Miranda Hawley , Joe Smith , Kaitlyn Lawson , Jocelyn Jansen , Rex Crawford , Afolakemi Adeniji , Cathy Bauman
In Canada, currently no antibiotics are approved for use in lactating dairy goats. Trimethoprim sulfadoxine is indicated for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia, enteric and septicemic colibacillosis and salmonellosis, infectious pododermatitis, and septicemias. The aim of this study was to determine the trimethoprim sulfadoxine withdrawal time and evaluate the test accuracy of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay (ROSA) SULF test (Charm Sciences Inc.) at the individual goat level. The study was conducted on 20 visibly healthy Ontario dairy goats. They received trimethoprim sulfadoxine at a dose of 16 mg/kg i.m. once a day for 5 d as the commercially available preparation trimethoprim sulfadoxine (Borgal, Merck Animal Health). Residue levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the Charm ROSA SULF. The withdrawal time was calculated using safe concentration linear regression. The determined milk withdrawal time was 60 h.
{"title":"Dairy goat sulfadoxine depletion trial in milk and diagnostic accuracy of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay (ROSA) SULF test","authors":"Miranda Hawley , Joe Smith , Kaitlyn Lawson , Jocelyn Jansen , Rex Crawford , Afolakemi Adeniji , Cathy Bauman","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0559","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Canada, currently no antibiotics are approved for use in lactating dairy goats. Trimethoprim sulfadoxine is indicated for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia, enteric and septicemic colibacillosis and salmonellosis, infectious pododermatitis, and septicemias. The aim of this study was to determine the trimethoprim sulfadoxine withdrawal time and evaluate the test accuracy of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay (ROSA) SULF test (Charm Sciences Inc.) at the individual goat level. The study was conducted on 20 visibly healthy Ontario dairy goats. They received trimethoprim sulfadoxine at a dose of 16 mg/kg i.m. once a day for 5 d as the commercially available preparation trimethoprim sulfadoxine (Borgal, Merck Animal Health). Residue levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the Charm ROSA SULF. The withdrawal time was calculated using safe concentration linear regression. The determined milk withdrawal time was 60 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 735-739"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Internal teat sealant products have been used alone or in combination with antibiotic dry cow treatment to prevent new IMI over the dry period in dairy cows. Conversely, knowledge about the efficacy of external teat sealants in the prevention of IMI is scarce. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of 2 different teat sealants, one internal teat sealant and one external teat sealant, on the (1) risk of new IMI during the dry period, (2) risk of IMI cure, (3) first test day linear SCS, (4) first test day milk yield, (5) incidence of farm-diagnosed clinical mastitis ≤30 DIM, and (6) incidence of culling ≤30 DIM. In a randomized clinical trial, Holstein cows (n = 1,378) from one commercial dairy were assigned to treatment and control groups. At dry-off, cows in the treatment groups received an antibiotic dry cow treatment in combination with either an internal teat sealant (INT) or a single application of an external teat sealant (EXT). Control (CON) cows received the antibiotic dry cow treatment alone. Data on linear SCS from the last DHI test day before dry-off and the first test after calving, first test day milk yield, and the occurrence of farm-diagnosed clinical mastitis and culling ≤30 DIM were obtained from the farm management program. New IMI and cure of IMI during the dry period were calculated. Linear SCS (mean ± SD) at first test day after calving differed among groups and was 3.2 ± 2.2 in CON, 2.8 ± 2.0 in INT, and 3.0 ± 2.1 in EXT groups. The risk of new IMI differed among groups and was 30.2% for CON cows, 18.2% for INT cows, and 22.6% for EXT cows. A Poisson regression analysis revealed that, compared with CON cows, the risks of new IMI were 40% lower for INT cows (risk ratio [RR] = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.88) and 25% lower for EXT cows (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.52 to 1.07). By contrast, no meaningful differences were documented for cure risk, clinical mastitis risk during the first 30 DIM, or culling risk within the first 30 DIM. In summary, cows dried off with an INT in combination with antibiotic dry cow treatment had a lower linear SCS at first test day after calving and reduced risk of new IMI than cows dried off with an EXT in addition to antibiotic dry cow treatment or cows dried off using antibiotic dry cow treatment alone. Further, we found supporting evidence that cows dried off with an EXT in addition to antibiotic dry cow treatment might have an advantage in reduced new IMI over cows dried off with an antibiotic dry cow treatment alone.
