Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2026.109831
Eleanor Dodd , Simon J. Coles , William Fraser
The X-ray crystal structure of methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-α-d-ribofuranoside (5) presented here, is a unique example of an alpha-configured, methyl 2-deoxyribofuranoside with the same protecting group at positions C3 and C5. Methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-α/β-d-ribofuranoside (3), exists as a mixture of alpha and beta anomers from which we isolated a single anomer on recrystallization from acetone. TLC analysis indicated the presence of a single compound with NMR analysis in support of the alpha anomer. SC-XRD analysis showed that methyl glycoside (5) crystallizes from acetone as the alpha anomer in the monoclinic space group I2. Methyl glycoside (5) possesses a glycosidic bond length of 1.408 Å with pseudorotational analysis showing the conformation of the five-membered ring to be 0E (O4-endo) with P = 89.9° and φm = 64.4°.
本文介绍的甲基2-脱氧-3,5-二- o -对甲苯基-α-d-核呋喃苷(5)的x射线晶体结构是一个独特的α配置的例子，甲基2-脱氧核呋喃苷在C3和C5位置具有相同的保护基团。甲基2-脱氧-3,5-二- o -对甲苯基-α/β-d-核呋喃苷(3)，存在于α和β的混合物中，我们从丙酮重结晶中分离到一个单一的异头物。薄层色谱分析表明存在单一化合物，核磁共振分析支持α异位。SC-XRD分析表明，甲基糖苷(5)在单斜空间群I2中作为α异头物由丙酮结晶而成。甲基糖苷(5)的糖苷键长为1.408 Å，伪旋转分析表明其五元环的构象为0E (O4-endo), P = 89.9°，φm = 64.4°。
{"title":"Methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-α-d-ribofuranoside: isolation, crystal structure and conformation","authors":"Eleanor Dodd , Simon J. Coles , William Fraser","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The X-ray crystal structure of methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-<em>di</em>-<em>O</em>-<em>p</em>-toluoyl-<em>α</em>-<span>d</span>-ribofuranoside (<strong>5</strong>) presented here, is a unique example of an alpha-configured, methyl 2-deoxyribofuranoside with the same protecting group at positions C3 and C5. Methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-<em>di</em>-<em>O</em>-<em>p</em>-toluoyl-<em>α/β</em>-<span>d</span>-ribofuranoside (<strong>3</strong>), exists as a mixture of alpha and beta anomers from which we isolated a single anomer on recrystallization from acetone. TLC analysis indicated the presence of a single compound with NMR analysis in support of the alpha anomer. SC-XRD analysis showed that methyl glycoside (<strong>5</strong>) crystallizes from acetone as the alpha anomer in the monoclinic space group <em>I</em>2. Methyl glycoside (<strong>5</strong>) possesses a glycosidic bond length of 1.408 Å with pseudorotational analysis showing the conformation of the five-membered ring to be <sup>0</sup><em>E</em> (O4-<em>endo</em>) with <em>P</em> = 89.9° and <em>φ</em><sub><em>m</em></sub> = 64.4°.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109831"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145997287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2026.109834
Peter Capek, Mária Matulová, Iveta Uhliariková
Microalgal metabolites represent source of valuable compounds with wide range of biological effects and industrial applications. Eight sugar units found in more than twenty methylated derivatives, of which Gal, Glc, Fuc, Xyl and GlcA were dominant, suggest complex structure of D. tetrachotomum exopolysaccharide (DtF). Almost 20 % of Glc is partially methylated as 2-OMe-Glc. Ten fractions obtained by ion-exchange chromatography were analysed by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Fractions DtF1, DtF4 and DtF5 were isolated in the highest yields. The lower molecular weight DtF1 biopolymer was identified as the neutral β-D-gluco-3,6-β-D-galactan with fragments of unsubstituted 1,3-linked βGalp alternating 1,3,6-linked βGalp branched at O3 by OMe and βGlcp. The high molecular weight fractions DtF4 and DtF5 were rich in Gal, Glc, Fuc, Xyl and GlcA residues. Methylation results support 2,4-fuco-4-β-D-galactan backbone terminated by Glc, Xyl and GlcA residues. The results indicate at least two types of polymers in DtF; a minor neutral β-D-gluco-3,6-β-D-galactan and a dominant acidic one with a 2,4-fuco-4-β-D-galactan backbone. Partial acid hydrolyses of DtF, DtF4 and DtF5 led to identification of oligomers. Each one has at the reducing end Fuc substituted at O2 by 2-OMe-αGlc and at O4 by substituents R = βGlcpA; βGalp; βGalp (1 → 3)βGalp (1→ and Xylp (1 → 4)βGalp (1 → 3)βGalp (1 → .
