Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109741
Shuyu Yue, Jishun Shi, Changyu Cai, Yanxiong Ke
QS-21 is a highly effective vaccine adjuvant that is purified from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree. However, due to the complex structure of saponins and the existence of multiple isomers with similar structures, obtaining high-purity QS-21 is extremely challenging. This study describes the development of a chromatographic process for purifying QS-21xyl and QS-21Api using commercially available Q. saponaria bark extract as the starting material. First, the sample was purified using Polyvinyl pyrrolidone-divinylbenzene (PVP-DVB) copolymer resin to remove highly polar compounds and obtain a saponin-enriched component. Then, the fraction containing QS-21 was obtained using a C18 column. Impurities in the sample were identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, including structurally analogous impurities such as S1, S2, S3 and S5. Analysis using an amide column in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode exhibited different separation selectivity compared to analysis using a C18 column in reverse phase mode. The HILIC separation condition of QS-21xyl and QS-21Api was optimized and then the compounds were purified using a semi-preparative chromatographic column. The resulting QS-21Xyl and QS-21Api had a purity greater than 97 %. This process provides an efficient method of obtaining highly pure QS-21 isomers from Q. Saponaria bark extract.
{"title":"Purification of Quillaja saponins QS-21Xyl and QS-21Api by hydrophilic interaction chromatography","authors":"Shuyu Yue, Jishun Shi, Changyu Cai, Yanxiong Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>QS-21 is a highly effective vaccine adjuvant that is purified from the bark of the <em>Quillaja saponaria</em> tree. However, due to the complex structure of saponins and the existence of multiple isomers with similar structures, obtaining high-purity QS-21 is extremely challenging. This study describes the development of a chromatographic process for purifying QS-21<sub>xyl</sub> and QS-21<sub>Api</sub> using commercially available <em>Q. saponaria</em> bark extract as the starting material. First, the sample was purified using Polyvinyl pyrrolidone-divinylbenzene (PVP-DVB) copolymer resin to remove highly polar compounds and obtain a saponin-enriched component. Then, the fraction containing QS-21 was obtained using a C18 column. Impurities in the sample were identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, including structurally analogous impurities such as S1, S2, S3 and S5. Analysis using an amide column in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode exhibited different separation selectivity compared to analysis using a C18 column in reverse phase mode. The HILIC separation condition of QS-21<sub>xyl</sub> and QS-21<sub>Api</sub> was optimized and then the compounds were purified using a semi-preparative chromatographic column. The resulting QS-21<sub>Xyl</sub> and QS-21<sub>Api</sub> had a purity greater than 97 %. This process provides an efficient method of obtaining highly pure QS-21 isomers from <em>Q. Saponaria</em> bark extract.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109741"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145502080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109767
Aliakbar Ebrahimi
The possible leaching of chitosan (CS), which could result in a loss of bioactivity and structural instability, is a significant drawback of CS/polycaprolactone (PCL) blend nanofibers. This work offers a way to produce inherently cationic and long-lasting nanofibers by synthesizing a CS-graft-PCL (CS-g-PCL) copolymer. PCL and CS are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved polymers that are widely used in biomedical applications. PCL is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer and has good electrospinnable character, but suffers from a lack of functional groups. Instead, CS is biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, non-allergenic, bio-adhesive, and has attractive biological activities, but has poor electrospinability. Synthesized copolymers and PCL were characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results of characterization showed that the synthesis procedures were done successfully. Then, different blends of PCL with Graft copolymers were used to prepare nanofibers with electrospinning. Surface morphology of nanofibers investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface chemistry, hydrophilic and hydrophobic character, and mechanical strength of nanofiber matrices were characterized with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle, and mechanical tests, respectively. Importantly, CS was covalently bonded inside the fiber matrix, inhibiting its diffusion and producing no inhibitory zone, as demonstrated by XPS and antibacterial disk diffusion studies. This suggests a long-lasting, non-leaching architecture in which the fiber structure retains its cationic and antibacterial qualities for prolonged bioactivity after breakdown. This study effectively creates a cationic nanofiber platform that is structurally stable and perfectly suitable for uses that need a long-lasting positive charge, such as scaffolds for tissue engineering and long-term antimicrobial filtration systems.