:乳头内侧密封剂产品可单独使用，也可与抗生素干奶牛治疗结合使用，以防止奶牛在干奶期发生新的IMI。相反，有关外部乳头密封剂在预防IMI方面功效的知识却很少。我们的研究目的是调查两种不同的乳头密封剂（一种是内部乳头密封剂，另一种是外部乳头密封剂）对以下方面的影响：（1）干奶期新发IMI的风险；（2）IMI治愈的风险；（3）首个测试日的线性体细胞评分；（4）首个测试日的产奶量；（5）干奶期≤30天时牧场诊断为临床乳腺炎的发生率；以及（6）干奶期≤30天时淘汰的发生率。在一项随机临床试验中，来自一家商业奶牛场的荷斯坦奶牛（n = 1,500 头）被分配到治疗组和对照组。干奶时，治疗组奶牛接受抗生素干奶治疗，同时使用乳头内部密封剂（INT）或单次使用乳头外部密封剂（EXT）。对照组（CON）奶牛只接受抗生素干牛处理。干奶前最后一次DHI测试日和产犊后第一次测试的线性体细胞评分、第一次测试日的产奶量、牧场诊断的临床乳腺炎发生率和≤30 DIM的淘汰率等数据均来自牧场管理程序。计算干燥期新发生的IMI和IMI治愈率。产犊后第一个测试日的线性体细胞评分（平均值 ± SD）在各组之间存在差异，CON 组为 3.2 ± 2.2，INT 组为 2.8 ± 2.0，EXT 组为 3.0 ± 2.1。不同组别的奶牛发生新IMI的风险不同，CON组为30.2%，INT组为18.2%，EXT组为22.6%。泊松回归分析显示，与CON奶牛相比，INT奶牛新发IMI的风险低40%（风险比（RR）= 0.60，95% CI = 0.41至0.88），EXT奶牛低25%（RR = 0.75，95% CI = 0.52至1.07）。相比之下，在治愈风险、前 30 DIM 期间的临床乳腺炎风险或前 30 DIM 期间的淘汰风险方面，没有发现有意义的差异。总之，与除使用抗生素干牛处理外还使用EXT干牛或仅使用抗生素干牛处理的奶牛相比，使用INT干牛并结合抗生素干牛处理的奶牛在产犊后第一个测试日的线性体细胞评分较低，新发IMI的风险也较低。此外，我们还发现，有支持性证据表明，与仅使用抗生素干牛疗法干化的奶牛相比，除使用抗生素干牛疗法外还使用EXT干化的奶牛在减少新发IMI方面可能更有优势。
{"title":"Efficacy of internal and external teat sealants on cure and new infection risk in dry-off protocols for Holstein cows","authors":"J.A.A. McArt, M. Wieland","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0574","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal teat sealant products have been used alone or in combination with antibiotic dry cow treatment to prevent new IMI over the dry period in dairy cows. Conversely, knowledge about the efficacy of external teat sealants in the prevention of IMI is scarce. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of 2 different teat sealants, one internal teat sealant and one external teat sealant, on the (1) risk of new IMI during the dry period, (2) risk of IMI cure, (3) first test day linear SCS, (4) first test day milk yield, (5) incidence of farm-diagnosed clinical mastitis ≤30 DIM, and (6) incidence of culling ≤30 DIM. In a randomized clinical trial, Holstein cows (n = 1,378) from one commercial dairy were assigned to treatment and control groups. At dry-off, cows in the treatment groups received an antibiotic dry cow treatment in combination with either an internal teat sealant (INT) or a single application of an external teat sealant (EXT). Control (CON) cows received the antibiotic dry cow treatment alone. Data on linear SCS from the last DHI test day before dry-off and the first test after calving, first test day milk yield, and the occurrence of farm-diagnosed clinical mastitis and culling ≤30 DIM were obtained from the farm management program. New IMI and cure of IMI during the dry period were calculated. Linear SCS (mean ± SD) at first test day after calving differed among groups and was 3.2 ± 2.2 in CON, 2.8 ± 2.0 in INT, and 3.0 ± 2.1 in EXT groups. The risk of new IMI differed among groups and was 30.2% for CON cows, 18.2% for INT cows, and 22.6% for EXT cows. A Poisson regression analysis revealed that, compared with CON cows, the risks of new IMI were 40% lower for INT cows (risk ratio [RR] = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.88) and 25% lower for EXT cows (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.52 to 1.07). By contrast, no meaningful differences were documented for cure risk, clinical mastitis risk during the first 30 DIM, or culling risk within the first 30 DIM. In summary, cows dried off with an INT in combination with antibiotic dry cow treatment had a lower linear SCS at first test day after calving and reduced risk of new IMI than cows dried off with an EXT in addition to antibiotic dry cow treatment or cows dried off using antibiotic dry cow treatment alone. Further, we found supporting evidence that cows dried off with an EXT in addition to antibiotic dry cow treatment might have an advantage in reduced new IMI over cows dried off with an antibiotic dry cow treatment alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 644-648"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141028371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bermann , I. Aguilar , A. Alvarez Munera , J. Bauer , J. Šplíchal , D. Lourenco , I. Misztal