微藻代谢物是有价值化合物的来源，具有广泛的生物效应和工业应用。在20多个甲基化衍生物中发现了8个糖单元，其中Gal、Glc、Fuc、Xyl和GlcA占主导地位，表明D. tetrachotomum exopolysaccharide （DtF）结构复杂。几乎20%的Glc部分甲基化为2-OMe-Glc。用化学和光谱学方法对离子交换色谱得到的10个组分进行了分析。分离得到的馏分DtF1、DtF4和DtF5产量最高。较低分子量的DtF1生物聚合物被鉴定为中性β- d -葡萄糖-3,6-β- d -半乳聚糖，具有未取代的1,3-链βGalp片段，1,3,6-链βGalp被OMe和βGlcp在O3处支链。高分子量组分DtF4和DtF5含有丰富的Gal、Glc、Fuc、Xyl和GlcA残基。甲基化结果支持2,4-fuco-4-β- d -半乳聚糖主链，末端是Glc、Xyl和GlcA残基。结果表明，DtF中至少存在两种类型的聚合物；一个是次要的中性β- d -葡萄糖-3,6-β- d -半乳聚糖，一个是主要的酸性β- d -半乳聚糖，具有2,4-fuco-4-β- d -半乳聚糖骨架。DtF、DtF4和DtF5的部分酸水解鉴定出低聚物。每个还原端在O2处被2-OMe-αGlc取代，在O4处被取代基R = βGlcpA取代；βGalp;Galp Galpβ(1→3)β(1→和Xylp Galp(1→4)β(1→3)Galpβ(1→。
{"title":"Structural fragments of an immunomodulatory active exopolysaccharide produced by the green microalgae Dictyosphaerium tetrachotomum Fott","authors":"Peter Capek, Mária Matulová, Iveta Uhliariková","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgal metabolites represent source of valuable compounds with wide range of biological effects and industrial applications. Eight sugar units found in more than twenty methylated derivatives, of which Gal, Glc, Fuc, Xyl and GlcA were dominant, suggest complex structure of <em>D. tetrachotomum</em> exopolysaccharide (DtF). Almost 20 % of Glc is partially methylated as 2-OMe-Glc. Ten fractions obtained by ion-exchange chromatography were analysed by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Fractions DtF1, DtF4 and DtF5 were isolated in the highest yields. The lower molecular weight DtF1 biopolymer was identified as the neutral β-D-<em>gluco</em>-3,6-β-D-galactan with fragments of unsubstituted 1,3-linked βGalp alternating 1,3,6-linked βGalp branched at O3 by <em>O</em>Me and βGlcp. The high molecular weight fractions DtF4 and DtF5 were rich in Gal, Glc, Fuc, Xyl and GlcA residues. Methylation results support 2,4-fuco-4-β-D-galactan backbone terminated by Glc, Xyl and GlcA residues. The results indicate at least two types of polymers in DtF; a minor neutral β-D-<em>gluco</em>-3,6-β-D-galactan and a dominant acidic one with a 2,4-fuco-4-β-D-galactan backbone. Partial acid hydrolyses of DtF, DtF4 and DtF5 led to identification of oligomers. Each one has at the reducing end Fuc substituted at O2 by 2-<em>O</em>Me-αGlc and at O4 by substituents R = βGlcpA; βGalp; βGalp (1 → 3)βGalp (1→ and Xylp (1 → 4)βGalp (1 → 3)βGalp (1 → .</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109834"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146028531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2026.109825
Fayliesha Spyker , Keith A. Stubbs
Novel and concise synthetic routes to the trisaccharide A and B blood group antigenic determinants have been devised. These trisaccharides, each containing a d-galactosyl-based and l-fucosyl moiety both α-linked to a central d-galactose unit, have previously been synthesised via a variety of methods, with most reporting poor yields. Developments in carbohydrate synthesis, especially the availability of highly α-selective galactosyl donors, provided the opportunity for novel and robust syntheses of these biologically relevant antigenic determinants to be explored. Herein are demonstrated efficient routes to these blood group antigenic determinants via initial establishment of the key α-1,3 linkage, followed by a late-stage incorporation of the l-fucosyl unit. These synthetic routes have the potential to be utilised in the preparation of similar compounds, with applications in ongoing research into the ABO blood group antigens and their influence on human health and disease states.