{"title":"Non-leaching cationic nanofibers from chitosan-g-PCL copolymer: A structurally durable platform for biomedical applications","authors":"Aliakbar Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The possible leaching of chitosan (CS), which could result in a loss of bioactivity and structural instability, is a significant drawback of CS/polycaprolactone (PCL) blend nanofibers. This work offers a way to produce inherently cationic and long-lasting nanofibers by synthesizing a CS-graft-PCL (CS-g-PCL) copolymer. PCL and CS are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved polymers that are widely used in biomedical applications. PCL is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer and has good electrospinnable character, but suffers from a lack of functional groups. Instead, CS is biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, non-allergenic, bio-adhesive, and has attractive biological activities, but has poor electrospinability. Synthesized copolymers and PCL were characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (<sup>1</sup>HNMR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results of characterization showed that the synthesis procedures were done successfully. Then, different blends of PCL with Graft copolymers were used to prepare nanofibers with electrospinning. Surface morphology of nanofibers investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface chemistry, hydrophilic and hydrophobic character, and mechanical strength of nanofiber matrices were characterized with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle, and mechanical tests, respectively. Importantly, CS was covalently bonded inside the fiber matrix, inhibiting its diffusion and producing no inhibitory zone, as demonstrated by XPS and antibacterial disk diffusion studies. This suggests a long-lasting, non-leaching architecture in which the fiber structure retains its cationic and antibacterial qualities for prolonged bioactivity after breakdown. This study effectively creates a cationic nanofiber platform that is structurally stable and perfectly suitable for uses that need a long-lasting positive charge, such as scaffolds for tissue engineering and long-term antimicrobial filtration systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109767"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109740
Jierou Fan , Siqi Huang , Chenyin Cao , Ximu Jin , Yanting Su
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that is catalyzed by a series of glycosyltransferases and participates in diverse biological processes. The sialyltransferase family is a group of glycosyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of sialic acid onto proteins, lipids, and glycans, thereby mediating sialylation modifications. Among them, α-2,3-sialyltransferases specifically mediate the formation of α-2,3-glycosidic bonds and consist of six members: ST3Gal1 to ST3Gal6.The abnormal expression of the ST3Gal family has been found to be closely associated with the occurrence and development of various cancers. The abnormal expression of sialyltransferase can serve as a marker for tumor diagnosis, progression, and prognosis. Here, we provide a systematic overview of the expression profiles of ST3Gal1-6 in malignancies and explore their functional implications in tumor development and progression.
{"title":"The roles of ST3Gal1-6 in cancer: expression profiles and functional implications","authors":"Jierou Fan , Siqi Huang , Chenyin Cao , Ximu Jin , Yanting Su","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that is catalyzed by a series of glycosyltransferases and participates in diverse biological processes. The sialyltransferase family is a group of glycosyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of sialic acid onto proteins, lipids, and glycans, thereby mediating sialylation modifications. Among them, α-2,3-sialyltransferases specifically mediate the formation of α-2,3-glycosidic bonds and consist of six members: ST3Gal1 to ST3Gal6.The abnormal expression of the ST3Gal family has been found to be closely associated with the occurrence and development of various cancers. The abnormal expression of sialyltransferase can serve as a marker for tumor diagnosis, progression, and prognosis. Here, we provide a systematic overview of the expression profiles of ST3Gal1-6 in malignancies and explore their functional implications in tumor development and progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109734
Maxim S. Kokoulin , Elena N. Sigida , Vlada S. Belova , Marina S. Kuzina , Natalya S. Velichko , Vyacheslav S. Grinev , Yuliya P. Fedonenko
Lipopolysaccharide was obtained by hot aqueous-phenol extraction from Vreelandella venusta B511, a moderately halophilic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from mud of Lake Botkul, Volgograd Region, Russia. The O-polysaccharide (OPS) was released by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide and was structurally characterized by chemical analyses, by 1D and 2D NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The following structure of the OPS trisaccharide repeating unit was identified: →4)-β-D-ManpNAcA-(1→4)-β-D-ManpNAcA3Ac-(1→3)-α-D-GlcpNAc6S4Ac-(1→
从俄罗斯伏尔加格勒地区Botkul湖泥中分离的中等嗜盐革兰氏阴性菌Vreelandella venusta B511中采用热水-苯酚法提取脂多糖。o -多糖（OPS）由脂多糖轻度酸水解释放，并通过化学分析、1D、2D NMR和FTIR光谱对其结构进行了表征。鉴定出OPS三糖重复单元的结构如下：→4)-β- d - manpnaca -(1→4)-β- d - manpnaca3ac -(1→3)-α- d - glcpnac6s4ac -（1→3）。
