JDS communications最新文献

{"title":"Transportation conditions of calves upon arrival at major livestock auction markets in Québec, Canada","authors":"Marianne Villettaz Robichaud ,&nbsp;Marie-Pascale Morin ,&nbsp;Gilles Fecteau ,&nbsp;Sébastien Buczinski","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0514","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this cross-sectional observational study was to describe the transport conditions of calves at the time of their arrival at the 2 major livestock auction markets in the province of Québec, Canada, and to identify characteristics that affect bedding cleanliness. A particular emphasis was placed on the transport environment of young dairy calves commonly being marketed for veal production. During 4 d per auction site (n = 2 sites), 2 d in summer and 2 d in winter, the descriptive characteristics including type of transports, number of calves per transport, separation from other transported animals, as well as presence of ventilation sources (e.g., open holes allowing natural ventilation), bedding, and bedding cleanliness, were determined. A total of 507 different transports were included, representing a total of 4,054 calves sold during these 8 d. The vast majority of calves (95% [n = 3,845]) were transported by commercially designed trailers (long commercial trailers (n = 358; 70.6% of all transport types), short commercial trailers (n = 62; 12.2%), or multideck trailers (n = 15; 3%). A minority of calves (5%) were either transported by homemade trailers (n = 30; 5.9% of transport) or other types of transports (n = 42; 8.3%). The presence of any ventilation source in the calves' transportation area was observed in 86% of transports and increased in summer versus winter (odds ratio: 2.75 [95% CI: 1.58–4.79]). Bedding was present in 96% of evaluated transports. The majority (68%) of calves' transport flooring area was considered clean, with less than 33% of the calves' area soiled with manure. The dirtiness of calves' transport flooring area was lower in winter than in summer (odds ratio = 0.63 [0.43–0.92]) and in site B than in site A (odds ratio = 0.57 [0.38–0.94]). This study gives interesting insight into transportation and unloading conditions of surplus calves in commercial auction markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 592-597"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140405617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simple and robust method for laboratory-scale preparation of butter","authors":"Sandra Beyer Gregersen ,&nbsp;Lise Margrethe Boesgaard ,&nbsp;Dionysios D. Neofytos ,&nbsp;Mads Eg Andersen ,&nbsp;Ulf Andersen ,&nbsp;Milena Corredig","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0571","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to develop a small-scale model system resembling the micro- and meso-structure of butter, namely having a water droplet size distribution and water content close to that of commercially produced butter. Although it is possible to churn cream on a small scale, matching the microstructure of butter is a challenge. A 2-step churning process was introduced with the application of a kitchen mixer. The resulting microstructure was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance was used to determine the water droplet size distribution. Results demonstrated that a water content of 16% to 19% could be obtained with the proposed procedure, close to the standard water content of 16%. Average water droplet size ranged between 2.5 to 4.3 µm and did not depend on batch-to-batch variations, nor storage-induced differences in the cream. In conclusion, the proposed method could be employed to prepare water-in-oil emulsions with a microstructure similar to that of butter and opens new opportunities for studying microbial growth, flavor release, and texture formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 528-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of genomic evaluation for methane efficiency in Canadian Holsteins*","authors":"Hinayah Rojas de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Hannah Sweett ,&nbsp;Saranya Narayana ,&nbsp;Allison Fleming ,&nbsp;Saeed Shadpour ,&nbsp;Francesca Malchiodi ,&nbsp;Janusz Jamrozik ,&nbsp;Gerrit Kistemaker ,&nbsp;Peter Sullivan ,&nbsp;Flavio Schenkel ,&nbsp;Dagnachew Hailemariam ,&nbsp;Paul Stothard ,&nbsp;Graham Plastow ,&nbsp;Brian Van Doormaal ,&nbsp;Michael Lohuis ,&nbsp;Jay Shannon ,&nbsp;Christine Baes ,&nbsp;Filippo Miglior","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0431","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reducing methane (CH₄) emissions from agriculture, among other sectors, is a key step to reducing global warming. There are many strategies to reduce CH₄ emissions in ruminant animals, including genetic selection, which yields cumulative and permanent genetic gains over generations. A single-step genomic evaluation for methane efficiency (MEF) was officially implemented in April 2023 for the Canadian Holstein breed, aiming to reduce CH₄ emissions without affecting production levels. This evaluation was achieved by using milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectral data to predict individual cow CH₄ production. The genetic evaluation model included milk MIR predicted CH₄ (CH4_MIR), along with milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), and protein yield (PY), as correlated traits. Traits were expressed in kilograms per day (MY, FY, and PY) or grams per day (CH4_MIR). The MiX99 software was used to fit the single-step, 4-trait animal model. Genomic breeding values for CH4_MIR were then obtained by re-parameterization, using recursive genetic linear regression coefficients on MY, FY, and PY, giving a measure of MEF that is genetically independent of the production traits. The estimated breeding values were expressed as relative breeding values with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 5 for the genetic base population, where a higher value indicates the animal produces lower predicted CH₄. This national genomic evaluation is another tool that will lower the dairy industry's carbon footprint by reducing CH₄ emissions without affecting production traits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 756-760"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139874901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fecal egg counts and individual milk production in temperate pastoral dairy systems of Australia","authors":"T. Loughnan ,&nbsp;P. Mansell ,&nbsp;M. Playford ,&nbsp;D. Beggs","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0555","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthelmintic use in lactating dairy cattle has been shown to result in a milk production response in some previous studies. If individual animals within a herd could be identified that would most benefit from anthelmintic treatment, this may reduce anthelmintic resistance. Australian dairy systems are predominantly pasture based, allowing sustained exposure and immune stimulation of cattle to gastrointestinal nematodes. We assessed the relationship between milk production and early-lactation fecal egg counts (FEC) to determine whether cows with higher FEC produced less milk. Ten pasture-based dairy farms in south-west Victoria, Australia, entered an observational study. Individual FEC at a minimum detectable count of 2.5 eggs per gram of feces (epg) were recorded for recently calved primiparous and multiparous cohorts on each farm. All animals were calved ≤30 d at sampling. Body condition scores were assessed at sampling and milk production data were collected from daily milk meters and herd tests to give first 100-d milk production. When separated by primiparous or multiparous status, no difference in the milk production between cows with FEC = 0 and FEC ≥2.5 epg was identified. Between-farm variation was large for FEC and milk production. Fecal egg count at a minimum detectable count of 2.5 epg detected parasitism in primiparous cows postcalving, but the presence and magnitude of parasitism measurable by FEC was not related to milk production in pasture-based Australian dairy systems. In multiparous cows, the rate detection of worm eggs at this analytical sensitivity was lower and the significance of a positive FEC at this analytical sensitivity requires further assessment to ascertain the effect on milk production. Based on our study, it seems unlikely that individual FEC results would be useful as a basis to select individual cows in south-west Victorian dairy herds for anthelmintic treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 664-668"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A note from the Editor in Chief of JDS Communications: Our purpose and people","authors":"Jessica A.A. McArt (Editor in Chief)","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0680","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0680","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Page 521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycobacterium bovis vaccination and subsequent experimental infection outcomes are associated with changes in vitamin D status in dairy calves","authors":"Rachel L. Lee ,&nbsp;Kieran G. Meade ,&nbsp;Shelley G. Rhodes ,&nbsp;Tom Ford ,&nbsp;Ilias Kyriazakis","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0547","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigations into the role of vitamin D (vitD) in the immune response of cattle are limited. The objectives of this study were therefore to investigate the association between circulating vitD concentration, tuberculosis (TB) vaccination, and <em>Mycobacterium bovis</em> infection outcomes in 24 dairy calves (&lt;8 wk old) that were housed throughout and fed a BW-based allowance. The study design incorporated 2 phases: vaccination (experimental wk 0–52) and experimental infection phase (wk 52–65). Vaccinated calves (n = 12) received a subcutaneous injection of a live attenuated TB strain at wk 0, whereas unvaccinated ones (n = 12) were injected with saline. All animals were infected with 7,600 cfu of <em>M. bovis</em> 52 wk postvaccination, and lung and lymph node tissues were assessed for pathology following euthanasia after wk 65. Blood samples were taken throughout wk 0 to 65. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured using a commercial ELISA. A mixed-effects linear regression model revealed significantly higher 25(OH)D concentrations in the vaccinates postinfection (wk 65) compared with the nonvaccinates. Linear regression analysis between 25(OH)D concentration and the level of <em>M. bovis</em>-driven pathology revealed a negative linear relationship (i.e., higher concentrations were associated with lower pathology scores) irrespective of vaccination status. No correlation was detected between IFN-γ cytokine production and vitD concentration. Overall, the results support an impactful role for vitD in the development of effective immunity of cattle against <em>M. bovis</em>. Gaining insight into the interaction between TB vaccination, <em>M. bovis</em> infection, and vitD could potentially guide the optimization of vaccination protocols and future TB control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 622-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of an additional gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 days after the initiation of a resynchronization program 25 days after artificial insemination on fertility of lactating dairy cows","authors":"Iago Matheus Rosa Leão ,&nbsp;Anthony Carbajal ,&nbsp;César Narciso ,&nbsp;Carlos Eduardo Cardoso Consentini ,&nbsp;Roberto Sartori ,&nbsp;João Paulo Nascimento Martins","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0540","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the effect of an additional GnRH 2 d after initiation of resynchronization on d 25 post-AI on the proportion of cows without a corpus luteum (CL) at nonpregnancy diagnosis (NPD) and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) of cows with a CL at NPD that were reinseminated. Once per week, cows that were inseminated 25 d earlier were randomly assigned to receive either a GnRH treatment only (G25) or GnRH on this day and 2 d later (G25&amp;27). Pregnancy diagnosis and CL presence were determined d 32 post-AI using ultrasonography. Nonpregnant cows with a CL were enrolled in different strategies for resynchronization of ovulation according to parity (primiparous or multiparous) and CL size. Primiparous and multiparous cows with a CL ≥20 mm in diameter continued Resynch-25 (PGF_2α on d 32; PGF_2α on d 33; GnRH on d 34; and AI on d 35). Multiparous cows with CL &lt;20 mm restarted a modified Ovsynch at NPD (GnRH – 7 d – PGF_2α – 1 d – PGF_2α – 1 d – GnRH – 1 d – AI). Primiparous cows with CL diameter &lt;20 mm started an Ovsynch+CIDR protocol on the day of NPD (GnRH + CIDR inserted – 7 d – PGF_2α + CIDR removed – 1 d – PGF_2α – 1 d – GnRH – 1 d – AI). Cows without a CL were not enrolled in any resynchronization program for a week and were excluded from fertility analyses. In multiparous cows only, the additional d 27 GnRH treatment was associated with a decreased P/AI 32 d and 102 d post-AI for the AI before treatment. The overall proportion of nonpregnant cows without CL did not differ between treatments. Yet, the GnRH treatment 27 d after AI tended to increase the proportion of overall nonpregnant cows with CL &lt;20 mm at NPD. Treatment did not affect fertility parameters of primiparous cows with a CL ≥20 mm that continued Resynch-25 at NPD. Primiparous cows in G25&amp;27 with CL &lt;20 mm and submitted to Ovsynch+CIDR at NPD tended to have decreased P/AI 102 d after AI and calving/AI. When fertility parameters of primiparous cows with a CL independent of size at NPD were analyzed combined, no effect of treatment was observed. Treatment did not affect fertility of multiparous cows with CL &lt;20 mm enrolled in Ovsynch at NPD. Multiparous cows in the G25&amp;27 group that had a CL ≥20 mm and continued Resynch-25 at NPD tended to have a greater calving/AI due to a decreased total pregnancy loss. In summary, no treatment effect was observed on the overall fertility of primiparous cows with CL at NPD. In multiparous cows, G25&amp;27 was associated with a decreased fertility of the previous AI, but it tended to increase calving/AI for multiparous cows with CL at NPD by decreasing the total pregnancy loss for the AI after treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 695-699"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140784877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of gut microbiota with cryptosporidiosis based on fecal condition in neonatal dairy calves on a farm in Japan","authors":"Yasuhiro Morita ,&nbsp;Momoko Yachida ,&nbsp;Keita Tokimitsu,&nbsp;Megumi Itoh","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0539","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryptosporidiosis is a major cause of diarrhea and is associated with high morbidity in calves. Changes in the gut microbiota exacerbate diarrhea caused by <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> infection in neonatal and weaned calves. However, information on the gut microbiota of neonatal calves with <em>C. parvum</em> infection is scarce, and research into the microbiome of calves is essential for developing preventive and therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to elucidate the gut microbiota of neonatal calves with cryptosporidiosis. We collected 31 fecal samples from 31 neonatal calves on a dairy farm with or without <em>C. parvum</em> antigen [CP(+) or CP(−)] using a kit and analyzed the differences in the microbiota between diarrheal (D) and normal (N) fecal samples with <em>C. parvum</em> infection based on the fecal score. The analyses revealed the α diversity indexes of fecal microbiota in CP(+)-N samples were higher than that in CP(+)-D samples. <em>Megasphaera</em> spp. and other rumen microbes were identified, and significantly associated with CP(+)-N samples compared with CP(+)-D samples by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). We conclude that