The Acinetobacter genus comprises a multitude of species that have been isolated from both environmental and clinical samples. In recent years, the scientific community has expended considerable effort in characterising the structures of the capsular polysaccharides and lipooligoaccharides (LOS) of A. baumannii, given the increasing mortality rate caused by this species. Comparatively little research has been undertaken for the non-pathogenic species.
In the present study, we describe the first case of isolation and identification of the LOS molecule of Acinetobacter modestus CM11G, a Gram-negative bacterium colonising the intestinal crypts of a healthy mouse. By combining spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses with chemical derivatisations, we were able to determine the structure of the entire LOS. The lipid A moiety is composed mainly of hepta-acylated species, a characteristic also observed in other Acinetobacter species. It is extended with a disaccharide of Kdo, which acts as a bridge between the lipid A and the oligosaccharide portion. Indeed, the internal Kdo residue is linked at position O-5 with a novel tetrasaccharide composed of βGlcN(1→2)-βGal(1→6)-αGlc(1→, where the glucose is further substituted at position O-4 with a terminal β-Glc. In contrast, the external Kdo residue does not undergo further substitution, contrary to what generally occurs in the LOS of A. baumannii.
{"title":"Lipooligosaccharide architecture in Acinetobacter modestus CM11G: a non-pathogenic strain","authors":"Immacolata Speciale , Luisa Sturiale , Angelo Palmigiano , Anna Notaro","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>Acinetobacter</em> genus comprises a multitude of species that have been isolated from both environmental and clinical samples. In recent years, the scientific community has expended considerable effort in characterising the structures of the capsular polysaccharides and lipooligoaccharides (LOS) of <em>A. baumannii</em>, given the increasing mortality rate caused by this species. Comparatively little research has been undertaken for the non-pathogenic species.</div><div>In the present study, we describe the first case of isolation and identification of the LOS molecule of <em>Acinetobacter modestus</em> CM11G, a Gram-negative bacterium colonising the intestinal crypts of a healthy mouse. By combining spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses with chemical derivatisations, we were able to determine the structure of the entire LOS. The lipid A moiety is composed mainly of hepta-acylated species, a characteristic also observed in other <em>Acinetobacter</em> species. It is extended with a disaccharide of Kdo, which acts as a bridge between the lipid A and the oligosaccharide portion. Indeed, the internal Kdo residue is linked at position <em>O</em>-5 with a novel tetrasaccharide composed of βGlcN(1→2)-βGal(1→6)-αGlc(1→, where the glucose is further substituted at position <em>O</em>-4 with a terminal β-Glc. In contrast, the external Kdo residue does not undergo further substitution, contrary to what generally occurs in the LOS of <em>A. baumannii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145522983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allii macrostemonis Bulbus (Xiebai) is an important medicinal and edible homologous plant belonging to the genus Allium in the family Liliaceae. Its polysaccharide components (XBPS) are regarded as one of its principal bioactive constituents. Although significant progress has been made in the extraction, structural characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of XBPS, its detailed structural features, biological mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships remain insufficiently elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural analysis, biological activities, and structural modification of XBPS, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for its further development and application.
Studies have shown that, compared with traditional hot-water extraction, emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction offer significant advantages in enhancing extraction yield and preserving the native bioactive structures of XBPS. Structural analyses reveal that XBPS mainly comprises two types of polysaccharides: acidic polysaccharides and neutral fructans. The acidic polysaccharides are rich in uronic acids, which confer high target affinity and bioavailability, whereas the fructans primarily consist of β-(2 → 1) and β-(2 → 6) glycosidic linkages, forming a highly branched, chain-like network that serves as an important structural model for investigating structure-activity relationships.
Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that XBPS exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antitumor effects. These biological functions are synergistically influenced by factors such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage type, and spatial conformation. Future research should focus on standardizing extraction and characterization methodologies, elucidating structure-function correlations, and exploring the potential applications of XBPS in the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical agents.