{"title":"Structure of the O-polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of Vreelandella venusta strain B511","authors":"Maxim S. Kokoulin , Elena N. Sigida , Vlada S. Belova , Marina S. Kuzina , Natalya S. Velichko , Vyacheslav S. Grinev , Yuliya P. Fedonenko","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipopolysaccharide was obtained by hot aqueous-phenol extraction from <em>Vreelandella venusta</em> B511, a moderately halophilic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from mud of Lake Botkul, Volgograd Region, Russia. The O-polysaccharide (OPS) was released by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide and was structurally characterized by chemical analyses, by 1D and 2D NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The following structure of the OPS trisaccharide repeating unit was identified: →4)-β-D-Man<em>p</em>NAcA-(1→4)-β-D-Man<em>p</em>NAcA<em>3Ac</em>-(1→3)-α-D-Glc<em>p</em>NAc6S<em>4Ac</em>-(1→</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osteochondral defects, involving degeneration of articular cartilage and underlying bone, remain a major challenge in orthopedics due to the tissue's limited self-repair capacity. Traditional treatments often fail to fully restore cartilage structure and function, creating a need for advanced biomaterials to support regeneration. Hydrogels, with their high water content, biocompatibility, and tunable properties, are promising for cartilage tissue engineering. Photocrosslinkable hydrogels have gained attention for their spatiotemporal control, rapid in situ gelation, and ability to form stable scaffolds under light exposure. They offer tunable mechanical strength, degradation rates, and cellular compatibility, making them suitable for cartilage repair. Carbohydrate-based hydrogels, especially those mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM), show strong potential due to their structural plasticity, bioactivity, and support of chondrocyte function. Their molecular structures, with variations in chain length and branching, allow fine-tuning of physicochemical properties for enhanced performance. This review highlights recent progress in photocrosslinkable carbohydrate-based hydrogels for cartilage regeneration, focusing on fabrication methods, crosslinking strategies, and chemical modifications such as methacrylation and acrylation. It also discusses the advantages of photopolymerization, including efficiency and low cytotoxicity, and its role in improving mechanical properties and chondrogenic potential. Finally, current challenges and future clinical prospects are addressed.
{"title":"Photocrosslinkable carbohydrate-based hydrogels for cartilage regeneration: Current insights and future perspectives","authors":"Pegah Poorkhalili, Jhamak Nourmohammadi, Niloufar Zamirinadaf","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteochondral defects, involving degeneration of articular cartilage and underlying bone, remain a major challenge in orthopedics due to the tissue's limited self-repair capacity. Traditional treatments often fail to fully restore cartilage structure and function, creating a need for advanced biomaterials to support regeneration. Hydrogels, with their high water content, biocompatibility, and tunable properties, are promising for cartilage tissue engineering. Photocrosslinkable hydrogels have gained attention for their spatiotemporal control, rapid <em>in situ</em> gelation, and ability to form stable scaffolds under light exposure. They offer tunable mechanical strength, degradation rates, and cellular compatibility, making them suitable for cartilage repair. Carbohydrate-based hydrogels, especially those mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM), show strong potential due to their structural plasticity, bioactivity, and support of chondrocyte function. Their molecular structures, with variations in chain length and branching, allow fine-tuning of physicochemical properties for enhanced performance. This review highlights recent progress in photocrosslinkable carbohydrate-based hydrogels for cartilage regeneration, focusing on fabrication methods, crosslinking strategies, and chemical modifications such as methacrylation and acrylation. It also discusses the advantages of photopolymerization, including efficiency and low cytotoxicity, and its role in improving mechanical properties and chondrogenic potential. Finally, current challenges and future clinical prospects are addressed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145494761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allii macrostemonis Bulbus (Xiebai) is an important medicinal and edible homologous plant belonging to the genus Allium in the family Liliaceae. Its polysaccharide components (XBPS) are regarded as one of its principal bioactive constituents. Although significant progress has been made in the extraction, structural characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of XBPS, its detailed structural features, biological mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships remain insufficiently elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural analysis, biological activities, and structural modification of XBPS, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for its further development and application.