Random-regression models (RRM) are used in national genetic evaluations for longitudinal traits. The outputs of RRM are an index based on random-regression coefficients and its reliability. The reliabilities are obtained from the inverse of the coefficient matrix of mixed model equations (MME). The reliabilities must be approximated for large datasets because it is impossible to invert the MME. There is no extensive literature on methods to approximate the reliabilities of RRM when genomic information is included by single-step GBLUP. We developed an algorithm to approximate such reliabilities. Our method combines the reliability of the index without genomic information with the reliability of a GBLUP model in terms of effective record contributions. We tested our algorithm in the 3-lactation model for milk yield from the Czech Republic. The data had 30 million test-day records, 2.5 million animals in the pedigree, and 54,000 genotyped animals. The correlation between our approximation and the reliabilities obtained from the inversion of the MME was 0.98, and the slope and intercept of the regression were 0.91 and 0.02, respectively. The elapsed time to approximate the reliabilities for the Czech data was 21 min.
{"title":"Approximation of reliabilities for random-regression single-step genomic best linear unbiased predictor models","authors":"M. Bermann , I. Aguilar , A. Alvarez Munera , J. Bauer , J. Šplíchal , D. Lourenco , I. Misztal","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0513","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Random-regression models (RRM) are used in national genetic evaluations for longitudinal traits. The outputs of RRM are an index based on random-regression coefficients and its reliability. The reliabilities are obtained from the inverse of the coefficient matrix of mixed model equations (MME). The reliabilities must be approximated for large datasets because it is impossible to invert the MME. There is no extensive literature on methods to approximate the reliabilities of RRM when genomic information is included by single-step GBLUP. We developed an algorithm to approximate such reliabilities. Our method combines the reliability of the index without genomic information with the reliability of a GBLUP model in terms of effective record contributions. We tested our algorithm in the 3-lactation model for milk yield from the Czech Republic. The data had 30 million test-day records, 2.5 million animals in the pedigree, and 54,000 genotyped animals. The correlation between our approximation and the reliabilities obtained from the inversion of the MME was 0.98, and the slope and intercept of the regression were 0.91 and 0.02, respectively. The elapsed time to approximate the reliabilities for the Czech data was 21 min.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 582-586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141051586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tad S. Sonstegard , Julio M. Flórez , José Fernando Garcia
Genome editing is the latest breeding tool capable of accelerating the rate of genetic improvement for health and well-being traits in food animals. It enables the introduction of beneficial alleles within a single generation, including those that are of low frequency or absent in the population, while effectively bypassing linkage drag. For the dairy industry, genome editing can be used to make rapid genetic improvements that are precise, efficient, and transgene-free for functional traits that are not practically addressed without disrupting conventional breeding goals for overall economic merit based on genomic selection. Herein, various case studies for dairy cattle breeding are presented that demonstrate applications of genome editing for enhancing heat stress tolerance, reduced disease susceptibility, and other qualitative traits absent in some breeds. One case highlights the success of simultaneous editing of multiple loci through recent advancements in embryonic stem cell biology. Multiplexed editing is crucial for addressing the polygenic nature inherent to many economically important traits in livestock. However, maximizing the benefits of genome editing depends on the continued discovery of targets for editing that are commercially important. Commercialization also depends on rapidly evolving regulatory statutes for risk assessment, where some countries already permit the commercialization of cattle with non-GMO genome alterations through existing regulations. New breeding technologies such as genome editing are now poised to have significant impact in equipping elite performance cattle to be more resilient to infectious disease and climate change without the loss of production gains obtained from decades of selection.