{"title":"A concise synthesis of the A and B blood group antigenic determinants","authors":"Fayliesha Spyker , Keith A. Stubbs","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel and concise synthetic routes to the trisaccharide A and B blood group antigenic determinants have been devised. These trisaccharides, each containing a <span>d</span>-galactosyl-based and <span>l</span>-fucosyl moiety both α-linked to a central <span>d</span>-galactose unit, have previously been synthesised via a variety of methods, with most reporting poor yields. Developments in carbohydrate synthesis, especially the availability of highly α-selective galactosyl donors, provided the opportunity for novel and robust syntheses of these biologically relevant antigenic determinants to be explored. Herein are demonstrated efficient routes to these blood group antigenic determinants via initial establishment of the key α-1,3 linkage, followed by a late-stage incorporation of the <span>l</span>-fucosyl unit. These synthetic routes have the potential to be utilised in the preparation of similar compounds, with applications in ongoing research into the ABO blood group antigens and their influence on human health and disease states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109825"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2026.109826
Feiya Zhao , Mingyang Cao , Bei Wang , Shineng Jiang , Jing Li , Tao Aien
Saccharina japonica (formerly known as Laminaria japonica) is a valuable marine resource with a triple significance: it serves not only as a food source but also as a component in traditional medicine, while simultaneously playing an important ecological role in marine environments. Among its key chemical constituents, Saccharina japonica polysaccharides (SJPs; Laminaria japonica polysaccharides, LJPs) exhibit a range of notable biological activities, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects, as well as the ability to modulate gut microbiota. Contemporary research on SJPs aims to elucidate their biological mechanisms, thereby validating and scientifically explaining the molecular basis of their traditional therapeutic effects. This effort not only deepens our understanding of ethnopharmacological knowledge but also provides critical scientific evidence for their application in high-value domains such as functional foods, nutraceuticals, and novel pharmaceutical adjuvants. This review summarizes current extraction and purification methods for SJPs, discusses their biological activities with emphasis on structure-activity relationships, and explores their potential applications in functional foods, biomedicine, and cosmetics, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for further research and product development.
{"title":"Extraction, purification, structure characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharides from Saccharina japonica (Laminaria japonica): A review","authors":"Feiya Zhao , Mingyang Cao , Bei Wang , Shineng Jiang , Jing Li , Tao Aien","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Saccharina japonica</em> (formerly known as <em>Laminaria japonica</em>) is a valuable marine resource with a triple significance: it serves not only as a food source but also as a component in traditional medicine, while simultaneously playing an important ecological role in marine environments. Among its key chemical constituents, <em>Saccharina japonica</em> polysaccharides (SJPs; <em>Laminaria japonica</em> polysaccharides, LJPs) exhibit a range of notable biological activities, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects, as well as the ability to modulate gut microbiota. Contemporary research on SJPs aims to elucidate their biological mechanisms, thereby validating and scientifically explaining the molecular basis of their traditional therapeutic effects. This effort not only deepens our understanding of ethnopharmacological knowledge but also provides critical scientific evidence for their application in high-value domains such as functional foods, nutraceuticals, and novel pharmaceutical adjuvants. This review summarizes current extraction and purification methods for SJPs, discusses their biological activities with emphasis on structure-activity relationships, and explores their potential applications in functional foods, biomedicine, and cosmetics, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for further research and product development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109826"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2026.109816
Rebekka Elke Schmidt, Mirko Bunzel
Functional and nutritional properties of pectins and pectic oligosaccharides (OS) depend on their structure. A major structural element of pectins are homogalacturonans, which consist of α-1,4-linked galacturonic acids (GalA). Homogalacturonans can be degraded to unsaturated (u)GalA-OS by pectin lyases. To analyze liberated uGalA-OS, a profiling approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) with photodiode array (PDA) and optional mass spectrometric (MS) detection was developed. Determination of molar relative response factors (RRF) of de-esterified uGalA-OS (degree of polymerization (DP) = 2–13) in relation to acarbose (internal standard) at 235 nm allows for (semi-)quantitative estimation of (methyl esterified) uGalA-OS and for application in other laboratories. Single quadrupole-MS enables to verify DP and to determine degree of methylation of uGalA-OS. Positions of methyl groups can be tentatively identified by orbitrap-MS. The developed profiling approach can be useful to analyze the specificity of a pectin lyase by analysis of uGalA-OS released from commercial pectin: The pectin lyase applied here appears to prefer a methyl group at cleavage subsite −1, but probably does not require a methyl group at subsite +1. In another application, various methyl esterified uGalA-OS (DP ≤ 12) were identified in enzymatically treated carrot pomace, a pectin-rich food by-product that can potentially be used to enhance nutritional properties of food products.