{"title":"A review of Allii macrostemonis Bulbus polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activity","authors":"Hua Huang, Xiaolan Liu, Yiqiao Ding, Xuebin Xu, Guoyou Chen, Jianqiang Ma, Meng Wang, Haixue Kuang, Zhibin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Allii macrostemonis</em> Bulbus (Xiebai) is an important medicinal and edible homologous plant belonging to the genus <em>Allium</em> in the family Liliaceae. Its polysaccharide components (XBPS) are regarded as one of its principal bioactive constituents. Although significant progress has been made in the extraction, structural characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of XBPS, its detailed structural features, biological mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships remain insufficiently elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural analysis, biological activities, and structural modification of XBPS, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for its further development and application.</div><div>Studies have shown that, compared with traditional hot-water extraction, emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction offer significant advantages in enhancing extraction yield and preserving the native bioactive structures of XBPS. Structural analyses reveal that XBPS mainly comprises two types of polysaccharides: acidic polysaccharides and neutral fructans. The acidic polysaccharides are rich in uronic acids, which confer high target affinity and bioavailability, whereas the fructans primarily consist of <em>β</em>-(2 → 1) and <em>β</em>-(2 → 6) glycosidic linkages, forming a highly branched, chain-like network that serves as an important structural model for investigating structure-activity relationships.</div><div>Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that XBPS exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antitumor effects. These biological functions are synergistically influenced by factors such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage type, and spatial conformation. Future research should focus on standardizing extraction and characterization methodologies, elucidating structure-function correlations, and exploring the potential applications of XBPS in the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145511690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109741
Shuyu Yue, Jishun Shi, Changyu Cai, Yanxiong Ke
QS-21 is a highly effective vaccine adjuvant that is purified from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree. However, due to the complex structure of saponins and the existence of multiple isomers with similar structures, obtaining high-purity QS-21 is extremely challenging. This study describes the development of a chromatographic process for purifying QS-21xyl and QS-21Api using commercially available Q. saponaria bark extract as the starting material. First, the sample was purified using Polyvinyl pyrrolidone-divinylbenzene (PVP-DVB) copolymer resin to remove highly polar compounds and obtain a saponin-enriched component. Then, the fraction containing QS-21 was obtained using a C18 column. Impurities in the sample were identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, including structurally analogous impurities such as S1, S2, S3 and S5. Analysis using an amide column in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode exhibited different separation selectivity compared to analysis using a C18 column in reverse phase mode. The HILIC separation condition of QS-21xyl and QS-21Api was optimized and then the compounds were purified using a semi-preparative chromatographic column. The resulting QS-21Xyl and QS-21Api had a purity greater than 97 %. This process provides an efficient method of obtaining highly pure QS-21 isomers from Q. Saponaria bark extract.
{"title":"Purification of Quillaja saponins QS-21Xyl and QS-21Api by hydrophilic interaction chromatography","authors":"Shuyu Yue, Jishun Shi, Changyu Cai, Yanxiong Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>QS-21 is a highly effective vaccine adjuvant that is purified from the bark of the <em>Quillaja saponaria</em> tree. However, due to the complex structure of saponins and the existence of multiple isomers with similar structures, obtaining high-purity QS-21 is extremely challenging. This study describes the development of a chromatographic process for purifying QS-21<sub>xyl</sub> and QS-21<sub>Api</sub> using commercially available <em>Q. saponaria</em> bark extract as the starting material. First, the sample was purified using Polyvinyl pyrrolidone-divinylbenzene (PVP-DVB) copolymer resin to remove highly polar compounds and obtain a saponin-enriched component. Then, the fraction containing QS-21 was obtained using a C18 column. Impurities in the sample were identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, including structurally analogous impurities such as S1, S2, S3 and S5. Analysis using an amide column in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode exhibited different separation selectivity compared to analysis using a C18 column in reverse phase mode. The HILIC separation condition of QS-21<sub>xyl</sub> and QS-21<sub>Api</sub> was optimized and then the compounds were purified using a semi-preparative chromatographic column. The resulting QS-21<sub>Xyl</sub> and QS-21<sub>Api</sub> had a purity greater than 97 %. This process provides an efficient method of obtaining highly pure QS-21 isomers from <em>Q. Saponaria</em> bark extract.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109741"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145502080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109744
Shuai Wang , Mingxuan Li , Xiaomeng Gong , Zhi Chen , Huagang Sheng , Fengxia Xu , Yanru Ren , Chao Zhang , Fei Guo , Zhiyuan Zhang
Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix (Maidong), a traditional Chinese medicine esteemed for its yin-nourishing and lung-moistening properties, is a rich source of bioactive polysaccharides (Maidong polysaccharides, MDPs). This review systematically consolidates recent advances (from 2018 to October 2025) in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and diverse bioactivities of MDPs. Modern research reveals that MDPs exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and gut microbiota-regulating effects. These properties underpin their potential therapeutic applications in managing conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and inflammatory diseases. Despite promising findings, a clear understanding of the precise structural information and structure-activity relationships of MDPs remains limited. This comprehensive summary aims to lay a foundation for future research, highlighting the therapeutic potential of MDPs while identifying key areas requiring further investigation to fully exploit their health-promoting functions.