{"title":"Commercial perspectives: Genome editing as a breeding tool for health and well-being in dairy cattle*","authors":"Tad S. Sonstegard , Julio M. Flórez , José Fernando Garcia","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0481","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Genome editing is the latest breeding tool capable of accelerating the rate of genetic improvement for health and well-being traits in food animals. It enables the introduction of beneficial alleles within a single generation, including those that are of low frequency or absent in the population, while effectively bypassing linkage drag. For the dairy industry, genome editing can be used to make rapid genetic improvements that are precise, efficient, and transgene-free for functional traits that are not practically addressed without disrupting conventional breeding goals for overall economic merit based on genomic selection. Herein, various case studies for dairy cattle breeding are presented that demonstrate applications of genome editing for enhancing heat stress tolerance, reduced disease susceptibility, and other qualitative traits absent in some breeds. One case highlights the success of simultaneous editing of multiple loci through recent advancements in embryonic stem cell biology. Multiplexed editing is crucial for addressing the polygenic nature inherent to many economically important traits in livestock. However, maximizing the benefits of genome editing depends on the continued discovery of targets for editing that are commercially important. Commercialization also depends on rapidly evolving regulatory statutes for risk assessment, where some countries already permit the commercialization of cattle with non-GMO genome alterations through existing regulations. New breeding technologies such as genome editing are now poised to have significant impact in equipping elite performance cattle to be more resilient to infectious disease and climate change without the loss of production gains obtained from decades of selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 767-771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interdevice precision and accuracy are not investigated for precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies, but are fundamental for the use of data in populational metrics and to compare cows' data. This study aimed to validate a behavior monitoring collar (BMC; CowMed, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil) and its interdevice reliability. First, we compared observations with the BMC, and second the interdevice precision and accuracy for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time of lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 23) were housed in a voluntary milk system freestall barn and fitted with 2 devices within the same cow. Observations were made over 2 periods of one day (0700 to 1100 h, 1400 to 1700 h); the 7 h per cow were summarized for each behavior to assess the agreement of observed behavior and BMC data. To assess the interdevice reliability, 26 d of BMC data were summarized by day per cow for both devices. Pearson correlation (r), coefficient of determination (R2), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρc), linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots (BAP) were calculated for each period of observation. For the validation, we found high correlations for feeding activity, very high for idle time, but low correlations for rumination. The BAP were deemed acceptable and without bias; BAP mean differences ± SD were 0.83 ± 4.01, −0.48 ± 4.15, and 7.17 ± 3.94 min/h for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time, respectively. The slope of the linear regression did not differ from 1 for any behaviors but idle. For interdevice comparison, we found moderate correlations for feeding activity and idle time, and a low correlation for rumination. The BAP was deemed acceptable and without bias; BAP mean differences were −0.36 ± 2.84, 0.45 ± 3.51, and −0.06 ± 2.81 min/h for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time, respectively. All slopes of the linear regressions differed from 1 except feeding time. Thus, the interdevice comparison did not meet the accuracy criteria. In summary, this study validated the precision of the BMC for recording feeding activity of lactating dairy cows.