{"title":"A HILIC-PDA(-MS) profiling approach for the analysis of (methyl esterified) unsaturated galacturonic acid oligosaccharides released from pectins and food by-products","authors":"Rebekka Elke Schmidt, Mirko Bunzel","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Functional and nutritional properties of pectins and pectic oligosaccharides (OS) depend on their structure. A major structural element of pectins are homogalacturonans, which consist of α-1,4-linked galacturonic acids (GalA). Homogalacturonans can be degraded to unsaturated (u)GalA-OS by pectin lyases. To analyze liberated uGalA-OS, a profiling approach based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) with photodiode array (PDA) and optional mass spectrometric (MS) detection was developed. Determination of molar relative response factors (RRF) of de-esterified uGalA-OS (degree of polymerization (DP) = 2–13) in relation to acarbose (internal standard) at 235 nm allows for (semi-)quantitative estimation of (methyl esterified) uGalA-OS and for application in other laboratories. Single quadrupole-MS enables to verify DP and to determine degree of methylation of uGalA-OS. Positions of methyl groups can be tentatively identified by orbitrap-MS. The developed profiling approach can be useful to analyze the specificity of a pectin lyase by analysis of uGalA-OS released from commercial pectin: The pectin lyase applied here appears to prefer a methyl group at cleavage subsite −1, but probably does not require a methyl group at subsite +1. In another application, various methyl esterified uGalA-OS (DP ≤ 12) were identified in enzymatically treated carrot pomace, a pectin-rich food by-product that can potentially be used to enhance nutritional properties of food products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109816"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using chitinase to convert chitin into oligosaccharides is greener compared to chemical methods. However, the low activity and low yield of existing chitinase enzymes limit their use. Here we reported a chitinase gene of Kitasatospora setae extracted from Uniprot, the chitinase was named KsChi. KsChi contains a signal peptide, a catalytic domain, and a chitin-binding domain. Insertion of the KsChi gene fragment into the pET-28a vector followed by transformation into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells resulted in active expression. KsChi was optimally active at 60 °C in 50 mM citric acid buffer pH 5.0. KsChi exhibited the highest activity towards colloidal chitin, it showed a Kcat as 19.75 s−1 and overall catalytic efficiency (Kcat/KM) as 19.17 mL mg−1 s−1. KsChi can hydrolyze colloidal chitin to produce chitin oligosaccharides and has good stability under optimal reaction conditions. We expressed KsChi in a 5-L bioreactor, with a yield of up to 500 mg L−1, which is currently the highest level, the total activity is approximately 11 times higher than those reported in other studies. Our results indicate that KsChi is an exochitinase, and its main hydrolysis product is N, N′-diacetylchitobiose ((GlcNAc)2), which has a low KM value and high activity, thus having a wide range of application prospects.