{"title":"A systematic review on polysaccharides from Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix: Advances in the preparation, structural characterization and pharmacological activities","authors":"Shuai Wang , Mingxuan Li , Xiaomeng Gong , Zhi Chen , Huagang Sheng , Fengxia Xu , Yanru Ren , Chao Zhang , Fei Guo , Zhiyuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ophiopogonis Radix and Liriopes Radix (Maidong), a traditional Chinese medicine esteemed for its yin-nourishing and lung-moistening properties, is a rich source of bioactive polysaccharides (Maidong polysaccharides, MDPs). This review systematically consolidates recent advances (from 2018 to October 2025) in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and diverse bioactivities of MDPs. Modern research reveals that MDPs exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and gut microbiota-regulating effects. These properties underpin their potential therapeutic applications in managing conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and inflammatory diseases. Despite promising findings, a clear understanding of the precise structural information and structure-activity relationships of MDPs remains limited. This comprehensive summary aims to lay a foundation for future research, highlighting the therapeutic potential of MDPs while identifying key areas requiring further investigation to fully exploit their health-promoting functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109740
Jierou Fan , Siqi Huang , Chenyin Cao , Ximu Jin , Yanting Su
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that is catalyzed by a series of glycosyltransferases and participates in diverse biological processes. The sialyltransferase family is a group of glycosyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of sialic acid onto proteins, lipids, and glycans, thereby mediating sialylation modifications. Among them, α-2,3-sialyltransferases specifically mediate the formation of α-2,3-glycosidic bonds and consist of six members: ST3Gal1 to ST3Gal6.The abnormal expression of the ST3Gal family has been found to be closely associated with the occurrence and development of various cancers. The abnormal expression of sialyltransferase can serve as a marker for tumor diagnosis, progression, and prognosis. Here, we provide a systematic overview of the expression profiles of ST3Gal1-6 in malignancies and explore their functional implications in tumor development and progression.
{"title":"The roles of ST3Gal1-6 in cancer: expression profiles and functional implications","authors":"Jierou Fan , Siqi Huang , Chenyin Cao , Ximu Jin , Yanting Su","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that is catalyzed by a series of glycosyltransferases and participates in diverse biological processes. The sialyltransferase family is a group of glycosyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of sialic acid onto proteins, lipids, and glycans, thereby mediating sialylation modifications. Among them, α-2,3-sialyltransferases specifically mediate the formation of α-2,3-glycosidic bonds and consist of six members: ST3Gal1 to ST3Gal6.The abnormal expression of the ST3Gal family has been found to be closely associated with the occurrence and development of various cancers. The abnormal expression of sialyltransferase can serve as a marker for tumor diagnosis, progression, and prognosis. Here, we provide a systematic overview of the expression profiles of ST3Gal1-6 in malignancies and explore their functional implications in tumor development and progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109738
Nischel Robin , Annathai Pitchai , Pasiyappazham Ramasamy
Phosphorylation of chitosan derived from Loligo duvauceli offers a promising strategy to enhance its biomedical functionality. This research investigates the therapeutic potential of phosphorylated chitosan (PCH) synthesized from the gladius (internal shell) of L. duvauceli, with a focus on its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticoagulant properties. Structural and morphological modifications following phosphorylation were confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analyses. Antibacterial evaluation revealed effective inhibition against both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, 12 ± 1.25 mm) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, 10 ± 0.82 mm). Antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay, and ferrous ion chelation assay. These tests demonstrated robust free radical neutralization. Anticoagulant efficacy was validated through activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT: 111 ± 3.52 s at 100 μg/mL) and prothrombin time (PT: 72 ± 2.25 s at 100 μg/mL). Results indicate significant prolongation of clotting times and modulation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. These findings confirm the multifunctional bioactivity of PCH and underscore its promise as an eco-friendly biopolymer derived from marine organisms for innovative biomedical applications.