{"title":"Validation and interdevice reliability of a behavior monitoring collar to measure rumination, feeding activity, and idle time of lactating dairy cows","authors":"J.V.R. Lovatti , K.A. Dijkinga , J.F. Aires , L.F.C. Garrido , J.H.C. Costa , R.R. Daros","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0467","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interdevice precision and accuracy are not investigated for precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies, but are fundamental for the use of data in populational metrics and to compare cows' data. This study aimed to validate a behavior monitoring collar (BMC; CowMed, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil) and its interdevice reliability. First, we compared observations with the BMC, and second the interdevice precision and accuracy for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time of lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 23) were housed in a voluntary milk system freestall barn and fitted with 2 devices within the same cow. Observations were made over 2 periods of one day (0700 to 1100 h, 1400 to 1700 h); the 7 h per cow were summarized for each behavior to assess the agreement of observed behavior and BMC data. To assess the interdevice reliability, 26 d of BMC data were summarized by day per cow for both devices. Pearson correlation (r), coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρ<sub>c</sub>), linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots (BAP) were calculated for each period of observation. For the validation, we found high correlations for feeding activity, very high for idle time, but low correlations for rumination. The BAP were deemed acceptable and without bias; BAP mean differences ± SD were 0.83 ± 4.01, −0.48 ± 4.15, and 7.17 ± 3.94 min/h for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time, respectively. The slope of the linear regression did not differ from 1 for any behaviors but idle. For interdevice comparison, we found moderate correlations for feeding activity and idle time, and a low correlation for rumination. The BAP was deemed acceptable and without bias; BAP mean differences were −0.36 ± 2.84, 0.45 ± 3.51, and −0.06 ± 2.81 min/h for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time, respectively. All slopes of the linear regressions differed from 1 except feeding time. Thus, the interdevice comparison did not meet the accuracy criteria. In summary, this study validated the precision of the BMC for recording feeding activity of lactating dairy cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 602-607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140398830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dairy cattle are frequently housed in freestalls with limited space, affecting social interactions between individuals. Social behavior in dairy cattle is gaining recognition as a valuable tool for identifying sick animals, but its application is hampered by the complexities of analyzing social interactions in intensive housing systems. In this context, precision livestock technologies present the opportunity to continuously monitor dyadic spatial associations on dairy farms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of predicting social behavior of dairy cows using social network analysis. Daily social networks were built using the position data from 149 cows over 14 consecutive days of the study period. We applied the separable temporal exponential random graph models to estimate the likelihood of formation and persistence of social contacts between dairy cows individually and to predict the social network on the subsequent day. The correlation between the individual degree centrality values, the number of established social contacts per individual, between the predicted and observed networks ranged from 0.22 to 0.49 when the structural information from network triangles was included in the model. This study presents a novel approach for predicting animal social behavior in intensive housing systems using spatial association information obtained from a real-time location system. The results indicate the potential of this approach as a crucial step toward the larger goal of identifying disruptions in dairy cows' expected social behavior.
{"title":"Social network analysis to predict social behavior in dairy cattle","authors":"H. Marina , W.F. Fikse , L. Rönnegård","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0507","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dairy cattle are frequently housed in freestalls with limited space, affecting social interactions between individuals. Social behavior in dairy cattle is gaining recognition as a valuable tool for identifying sick animals, but its application is hampered by the complexities of analyzing social interactions in intensive housing systems. In this context, precision livestock technologies present the opportunity to continuously monitor dyadic spatial associations on dairy farms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of predicting social behavior of dairy cows using social network analysis. Daily social networks were built using the position data from 149 cows over 14 consecutive days of the study period. We applied the separable temporal exponential random graph models to estimate the likelihood of formation and persistence of social contacts between dairy cows individually and to predict the social network on the subsequent day. The correlation between the individual degree centrality values, the number of established social contacts per individual, between the predicted and observed networks ranged from 0.22 to 0.49 when the structural information from network triangles was included in the model. This study presents a novel approach for predicting animal social behavior in intensive housing systems using spatial association information obtained from a real-time location system. The results indicate the potential of this approach as a crucial step toward the larger goal of identifying disruptions in dairy cows' expected social behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 608-612"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140786963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Wieland , P.S. Basran , P.D. Virkler , W. Heuwieser
The importance of teat canal integrity and its adjacent tissues in the dynamics of IMI is well documented, whereas research on the relationship between teat skin condition and clinical mastitis occurrence is scarce. The objective of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the association of teat skin condition with clinical mastitis occurrence in a closed cohort from a commercial dairy farm with a thrice daily milking schedule in the Northeast United States. We tested the hypothesis that quarters with teats with altered skin condition would have higher odds of clinical mastitis than those with normal skin. Teat skin condition from 2,670 cows was assessed during a single visit and categorized into (1) normal, (2) dry skin, (3) skin lesion, and (4) dry skin and skin lesion. Cows were monitored for 2 wk after the teat skin condition assessment, and the occurrence of clinical mastitis at the quarter level was documented. A generalized linear mixed model with a logit link and a binomial distribution revealed an association between teat skin condition and the occurrence of clinical mastitis. Compared with quarters with teats with normal teat skin, the odds (95% CI) of clinical mastitis were 0.98 (0.60–1.60) for teats with dry skin, 1.88 (0.97–3.66) for teats with a skin lesion, and 4.87 (1.71–13.85) for teats with dry skin and a skin lesion. We conclude that quarters from teats with dry skin and skin lesions had higher odds of clinical mastitis. In addition, we found evidence that quarters with teats with skin lesions have higher odds of clinical mastitis than those with normal teat skin, though future studies are needed. The results from this study show that teat skin condition should be considered in mastitis control programs on dairy operations.