与化学方法相比，利用几丁质酶将几丁质转化为低聚糖更为环保。然而，现有几丁质酶的低活性和低产量限制了它们的使用。本文报道了从Uniprot中提取的Kitasatospora setae几丁质酶基因，并将其命名为KsChi。KsChi含有一个信号肽、一个催化结构域和一个几丁质结合结构域。将KsChi基因片段插入pET-28a载体，然后转化到大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）细胞中，产生活性表达。KsChi在60℃、50 mM柠檬酸缓冲液pH 5.0条件下活性最佳。KsChi对胶体甲壳素的催化活性最高，Kcat为19.75 s−1，总催化效率（Kcat/KM）为19.17 mL mg−1 s−1。KsChi可水解胶体几丁质制备几丁质低聚糖，并在最佳反应条件下具有良好的稳定性。我们在5-L的生物反应器中表达了KsChi，产率高达500 mg L−1，这是目前最高的水平，总活性大约是其他研究报道的11倍。我们的研究结果表明，KsChi是一种外几丁质酶，其主要水解产物为N， N ' -二乙酰壳聚糖（(GlcNAc)2）， KM值低，活性高，具有广泛的应用前景。
{"title":"Heterologous expression, and characterization of chitinase from Kitasatospora setae and its efficient conversion of chitin polymer into chitobiose","authors":"Jiacheng Zhang , Haorui Xu , Xingxing Fang , Chong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using chitinase to convert chitin into oligosaccharides is greener compared to chemical methods. However, the low activity and low yield of existing chitinase enzymes limit their use. Here we reported a chitinase gene of <em>Kitasatospora setae</em> extracted from Uniprot, the chitinase was named KsChi. KsChi contains a signal peptide, a catalytic domain, and a chitin-binding domain. Insertion of the KsChi gene fragment into the pET-28a vector followed by transformation into <em>Escherichia coli</em> BL21(DE3) cells resulted in active expression. KsChi was optimally active at 60 °C in 50 mM citric acid buffer pH 5.0. KsChi exhibited the highest activity towards colloidal chitin, it showed a <em>K</em><sub>cat</sub> as 19.75 s<sup>−1</sup> and overall catalytic efficiency (<em>K</em><sub>cat</sub>/<em>K</em><sub>M</sub>) as 19.17 mL mg<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. KsChi can hydrolyze colloidal chitin to produce chitin oligosaccharides and has good stability under optimal reaction conditions. We expressed KsChi in a 5-L bioreactor, with a yield of up to 500 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, which is currently the highest level, the total activity is approximately 11 times higher than those reported in other studies. Our results indicate that KsChi is an exochitinase, and its main hydrolysis product is <em>N</em>, <em>N′</em>-diacetylchitobiose ((GlcNAc)<sub>2</sub>), which has a low <em>K</em><sub>M</sub> value and high activity, thus having a wide range of application prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109815"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2026.109817
Jerry Eichler, Zlata Vershinin, Marianna Zaretsky
Halobacterium salinarum are halophilic archaea that grow at or near saturating salt conditions. In addition to providing insight into how life copes with extreme conditions, studying Hbt. salinarum has been central to advances made in numerous fields, including bioenergetics, membrane protein structure determination and optogenetics. From the perspective of carbohydrate research, Hbt. salinarum provided the first example of N-glycosylation outside Eukarya. Yet, even 50 years after the first report of such post-translational modification in these haloarchaea, various aspects of Hbt. salinarum N-glycosylation seemingly unique to this organism remain largely unaddressed. These include questions related to the incorporation of iduronic acid in an N-linked glycan decorating Hbt. salinarum glycoproteins and the sulfation of this sugar at the O-3 position, as well as the transient methylation of this glycan at the lipid carrier- but not the protein-bound stage. In this review, recent progress on each of these unusual and unique aspects of Hbt. salinarum N-glycosylation is discussed.
盐盐细菌是在饱和或接近饱和盐条件下生长的嗜盐古细菌。除了提供生命如何应对极端条件的见解之外，研究Hbt。盐碱地在生物能量学、膜蛋白结构测定和光遗传学等诸多领域取得了重要进展。从碳水化合物研究的角度，Hbt。salinarum提供了真核生物之外第一个n -糖基化的例子。然而，即使在这些盐古菌中首次报道这种翻译后修饰的50年后，Hbt的各个方面。salinarum n -糖基化似乎是这种生物独有的，但在很大程度上仍未得到解决。这些问题包括伊杜醛酸在修饰Hbt的n链聚糖中的掺入。盐盐糖蛋白和这种糖在O-3位置的磺化，以及这种糖在脂质载体上的短暂甲基化——但不是蛋白质结合阶段。本文综述了Hbt在这些不同寻常和独特方面的最新进展。讨论了盐碱n -糖基化。
{"title":"Only in Halobacterium salinarum: Sugar modifications unique to an archaeal N-linked glycan","authors":"Jerry Eichler, Zlata Vershinin, Marianna Zaretsky","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Halobacterium salinarum</em> are halophilic archaea that grow at or near saturating salt conditions. In addition to providing insight into how life copes with extreme conditions, studying <em>Hbt. salinarum</em> has been central to advances made in numerous fields, including bioenergetics, membrane protein structure determination and optogenetics. From the perspective of carbohydrate research, <em>Hbt. salinarum</em> provided the first example of N-glycosylation outside Eukarya. Yet, even 50 years after the first report of such post-translational modification in these haloarchaea, various aspects