the specific gut microbiota could characterize fecal microbiota in calves with neonatal cryptosporidiosis without clinical symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 649-653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141045934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Birth season affects cow longevity","authors":"I.M. Toledo ,&nbsp;L. Cattaneo ,&nbsp;J.E.P. Santos ,&nbsp;G.E. Dahl","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0590","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dairy cow longevity is an important economic trait for producers. In modern dairy farming, longevity of dairy cows is the result of culling decisions, which are determined by several risk factors, including diseases, and reproductive and productive performance. Previous studies have documented that seasonal changes affect health, behavior, and performance of dairy cows throughout their life cycle. Increasing cow comfort by making management adjustments to decrease exposure to high temperatures during the hot months gives farmers the opportunity to decrease culling risk factors and possibly increase cow productive life. In the present study, we obtained the records of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows from Florida (n = 10,812) and California (n = 8,197) during a 10-yr period (2012–2022). We analyzed the relationship between birth season and longevity (i.e., cows that remained in the herd for 5 or more lactations) in Florida (n = 1,567) and in California (n = 1,669). The number of cows dead, sold, the reasons why they were sold, and their relationship with birth season were also analyzed in the Florida dataset. The hypothesis was that birth in a cool season will increase the length of herd productive life and decrease the number of cows sold or dead during all lactations. The birth seasons were cool (CL; cows born in December, January, February, or March) and hot (HS; cows born in June, July, August, or September). Results showed that in Florida, most cows that remained in the herd for more than 5 lactations (i.e., 14.5% of total cow records) were born during CL compared with cows born during HS (1,129, 72% vs. 438, 28%). The same observations were made in California, where greater longevity (i.e., 5 or more lactations, representing 20.4% of total cow records) was attributed to cows born in CL compared with HS cows (939, 56.3% vs. 730, 43.7%). In Florida, a greater number of HS were sold compared with CL cows (765, 52.6% vs. 689, 47.4%). More HS cows were sold due to breeding, foot and leg, and mastitis issues in Florida. Increased cow death during the first 4 lactations was significantly associated with HS (107, 53.8% vs. 92, 46.2%). Results of this study may help farmers create opportunities to make management adjustments related to birth season, or alter negative seasonal factors (i.e., heat stress) to possibly increase cow longevity in dairy herds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 674-678"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of feeding milk replacer supplemented with increasing concentrations of choline on feed intake, growth, and scouring incidence for 7 weeks preweaning and 1 week postweaning","authors":"Anay D. Ravelo ,&nbsp;Ellan I. Dufour ,&nbsp;Makaila Klejeski ,&nbsp;Bruce Ziegler ,&nbsp;Angie Golombeski ,&nbsp;Isaac J. Salfer","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0557","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing choline supplementation on the intake of milk replacer (MR) and calf starter (CS), growth performance, and fecal scores of calves over 8 wk. One hundred calves from commercial herds were transported to the University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center (SROC) calf facility randomized to one of 4 treatments differing in choline supplementation within MR including: 0 (C0; n = 24), 700 (C700; n = 26), 1,400 (C1400; n = 25), and 2,100 mg/kg choline (C2100; n = 25). Milk replacer contained a basal concentration of 1,650 mg/kg MR resulting in total choline concentrations in the MR of 1,650 mg/kg for C0, 2,350 mg/kg for C700, 3,050 mg/kg for C1400, and 3,750 mg/kg for C2100. Calves were weaned at 49 d, and the trial ended at 56 d. Body weight was measured at d 0, 14, 28, 42, 49, and 56. Fecal scores were measured weekly. Feed intake was measured daily and calculated every 2 wk. All feeding, BW measurements, and fecal scoring were conducted by the research staff at the University of Minnesota SROC. Growth, feed intake, and gain to feed ratio were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with choline concentration as a fixed effect and source herd and room as random effects. Initial BW was included as a covariate for average daily gain. Fecal scores were analyzed as a chi-squared test of significance. Feeding 700 mg/kg supplemental choline increased MR intake throughout the preweaning period and increased ADG in both the preweaning and postweaning periods compared with the other treatments. No differences were observed for fecal scores across treatments. Results suggest that calf performance can be improved with MR containing 2,350 mg/kg choline, contrasting with current NASEM (2021) requirements of 1,000 mg/kg.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 553-557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141045966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}