Studies have shown that, compared with traditional hot-water extraction, emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction offer significant advantages in enhancing extraction yield and preserving the native bioactive structures of XBPS. Structural analyses reveal that XBPS mainly comprises two types of polysaccharides: acidic polysaccharides and neutral fructans. The acidic polysaccharides are rich in uronic acids, which confer high target affinity and bioavailability, whereas the fructans primarily consist of β-(2 → 1) and β-(2 → 6) glycosidic linkages, forming a highly branched, chain-like network that serves as an important structural model for investigating structure-activity relationships.
Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that XBPS exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antitumor effects. These biological functions are synergistically influenced by factors such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage type, and spatial conformation. Future research should focus on standardizing extraction and characterization methodologies, elucidating structure-function correlations, and exploring the potential applications of XBPS in the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical agents.
{"title":"A review of Allii macrostemonis Bulbus polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activity","authors":"Hua Huang, Xiaolan Liu, Yiqiao Ding, Xuebin Xu, Guoyou Chen, Jianqiang Ma, Meng Wang, Haixue Kuang, Zhibin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Allii macrostemonis</em> Bulbus (Xiebai) is an important medicinal and edible homologous plant belonging to the genus <em>Allium</em> in the family Liliaceae. Its polysaccharide components (XBPS) are regarded as one of its principal bioactive constituents. Although significant progress has been made in the extraction, structural characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of XBPS, its detailed structural features, biological mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships remain insufficiently elucidated. This review summarizes recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural analysis, biological activities, and structural modification of XBPS, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for its further development and application.</div><div>Studies have shown that, compared with traditional hot-water extraction, emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction offer significant advantages in enhancing extraction yield and preserving the native bioactive structures of XBPS. Structural analyses reveal that XBPS mainly comprises two types of polysaccharides: acidic polysaccharides and neutral fructans. The acidic polysaccharides are rich in uronic acids, which confer high target affinity and bioavailability, whereas the fructans primarily consist of <em>β</em>-(2 → 1) and <em>β</em>-(2 → 6) glycosidic linkages, forming a highly branched, chain-like network that serves as an important structural model for investigating structure-activity relationships.</div><div>Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that XBPS exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antitumor effects. These biological functions are synergistically influenced by factors such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage type, and spatial conformation. Future research should focus on standardizing extraction and characterization methodologies, elucidating structure-function correlations, and exploring the potential applications of XBPS in the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145511690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109717
Nadezhda V. Shilova , Polina S. Obukhova , Yuriy A. Knirel , Victoria V. Golovchenko , Olga A. Patova , Svetlana V. Tsygankova , Polina V. Mikshina , Stephen Henry , Nicolai V. Bovin
The levels of antibodies in human blood binding to the monosaccharide α-L-Rha are the highest among all anti-glycan antibodies. Moreover, anti-Rha antibodies are found in all individuals, suggesting that they are naturally occurring rather than adaptive immunoglobulins. Rhamnose is common in both bacterial (especially infectious) and plant polysaccharides, however, it remains poorly understood which rhamnose-containing epitope(s) – whether monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, or complex molecular patterns – are recognized by human antibodies. Using an affinity adsorbent, α-L-Rha-Sepharose, antibodies were isolated from human immunoglobulin preparations (IgG + IgM + IgA) and analyzed using highly representative arrays of bacterial and plant polysaccharides (about 1000 glycans, of which >240 contained Rha). Isolated anti-α-L-Rha antibodies bound to almost all polysaccharides where the rhamnose residue was located either terminally or as α1–2, 1–3 or 1–4 linked pendant substituent, but not to internal positions, regardless of whether they were bacterial O-antigens or plant polysaccharides. It was concluded that human polyclonal anti-α-L-Rha antibodies have a reasonably narrow range of epitope specificity. The recognition of a small-sized monosaccharide epitope, on one hand, and a high proportion of IgM and IgA, on the other, suggest a high degree of polyvalence in recognizing the natural targets of the antibodies studied. In vivo, anti-α-L-Rha antibodies are more likely to recognize a pattern composed of tightly packed lipopolysaccharides (or capsular polysaccharides, or plant cell walls) rather than repetitive epitopes on a single polysaccharide molecule.