of <em>Hbt. salinarum</em> N-glycosylation seemingly unique to this organism remain largely unaddressed. These include questions related to the incorporation of iduronic acid in an N-linked glycan decorating <em>Hbt. salinarum</em> glycoproteins and the sulfation of this sugar at the O-3 position, as well as the transient methylation of this glycan at the lipid carrier- but not the protein-bound stage. In this review, recent progress on each of these unusual and unique aspects of <em>Hbt. salinarum</em> N-glycosylation is discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109817"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The level of O-GlcNAcylation is a critical sensor of cellular metabolic status. However, high-throughput quantification of protein O-GlcNAcylation remains a great challenge owing to its low abundance and labile nature. In this study, we developed a Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB)-based assay for quantifying the global O-GlcNAcylation of proteins in complex biological samples. For the detection of O-GlcNAcylation proteins, the QDB method exhibited high sensitivity, yielding a linear response over the range of 2.5–20 μg of total protein with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99, and the limit of detection was determined to be 2.5 μg. And the QDB assay exhibited robust performance in quantifying variable O-GlcNAcylation levels in TMG-treated HEK293T cells, with a linear regression R2 of 0.9353. We further validated the applicability of the QDB method in tissues from diabetic mice, including the soleus muscle and retina. The trends in O-GlcNAcylation changes detected by QDB were consistent with those obtained via Western blot (WB). Collectively, these data demonstrate that the QDB assay can be applied to measure O-GlcNAcylation levels in diverse tissue types. It may thus serve as an effective tool for evaluating O-GlcNAcylation activity and inhibitory effects in clinical diagnostics. Moreover, the QDB platform could potentially be extended to the detection and monitoring of other post-translational modifications.
{"title":"A rapid, high-throughput assay for the detection of O-GlcNAcylation","authors":"Xiaoyu Yang , Huanhuan Zhang , Chunhua Yang, Yafang Bai, Zhanyi Yang, Jia Mi, Yanping Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The level of O-GlcNAcylation is a critical sensor of cellular metabolic status. However, high-throughput quantification of protein O-GlcNAcylation remains a great challenge owing to its low abundance and labile nature. In this study, we developed a Quantitative Dot Blot (QDB)-based assay for quantifying the global O-GlcNAcylation of proteins in complex biological samples. For the detection of O-GlcNAcylation proteins, the QDB method exhibited high sensitivity, yielding a linear response over the range of 2.5–20 μg of total protein with a coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.99, and the limit of detection was determined to be 2.5 μg. And the QDB assay exhibited robust performance in quantifying variable O-GlcNAcylation levels in TMG-treated HEK293T cells, with a linear regression R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9353. We further validated the applicability of the QDB method in tissues from diabetic mice, including the soleus muscle and retina. The trends in O-GlcNAcylation changes detected by QDB were consistent with those obtained via Western blot (WB). Collectively, these data demonstrate that the QDB assay can be applied to measure O-GlcNAcylation levels in diverse tissue types. It may thus serve as an effective tool for evaluating O-GlcNAcylation activity and inhibitory effects in clinical diagnostics. Moreover, the QDB platform could potentially be extended to the detection and monitoring of other post-translational modifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109818"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146009219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2026.109814
Evelina L. Zdorovenko , Ecaterina V. Diuvenji , Svetlana V. Zhenilo , Ekaterina D. Nevolina , Andrey S. Dmitrenok , Sergey V. Martyanov , Alexander S. Shashkov , Artem G. Chebotarevskii , Egor B. Prokhorchuk , Vladimir K. Plakunov , Andrei V. Gannesen
Matrix and cell wall polysaccharides of Micrococcus luteus HB3.2.1 were obtained. The following structures of the glycopolymers were established by compositional analysis and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy:
The structure of the PSI is unique among the bacterial polysaccharides. It is including non-sugar residues such as d-asparagine andl-2-hydroxy-glutaric acid in the main chain.
The matrix polysaccharide (PSI) possesses a cytotoxic activity.