{"title":"An observational study to investigate the association of teat skin condition with clinical mastitis risk","authors":"M. Wieland , P.S. Basran , P.D. Virkler , W. Heuwieser","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0577","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The importance of teat canal integrity and its adjacent tissues in the dynamics of IMI is well documented, whereas research on the relationship between teat skin condition and clinical mastitis occurrence is scarce. The objective of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the association of teat skin condition with clinical mastitis occurrence in a closed cohort from a commercial dairy farm with a thrice daily milking schedule in the Northeast United States. We tested the hypothesis that quarters with teats with altered skin condition would have higher odds of clinical mastitis than those with normal skin. Teat skin condition from 2,670 cows was assessed during a single visit and categorized into (1) normal, (2) dry skin, (3) skin lesion, and (4) dry skin and skin lesion. Cows were monitored for 2 wk after the teat skin condition assessment, and the occurrence of clinical mastitis at the quarter level was documented. A generalized linear mixed model with a logit link and a binomial distribution revealed an association between teat skin condition and the occurrence of clinical mastitis. Compared with quarters with teats with normal teat skin, the odds (95% CI) of clinical mastitis were 0.98 (0.60–1.60) for teats with dry skin, 1.88 (0.97–3.66) for teats with a skin lesion, and 4.87 (1.71–13.85) for teats with dry skin and a skin lesion. We conclude that quarters from teats with dry skin and skin lesions had higher odds of clinical mastitis. In addition, we found evidence that quarters with teats with skin lesions have higher odds of clinical mastitis than those with normal teat skin, though future studies are needed. The results from this study show that teat skin condition should be considered in mastitis control programs on dairy operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 654-658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The capacity of animals to cope with environmental perturbations, hereafter called resilience, is an increasingly important trait. Resilience at the level of the animal is an emergent property of multiple underlying mechanisms (physiological, immunological, behavioral). This means that there is no direct measure of resilience, no easy key traits. Resilience is a latent variable that may be inferred from multivariate measures. Further, the flexibility that resilience provides is evidenced in the rate of response to, and rate of recovery from, the environmental perturbation. Thus, it requires time-series measurements. The increasing availability of on-farm precision livestock technologies, which are capable of providing time-series measures of performance and of various physiological and health biomarkers, offer the opportunity to move toward large-scale phenotyping of resilience. There have been numerous studies putting forward methods to quantify resilience. These methods can be classified as being data driven or concept driven. However, new candidate resilience proxies need to be validated. This is tricky to do because there is no direct measure of resilience, no easy gold standard measure. Per definition, good resilience will benefit the animal. Thus, the accumulated consequences of resilience can be used to evaluate resilience proxies. All other things being equal, it is expected that good resilience will be associated with a longer functional longevity (longevity adjusted for production level), with more reproductive cycles, and with fewer disease events. Recent examples of this approach of evaluating resilience proxies against the accumulated consequences of resilience are discussed. They show clearly that operational resilience proxies that are heritable and have been validated against the consequences of good resilience can be derived from on-farm time-series data. With the aim of deriving more nuanced phenotypes, there are an increasing number of studies that have taken up the challenge of attempting to statistically combine the information coming from multiple time-series measures. These studies show how multivariate time-series statistics can be used to derive more nuanced resilience phenotypes that capture some of the underlying mechanisms of resilience. In conclusion, the recent studies reviewed here have shown that operational and heritable resilience proxies exist, that they can form the basis for selection for resilience, and that more nuanced phenotypes are attainable, which will allow selection for resilience to be tailored according to prevailing environmental challenge types.
