Les derives oxygenes de la pyridazine sont connus en therapeutique pour la richesse de leurs potentiels pharmacologiques : antihypertenseur et cardiotonique. Des proprietes antibacteriennes sont egalement mentionnees dans la litterature. De ces considerations, resulte l’idee de synthetiser et d’etudier de nouvelles series d’arylidenpyridazin-3-ones substituees sur le plan toxicologique, et d’explorer leur activite psychotrope. L'etude de l’activite pharmacologique a demontre que ces produits ne sont pas toxiques aux doses therapeutiques et qu'ils sont doues d'effets sedatif, myorelaxant, anxiolytique mais, ne presentent pas d’effet hypnotique, ni cataleptique. Cependant, ces trois produits de synthese potentialisent a des degres differents l'effet hypnotique du diazepam. Synthesis, toxicological study and psychotropic activity of new arylidenpyridazin-3-ones N-substituted. The oxygenated derivatives of pyridazin are known into therapeutic for the richness of their pharmacological potentials: antihypertensive and cardiotonic. Properties antibacteriennes are also mentioned in the literature. From these considerations, results the idea to synthesize and study new series of arylidenpyridazin-3-ones N-substituted on the toxicological level, but also, to explore their possible activity on the central nervous system, in particular the psychotropic activity. The study of the pharmacological activity has shown that these products are not toxic at therapeutic doses and possess sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic effects, but do not present any hypnotic, or catalepsy effect. However, these three products potentiate synthesis to different degrees of the hypnotic effect diazepam.
{"title":"Synthèse, étude toxicologique et activité psychotrope de nouvelles arylidènpyridazin-3-ones N-substituées","authors":"A. Benmoussa, P. Kanyonga, M’hammed Ansar, A. Zellou, J. E. Harti, Jamal Lamsaouri, M. Y. A. Faouzi, A. Zahidi, H. Benziane, Y. Cherrah, J. Taoufik","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V7I1.69789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V7I1.69789","url":null,"abstract":"Les derives oxygenes de la pyridazine sont connus en therapeutique pour la richesse de leurs potentiels pharmacologiques : antihypertenseur et cardiotonique. Des proprietes antibacteriennes sont egalement mentionnees dans la litterature. De ces considerations, resulte l’idee de synthetiser et d’etudier de nouvelles series d’arylidenpyridazin-3-ones substituees sur le plan toxicologique, et d’explorer leur activite psychotrope. L'etude de l’activite pharmacologique a demontre que ces produits ne sont pas toxiques aux doses therapeutiques et qu'ils sont doues d'effets sedatif, myorelaxant, anxiolytique mais, ne presentent pas d’effet hypnotique, ni cataleptique. Cependant, ces trois produits de synthese potentialisent a des degres differents l'effet hypnotique du diazepam. Synthesis, toxicological study and psychotropic activity of new arylidenpyridazin-3-ones N-substituted. The oxygenated derivatives of pyridazin are known into therapeutic for the richness of their pharmacological potentials: antihypertensive and cardiotonic. Properties antibacteriennes are also mentioned in the literature. From these considerations, results the idea to synthesize and study new series of arylidenpyridazin-3-ones N-substituted on the toxicological level, but also, to explore their possible activity on the central nervous system, in particular the psychotropic activity. The study of the pharmacological activity has shown that these products are not toxic at therapeutic doses and possess sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic effects, but do not present any hypnotic, or catalepsy effect. However, these three products potentiate synthesis to different degrees of the hypnotic effect diazepam.","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"28-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78579156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-21DOI: 10.4314/CAJEB.V7I1.69656
A. Dada, BE Ebhodaghe
A 56-day study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of G. kola (Bitter kola) powder on egg quality in African catfish, C. gariepinus broodstocks. Catfish broodstocks (mean weight, 911.25 ± 1.77 g) were randomly distributed into concrete tanks (2 x 2 x 1.2 m) at ten fish/tank in triplicates. Five diets designated as diets D1 to D5 with 40% crude protein containing 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg of G. kola seeds powder in the feed were formulated and added to the tanks to give 3% of body weight per day. Fecundity, Percentage fertilization, hatching rate and egg size (diameter) of C. gariepinus were investigated. The fish fed diet D5 (200 g/kg) had higher oocyte diameter but not significantly different (p>0.05) from those of the fish fed the other diets. However, the egg diameter was largest in the group of fish fed diet diet supplemented with 200 g/kg G. kola seed powder (D5) and this has negative effect on the fertilization of the eggs. Significantly higher (p<0.05) egg fertilization and hatching was recorded in the fish fed diets D4 (150 g/kg) than for the fish fed the other diets. The results showed that as the level of inclusion of G. kola seed powder was increased, the percentage of eggs fertilized increased, except when the fish were fed diet D5 where a sharp decrease was recorded. Survival of fish after the 56 days experimental trial range from 88% to 100% and was not related to the G. kola seed powder inclusion in the diet. The result of this study shows that G. kola seed meal affects the fecundity, hatching rate and percentage survival of C. gariepinus and has a potential pro-fertility property which can be exploited in fish seeds production.