{"title":"Marine-derived phosphorylated chitosan: Structural insights and bioactivities of a novel carbohydrate polymer","authors":"Nischel Robin , Annathai Pitchai , Pasiyappazham Ramasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorylation of chitosan derived from <em>Loligo duvauceli</em> offers a promising strategy to enhance its biomedical functionality. This research investigates the therapeutic potential of phosphorylated chitosan (PCH) synthesized from the gladius (internal shell) of <em>L. duvauceli</em>, with a focus on its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticoagulant properties. Structural and morphological modifications following phosphorylation were confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analyses. Antibacterial evaluation revealed effective inhibition against both Gram-positive bacteria (<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, 12 ± 1.25 mm) and Gram-negative bacteria (<em>Escherichia coli</em>, 10 ± 0.82 mm). Antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay, and ferrous ion chelation assay. These tests demonstrated robust free radical neutralization. Anticoagulant efficacy was validated through activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT: 111 ± 3.52 s at 100 μg/mL) and prothrombin time (PT: 72 ± 2.25 s at 100 μg/mL). Results indicate significant prolongation of clotting times and modulation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. These findings confirm the multifunctional bioactivity of PCH and underscore its promise as an eco-friendly biopolymer derived from marine organisms for innovative biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109738"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109737
Guruprasad R. Mavlankar , Prajakta P. Baikar , Deepa N. Rangadal , Akshay Chavan , Ketan Malkhede , Minakshi N. Bhatu , Shubhangi P. Patil
The growing demand for sustainable and renewable materials has intensified interest in cellulose, a natural, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly polymer. In this study, nanocellulose (NC) was synthesised from agricultural waste corn husk and surface-functionalized via esterification with ferulic acid (FA) to enhance its biological properties. The successful formation of NC was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). At the same time, its morphology and crystallinity were characterised using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis and solid-state 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) confirmed the effective esterification of ferulic acid onto the NC surface. The ferulic acid–modified nanocellulose (F-NC) exhibited synergistic interactions between NC and FA, resulting in significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to unmodified NC, with inhibition zones of Bacillus subtilis (21.00 ± 1.00 mm), Escherichia coli (17.66 ± 0.57 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (17.66 ± 0.57 mm), Salmonella typhi (20.66 ± 1.15 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.00 ± 1.00 mm). Furthermore, in silico molecular docking studies revealed strong binding affinities of F-NC with key proteins involved in wound healing, TGF-β receptor (−12.3 kcal/mol), MAPK13 (−10.4 kcal/mol), and TNF-α (−11.0 kcal/mol)indicating its potential in modulating wound repair pathways. These results suggest that F-NC serves as a promising dual-functional biopolymer with applications in both infection control and tissue regeneration, offering an eco-friendly solution for advanced biomedical and material science applications.
{"title":"Esterification of nanocellulose with ferulic acid: A sustainable approach towards robust antibacterial material","authors":"Guruprasad R. Mavlankar , Prajakta P. Baikar , Deepa N. Rangadal , Akshay Chavan , Ketan Malkhede , Minakshi N. Bhatu , Shubhangi P. Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable and renewable materials has intensified interest in cellulose, a natural, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly polymer. In this study, nanocellulose (NC) was synthesised from agricultural waste corn husk and surface-functionalized via esterification with ferulic acid (FA) to enhance its biological properties. The successful formation of NC was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). At the same time, its morphology and crystallinity were characterised using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis and solid-state <sup>13</sup>C Nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>13</sup>C NMR) confirmed the effective esterification of ferulic acid onto the NC surface. The ferulic acid–modified nanocellulose (F-NC) exhibited synergistic interactions between NC and FA, resulting in significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to unmodified NC, with inhibition zones of Bacillus subtilis (21.00 ± 1.00 mm), <em>Escherichia coli</em> (17.66 ± 0.57 mm), <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (17.66 ± 0.57 mm), <em>Salmonella typhi</em> (20.66 ± 1.15 mm), and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (19.00 ± 1.00 mm). Furthermore, in silico molecular docking studies revealed strong binding affinities of F-NC with key proteins involved in wound healing, TGF-β receptor (−12.3 kcal/mol), MAPK13 (−10.4 kcal/mol), and TNF-α (−11.0 kcal/mol)indicating its potential in modulating wound repair pathways. These results suggest that F-NC serves as a promising dual-functional biopolymer with applications in both infection control and tissue regeneration, offering an eco-friendly solution for advanced biomedical and material science applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109737"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109736
Zhimin Jian , Mingyang Cao , Fangyu Li , Yonghui Rui , Feiya Zhao , Aien Tao
There are approximately 350 species of Aconitum worldwide, primarily distributed in the northern temperate zone, with a significant presence in Asia. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Aconitum polysaccharides (APS) exhibit a range of biological activities, including immune enhancement, hypoglycemic effects, anti-inflammatory properties, antitumor activity, antioxidant effects, and cholesterol-lowering capabilities. These attributes have positioned APS at the forefront of research focused on their development and application, indicating a promising future in the fields of biomedicine and functional foods. Furthermore, the methods employed for extraction, isolation, and purification can substantially influence the content, purity, and subsequent structural characterization of APS, thereby affecting their biological activities. Despite their significance, a comprehensive review of APS is currently lacking. Given the critical role of these polysaccharides in biological research and drug development, this review aims to gather and synthesize information regarding extraction, isolation, and purification methods, structural characterization, pharmacological activities, and potential mechanisms of action of polysaccharides derived from Aconitum, utilizing various literature databases up to the publication date of this review. This paper seeks to provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the development of APS into biopharmaceuticals, functional foods, and biomaterials.