{"title":"Getting to grips with resilience: Toward large-scale phenotyping of this complex trait*","authors":"N.C. Friggens , M. Ithurbide , G. Lenoir","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0434","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The capacity of animals to cope with environmental perturbations, hereafter called resilience, is an increasingly important trait. Resilience at the level of the animal is an emergent property of multiple underlying mechanisms (physiological, immunological, behavioral). This means that there is no direct measure of resilience, no easy key traits. Resilience is a latent variable that may be inferred from multivariate measures. Further, the flexibility that resilience provides is evidenced in the rate of response to, and rate of recovery from, the environmental perturbation. Thus, it requires time-series measurements. The increasing availability of on-farm precision livestock technologies, which are capable of providing time-series measures of performance and of various physiological and health biomarkers, offer the opportunity to move toward large-scale phenotyping of resilience. There have been numerous studies putting forward methods to quantify resilience. These methods can be classified as being data driven or concept driven. However, new candidate resilience proxies need to be validated. This is tricky to do because there is no direct measure of resilience, no easy gold standard measure. Per definition, good resilience will benefit the animal. Thus, the accumulated consequences of resilience can be used to evaluate resilience proxies. All other things being equal, it is expected that good resilience will be associated with a longer functional longevity (longevity adjusted for production level), with more reproductive cycles, and with fewer disease events. Recent examples of this approach of evaluating resilience proxies against the accumulated consequences of resilience are discussed. They show clearly that operational resilience proxies that are heritable and have been validated against the consequences of good resilience can be derived from on-farm time-series data. With the aim of deriving more nuanced phenotypes, there are an increasing number of studies that have taken up the challenge of attempting to statistically combine the information coming from multiple time-series measures. These studies show how multivariate time-series statistics can be used to derive more nuanced resilience phenotypes that capture some of the underlying mechanisms of resilience. In conclusion, the recent studies reviewed here have shown that operational and heritable resilience proxies exist, that they can form the basis for selection for resilience, and that more nuanced phenotypes are attainable, which will allow selection for resilience to be tailored according to prevailing environmental challenge types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 761-766"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139295842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriela Mafra Fortuna , B.J. Zumbach , M. Johnsson , I. Pocrnic , G. Gorjanc
Mitochondria play a significant role in numerous cellular processes through proteins encoded by both the nuclear genome (nDNA) and mito genome (mDNA), and increasing evidence shows that traits of interest might be affected by mito-nuclear interactions. Whereas the variation in nDNA is influenced by mutations and recombination of parental genomes, the variation in mDNA is solely driven by mutations. In addition, mDNA is inherited in a haploid form, from the dam. Cattle populations show substantial variation in mDNA between and within breeds. Past research suggests that variation in mDNA accounts for 1% to 5% of the phenotypic variation in dairy traits. Here we simulated a dairy cattle breeding program to assess the impact of accounting for mDNA variation in pedigree-based and genome-based genetic evaluations on the accuracy of EBVs for mDNA and nDNA components. We also examined the impact of alternative definitions of breeding values on genetic gain, including nDNA and mDNA components that both affect phenotype expression, but mDNA is inherited only maternally. We found that accounting for mDNA variation increased accuracy between +0.01 and +0.03 for different categories of animals, especially for young bulls (+0.03) and females without genotype data (between +0.01 and +0.03). Different scenarios of modeling and breeding value definition affected genetic gain. The standard approach of ignoring mDNA variation achieved competitive genetic gain. Modeling but not selecting on mDNA expectedly reduced genetic gain, whereas optimal use of mDNA variation recovered the genetic gain.