{"title":"Effect of Garcinia kola seed meal on egg quality of the African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) (Burchell) Broodstock","authors":"A. Dada, BE Ebhodaghe","doi":"10.4314/CAJEB.V7I1.69656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJEB.V7I1.69656","url":null,"abstract":"A 56-day study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of G. kola (Bitter kola) powder on egg quality in African catfish, C. gariepinus broodstocks. Catfish broodstocks (mean weight, 911.25 ± 1.77 g) were randomly distributed into concrete tanks (2 x 2 x 1.2 m) at ten fish/tank in triplicates. Five diets designated as diets D1 to D5 with 40% crude protein containing 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg of G. kola seeds powder in the feed were formulated and added to the tanks to give 3% of body weight per day. Fecundity, Percentage fertilization, hatching rate and egg size (diameter) of C. gariepinus were investigated. The fish fed diet D5 (200 g/kg) had higher oocyte diameter but not significantly different (p>0.05) from those of the fish fed the other diets. However, the egg diameter was largest in the group of fish fed diet diet supplemented with 200 g/kg G. kola seed powder (D5) and this has negative effect on the fertilization of the eggs. Significantly higher (p<0.05) egg fertilization and hatching was recorded in the fish fed diets D4 (150 g/kg) than for the fish fed the other diets. The results showed that as the level of inclusion of G. kola seed powder was increased, the percentage of eggs fertilized increased, except when the fish were fed diet D5 where a sharp decrease was recorded. Survival of fish after the 56 days experimental trial range from 88% to 100% and was not related to the G. kola seed powder inclusion in the diet. The result of this study shows that G. kola seed meal affects the fecundity, hatching rate and percentage survival of C. gariepinus and has a potential pro-fertility property which can be exploited in fish seeds production.","PeriodicalId":9401,"journal":{"name":"Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88827275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-21DOI: 10.4314/CAJEB.V7I1.69788
C. Agnem Etchike, A. M. Sassa, A. Abba, E. Nyonbourg
Dans le cadre de la valorisation de la pharmacopee africaine en general et camerounaise en particulier, des decoctions de feuilles de Ricinus communis, Harungana madagascariensis, Erigeron floribundus, Chromoleana odorata et Lantana camara ont ete etudiees in vitro pour leur activite antibacterienne. Trois souches bacteriennes dont Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli et Bacillus subtilis souvent responsables de processus morbides ont ete utilisees. Les tests ont ete realises in vitro suivant la technique standard de macro dilution en tube et en milieu liquide. Les concentrations qui evoluaient en progression geometrique de raison deux ont permis de constater que les cinq preparations presentent une inhibition de la croissance bacterienne. Les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI) variaient entre 0,05x10 -2 et 2,94x10 -2 gramme de Matiere Seche par millilitre (g de MS/ml) de decoction. Toutes les preparations ont une bactericidie variable entre 0,4x 10-2 et 12,61.10 -2 g de MS/ml de decoction. Les cinq decoctions presentent une action bactericide sur S. aureus comprise entre 0,40x10-2 et 11,75x10 -2 g de MS/ml. Par contre, une absence de bactericidie est observee avec R. communis et H. madagascariensis sur E. coli et chez H. madagascariensis, E. floribundus et L. camara sur B. subtilis . Cette etude revele une difference de sensibilite des bacteries aux decoctions etudiees. L’action bactericide des cinq extraits est identique pour S. aureus avec un coefficient phenol de 30. La meilleure efficacite est obtenue avec E. floribundus sur E. coli et R. communis sur B. subtilis qui presente le coefficient phenol le plus eleve. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of some Adamawa (Cameroon) medicinal plants. In the bid to develop pharmacology in Africa and Cameroon in particular, the leaf extracts of five: Ricinus communis, Harungana madagascariensis, Erigeron floribundus Chromoleana odorata and Lantana camara were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activities on three common pathogenic bacterial species namely Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis . The in vitro tests were carried out using a tube macro-dilution technique. Two–fold geometric concentrations of the various extracts were tested against the bacterial species. Results obtained showed varied bacteriological efficacy of the extracts tested, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 0.05 x 10 -2 and 2.94 x 10 -2 g of the dry extract/ ml. The various extracts tested demonstrated good in vitro efficacy against S. aureus with concentrations varying from 0.4 x10 -2 to 11.75 x10 -2 g of dry extract/ml. However, a much limited spectrum of activity was observed for the other bacterial species. R. communis and H. madagascariensis had no in vitro activities on E. coli, while H. madagascariensis and E. floribundus were not effective against B. subtilis. The same phenol coefficient of 30 indicated similar antibacterial effect on
在非洲药典的背景下，特别是喀麦隆药典，对蓖麻、马达加斯加Harungana、Erigeron floribundus、Chromoleana odorata和Lantana camara的叶子煎剂的抗菌活性进行了体外研究。使用了三种细菌菌株，包括金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌，它们经常导致疾病过程。试验采用标准的宏观稀释管和液体培养基技术在体外进行。浓度的几何级数为2，表明五种制剂对细菌生长有抑制作用。最低抑制浓度(mic)在0.05 x10 -2和2.94 x10 -2克干物质/毫升(g MS/ml)汤剂之间变化。所有制剂的细菌数量在0.4 x 10-2和12.61.10 -2 g MS/ml汤剂之间变化。五种汤剂对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用范围为0.40 x10-2 ~ 11.75 x10-2 g MS/ml。另一方面，在大肠杆菌上观察到communis和马达加斯加H.和马达加斯加H.，在枯草杆菌上观察到马达加斯加H.， E. floribundus和L. camara。这项研究揭示了细菌对所研究的煎剂的敏感性的差异。五种提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用相同，酚系数为30。floribundus对大肠杆菌的效果最好，communis对枯草芽孢杆菌的效果最好，其酚系数最高。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的总面积为，其中土地和(0.964平方公里)水。In the bid to开发pharmacology In Africa and喀麦隆的谈话中,五:蓖麻叶提取物用作》、黑檀Erigeron floribundus Chromoleana港香纳卡·卡马拉向体外test for their antibacterial活动on three common pathogenic体细菌品种技术部门对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌。体外试验采用管宏观稀释技术进行。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的总面积是，其中土地和(1.641平方公里)水。圣母提取物用作test Results,温度的方位bacteriological有效性,with inhibitory(92%)浓度最低的测距between 0.05×10 - 2 and 2.94圣母干提取物x10 - 2 g / ml统一各提取物。the test地表水有效性against金黄色葡萄球菌体外good with varying浓度从0.4 x10 - 2 of干提取物11.75 x10 - 2 g / ml。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的土地面积为。communis和马达加斯加H. madagascar ensis对大肠杆菌无体外活性，而马达加斯加H. madagascar ensis和E. floribundus对枯草芽孢杆菌无体外活性。同样的苯酚系数为30表明对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌效果相似。在酚系数方面，floribundus对大肠杆菌的效果最好，communis对枯草芽孢杆菌的效果最好。
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