{"title":"Structural studies on cell wall and matrix polysaccharides of Micrococcus luteus HB3.2.1","authors":"Evelina L. Zdorovenko , Ecaterina V. Diuvenji , Svetlana V. Zhenilo , Ekaterina D. Nevolina , Andrey S. Dmitrenok , Sergey V. Martyanov , Alexander S. Shashkov , Artem G. Chebotarevskii , Egor B. Prokhorchuk , Vladimir K. Plakunov , Andrei V. Gannesen","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Matrix and cell wall polysaccharides of <em>Micrococcus luteus</em> HB3.2.1 were obtained. The following structures of the glycopolymers were established by compositional analysis and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy:</div><div>→4)-ɑ-<span>d</span>-Gal<em>p</em>NAc-(1→2)-<span>l</span>-2HO-Glt-(5→2)-<span>d</span>-Asn-(1→4)-ɑ-<span>d</span>-Qui<em>p</em>NAc4N-(1→ PSI.</div><div>where <span>d</span>-Asn indicates <span>d</span>-asparagine, <span>l</span>-2HO-Glt – <span>l</span>-2-hydroxy-glutaric acid.</div><div>→2)-ɑ-<span>d</span>-Man<em>p</em>-(1→3)-ɑ-<span>d</span>-Man<em>p</em>-(1→6)-ɑ-<span>d</span>-Man<em>p</em>-(1→ PSII.</div><div>→6)-ɑ-<span>d</span>-Glc<em>p</em>-(1→4)-β-<span>d</span>-Man<em>p</em>NAcA-(1→ PSIII.</div><div>→6)-ɑ-<span>d</span>-Glc<em>p</em>-(1→4)-β-<span>d</span>-Glc<em>p</em>NAc3NAcA-(1→ PSIV.</div><div>The structure of the PSI is unique among the bacterial polysaccharides. It is including non-sugar residues such as <span>d</span>-asparagine and<span>l</span>-2-hydroxy-glutaric acid in the main chain.</div><div>The matrix polysaccharide (PSI) possesses a cytotoxic activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"562 ","pages":"Article 109814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2026.109812
Wang Zhao , Jiansong Chen , Haishun Du , Zhiqiang Pang , Weiqi Wei , Xuejun Pan
Furfural is a pivotal intermediate in the biomass conversion. Therefore, the production of furfural from xylose or xylose-rich biomass has received extensive attention. Herein, a series of boron phosphate solid acid catalysts (BPs) were synthesized by self-assembly and high-temperature calcination, and used for the production of furfural from xylose or xylose-rich biomass. The results showed that the synthesized BPs was spherical nanoparticles and containing both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid sites, which was excellent for xylose conversion to furfural. The maximum furfural yield of this work was 82.8 % and achieved through 95.7 % xylose conversion by using 20 mg BP1.25 at a reaction temperature of 130 °C for 120 min with a LiBr⋅3H2O/dichloromethane (DCM) biphasic system. Noteworthy, the recycling experiments indicated that both the BP1.25 catalyst and the LiBr⋅3H2O can be reused at least four times with a furfural yield remaining ≥61.7 %. Last but not least, the prepared BP1.25 catalyst also displayed high efficiency for xylose-rich natural biomass such as corncob and bagasse conversion into furfural. The work not only developed a new system for easy conversion of xylose into furfural, but also realized the high yield production of furfural from natural biomass without components separation.
{"title":"Efficient conversion of biomass-derived xylose into furfural over boron phosphate solid acid in LiBr⋅3H2O/DCM biphasic system","authors":"Wang Zhao , Jiansong Chen , Haishun Du , Zhiqiang Pang , Weiqi Wei , Xuejun Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Furfural is a pivotal intermediate in the biomass conversion. Therefore, the production of furfural from xylose or xylose-rich biomass has received extensive attention. Herein, a series of boron phosphate solid acid catalysts (BPs) were synthesized by self-assembly and high-temperature calcination, and used for the production of furfural from xylose or xylose-rich biomass. The results showed that the synthesized BPs was spherical nanoparticles and containing both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid sites, which was excellent for xylose conversion to furfural. The maximum furfural yield of this work was 82.8 % and achieved through 95.7 % xylose conversion by using 20 mg BP<sub>1.25</sub> at a reaction temperature of 130 °C for 120 min with a LiBr⋅3H<sub>2</sub>O/dichloromethane (DCM) biphasic system. Noteworthy, the recycling experiments indicated that both the BP<sub>1.25</sub> catalyst and the LiBr⋅3H<sub>2</sub>O can be reused at least four times with a furfural yield remaining ≥61.7 %. Last but not least, the prepared BP<sub>1.25</sub> catalyst also displayed high efficiency for xylose-rich natural biomass such as corncob and bagasse conversion into furfural. The work not only developed a new system for easy conversion of xylose into furfural, but also realized the high yield production of furfural from natural biomass without components separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"561 ","pages":"Article 109812"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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