{"title":"Accounting for the nuclear and mito genome in dairy cattle breeding—A simulation study","authors":"Gabriela Mafra Fortuna , B.J. Zumbach , M. Johnsson , I. Pocrnic , G. Gorjanc","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0522","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mitochondria play a significant role in numerous cellular processes through proteins encoded by both the nuclear genome (nDNA) and mito genome (mDNA), and increasing evidence shows that traits of interest might be affected by mito-nuclear interactions. Whereas the variation in nDNA is influenced by mutations and recombination of parental genomes, the variation in mDNA is solely driven by mutations. In addition, mDNA is inherited in a haploid form, from the dam. Cattle populations show substantial variation in mDNA between and within breeds. Past research suggests that variation in mDNA accounts for 1% to 5% of the phenotypic variation in dairy traits. Here we simulated a dairy cattle breeding program to assess the impact of accounting for mDNA variation in pedigree-based and genome-based genetic evaluations on the accuracy of EBVs for mDNA and nDNA components. We also examined the impact of alternative definitions of breeding values on genetic gain, including nDNA and mDNA components that both affect phenotype expression, but mDNA is inherited only maternally. We found that accounting for mDNA variation increased accuracy between +0.01 and +0.03 for different categories of animals, especially for young bulls (+0.03) and females without genotype data (between +0.01 and +0.03). Different scenarios of modeling and breeding value definition affected genetic gain. The standard approach of ignoring mDNA variation achieved competitive genetic gain. Modeling but not selecting on mDNA expectedly reduced genetic gain, whereas optimal use of mDNA variation recovered the genetic gain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 572-576"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141029153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Wang, M. Larsen, M.R. Weisbjerg, A.L.F. Hellwing, P. Lund
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrate supplementation on diurnal enteric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in dairy cows. Four Danish Holstein dairy cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 2 × 2 crossover design with 2 periods of 14 d duration. Cows were fed ad libitum with 2 experimental diets based on either urea or nitrate (8.6 g of supplementation. Samples of ruminal fluid, blood, and rumen headspace gas samples were collected. Gas exchange was measured in respiration chambers during a 96-h period. Emission of N2O was calculated from the ratio between CH4 and N2O in the rumen headspace and the measured CH4 emission. Nitrate supplementation resulted in a lower daily CH4 production (g/d), CH4 yield (g/kg of DMI), and CH4 per kilogram of fat- and protein-corrected milk yield; a tendency of lower CH4 intensity (g/kg ECM); and higher daily hydrogen (H2) production, H2 yield, and daily N2O production compared with urea supplementation. The only difference in ruminal VFA composition was a higher valerate proportion in cows receiving nitrate compared with urea supplementation. In conclusion, nitrate compared with urea supplementation reduced CH4 production, mainly just after feeding, but also increased N2O production.
:本研究旨在调查硝酸盐补充对奶牛昼间肠道甲烷（CH 4）和一氧化二氮（N 2 O）排放的影响。四头丹麦荷斯坦奶牛安装了瘤胃插管，采用 2 × 2 交叉设计，两个阶段持续 14 天。奶牛自由采食以尿素或硝酸盐（8.6 克 NO kg of DM 3 -/）为基础的两种实验日粮。收集瘤胃液、血液和瘤胃顶空气样本。在呼吸室中测量了 96 小时的气体交换量。根据瘤胃顶空气中 CH 4 和 N 2 O 的比例以及测量到的 CH 4 排放量计算出 N 2 O 排放量。补充硝酸盐会导致较低的 CH 4 日产量（克/天）、CH 4 产量（克/千克 DMI）、较低的每千克 FPCM CH 4 产量、较低的 CH 4 强度（克/千克 ECM）和较高的日产量（克/天）。
{"title":"Effect of nitrate supplementation on diurnal emission of enteric methane and nitrous oxide","authors":"W. Wang, M. Larsen, M.R. Weisbjerg, A.L.F. Hellwing, P. Lund","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0541","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrate supplementation on diurnal enteric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions in dairy cows. Four Danish Holstein dairy cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 2 × 2 crossover design with 2 periods of 14 d duration. Cows were fed ad libitum with 2 experimental diets based on either urea or nitrate (8.6 g of \u0000\t\t\t\t<span><math><msubsup><mrow><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup><mrow><mo>/</mo></mrow><mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>D</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></mrow><mo>)</mo></math></span> supplementation. Samples of ruminal fluid, blood, and rumen headspace gas samples were collected. Gas exchange was measured in respiration chambers during a 96-h period. Emission of N<sub>2</sub>O was calculated from the ratio between CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O in the rumen headspace and the measured CH<sub>4</sub> emission. Nitrate supplementation resulted in a lower daily CH<sub>4</sub> production (g/d), CH<sub>4</sub> yield (g/kg of DMI), and CH<sub>4</sub> per kilogram of fat- and protein-corrected milk yield; a tendency of lower CH<sub>4</sub> intensity (g/kg ECM); and higher daily hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) production, H<sub>2</sub> yield, and daily N<sub>2</sub>O production compared with urea supplementation. The only difference in ruminal VFA composition was a higher valerate proportion in cows receiving nitrate compared with urea supplementation. In conclusion, nitrate compared with urea supplementation reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production, mainly just after feeding, but also increased N<sub>2</sub>O production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 558-562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141029571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号