{"title":"Preparation, structural characterization, and pharmacological applications of polysaccharides from the genus Aconitum: A review","authors":"Zhimin Jian , Mingyang Cao , Fangyu Li , Yonghui Rui , Feiya Zhao , Aien Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There are approximately 350 species of Aconitum worldwide, primarily distributed in the northern temperate zone, with a significant presence in Asia. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that <em>Aconitum</em> polysaccharides (APS) exhibit a range of biological activities, including immune enhancement, hypoglycemic effects, anti-inflammatory properties, antitumor activity, antioxidant effects, and cholesterol-lowering capabilities. These attributes have positioned APS at the forefront of research focused on their development and application, indicating a promising future in the fields of biomedicine and functional foods. Furthermore, the methods employed for extraction, isolation, and purification can substantially influence the content, purity, and subsequent structural characterization of APS, thereby affecting their biological activities. Despite their significance, a comprehensive review of APS is currently lacking. Given the critical role of these polysaccharides in biological research and drug development, this review aims to gather and synthesize information regarding extraction, isolation, and purification methods, structural characterization, pharmacological activities, and potential mechanisms of action of polysaccharides derived from <em>Aconitum</em>, utilizing various literature databases up to the publication date of this review. This paper seeks to provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the development of APS into biopharmaceuticals, functional foods, and biomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145494689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109734
Maxim S. Kokoulin , Elena N. Sigida , Vlada S. Belova , Marina S. Kuzina , Natalya S. Velichko , Vyacheslav S. Grinev , Yuliya P. Fedonenko
Lipopolysaccharide was obtained by hot aqueous-phenol extraction from Vreelandella venusta B511, a moderately halophilic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from mud of Lake Botkul, Volgograd Region, Russia. The O-polysaccharide (OPS) was released by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide and was structurally characterized by chemical analyses, by 1D and 2D NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The following structure of the OPS trisaccharide repeating unit was identified: →4)-β-D-ManpNAcA-(1→4)-β-D-ManpNAcA3Ac-(1→3)-α-D-GlcpNAc6S4Ac-(1→
从俄罗斯伏尔加格勒地区Botkul湖泥中分离的中等嗜盐革兰氏阴性菌Vreelandella venusta B511中采用热水-苯酚法提取脂多糖。o -多糖（OPS）由脂多糖轻度酸水解释放，并通过化学分析、1D、2D NMR和FTIR光谱对其结构进行了表征。鉴定出OPS三糖重复单元的结构如下：→4)-β- d - manpnaca -(1→4)-β- d - manpnaca3ac -(1→3)-α- d - glcpnac6s4ac -（1→3）。
{"title":"Structure of the O-polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of Vreelandella venusta strain B511","authors":"Maxim S. Kokoulin , Elena N. Sigida , Vlada S. Belova , Marina S. Kuzina , Natalya S. Velichko , Vyacheslav S. Grinev , Yuliya P. Fedonenko","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipopolysaccharide was obtained by hot aqueous-phenol extraction from <em>Vreelandella venusta</em> B511, a moderately halophilic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from mud of Lake Botkul, Volgograd Region, Russia. The O-polysaccharide (OPS) was released by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide and was structurally characterized by chemical analyses, by 1D and 2D NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The following structure of the OPS trisaccharide repeating unit was identified: →4)-β-D-Man<em>p</em>NAcA-(1→4)-β-D-Man<em>p</em>NAcA<em>3Ac</em>-(1→3)-α-D-Glc<em>p</em>NAc6S<em>4Ac</em>-(1→</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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