{"title":"Polysaccharide epitopes recognized by human α-L-Rha antibodies","authors":"Nadezhda V. Shilova , Polina S. Obukhova , Yuriy A. Knirel , Victoria V. Golovchenko , Olga A. Patova , Svetlana V. Tsygankova , Polina V. Mikshina , Stephen Henry , Nicolai V. Bovin","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The levels of antibodies in human blood binding to the monosaccharide α-L-Rha are the highest among all anti-glycan antibodies. Moreover, anti-Rha antibodies are found in all individuals, suggesting that they are naturally occurring rather than adaptive immunoglobulins. Rhamnose is common in both bacterial (especially infectious) and plant polysaccharides, however, it remains poorly understood which rhamnose-containing epitope(s) – whether monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, or complex molecular patterns – are recognized by human antibodies. Using an affinity adsorbent, α-L-Rha-Sepharose, antibodies were isolated from human immunoglobulin preparations (IgG + IgM + IgA) and analyzed using highly representative arrays of bacterial and plant polysaccharides (about 1000 glycans, of which >240 contained Rha). Isolated anti-α-L-Rha antibodies bound to almost all polysaccharides where the rhamnose residue was located either terminally or as α1–2, 1–3 or 1–4 linked pendant substituent, but not to internal positions, regardless of whether they were bacterial <em>O</em>-antigens or plant polysaccharides. It was concluded that human polyclonal anti-α-L-Rha antibodies have a reasonably narrow range of epitope specificity. The recognition of a small-sized monosaccharide epitope, on one hand, and a high proportion of IgM and IgA, on the other, suggest a high degree of polyvalence in recognizing the natural targets of the antibodies studied. <em>In vivo</em>, anti-α-L-Rha antibodies are more likely to recognize a pattern composed of tightly packed lipopolysaccharides (or capsular polysaccharides, or plant cell walls) rather than repetitive epitopes on a single polysaccharide molecule.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109717"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109758
Jessica Jung-Fittkau , Jascha Schmeh , Angelika Czajkowska , Sahin Özdemir , Josef Diebold , Magnus S. Schmidt
Bromalkyl glycosides are promising molecules for use as functionalised spacers in the production of glycomimetics. The here presented optimised process can serve as the basis for the technical synthesis of bromoalkyl glycosides in a microreactor. Therefore, we tested the influence of residence time and temperature on the synthesis of bromoalkyl glycosides in a microreactor. To determine the optimum temperature, the synthesis was investigated between 90 °C and 150 °C, in 10 °C increments. To determine the optimum residence time in the reactor, the residence time was varied between 1 and 10 min. The results show, that the product yield increases initially with increasing temperature or residence time. In both curves, there is limited growth before the yield drops again after the peak. It was found that at high temperatures and residence times, the number of undesirable by-products may also increase, which has a negative effect on product yield. We found the optimum temperature range is 120 °C–130 °C and the optimum residence time at 7.5 min.
{"title":"Parameter optimisation of a microreactor based continuous synthesis of bromooctyl glucoside by Fischer glycosylation","authors":"Jessica Jung-Fittkau , Jascha Schmeh , Angelika Czajkowska , Sahin Özdemir , Josef Diebold , Magnus S. Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bromalkyl glycosides are promising molecules for use as functionalised spacers in the production of glycomimetics. The here presented optimised process can serve as the basis for the technical synthesis of bromoalkyl glycosides in a microreactor. Therefore, we tested the influence of residence time and temperature on the synthesis of bromoalkyl glycosides in a microreactor. To determine the optimum temperature, the synthesis was investigated between 90 °C and 150 °C, in 10 °C increments. To determine the optimum residence time in the reactor, the residence time was varied between 1 and 10 min. The results show, that the product yield increases initially with increasing temperature or residence time. In both curves, there is limited growth before the yield drops again after the peak. It was found that at high temperatures and residence times, the number of undesirable by-products may also increase, which has a negative effect on product yield. We found the optimum temperature range is 120 °C–130 °C and the optimum residence time at 7.5 min.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145562879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2025.109759
Jacob A. Clark , Agata Zykwinska , Sylvia Colliec-Jouault , Sergey A. Samsonov
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a large family of linear and highly negatively charged polysaccharides with many roles in tissue structure and physiology. Interest in glycosaminoglycans and molecules with mimetic properties has led to the discovery of a number of exopolysaccharides (EPS), such as the highly sulfated infernan (InfHS). Understanding of the bioactivity of these molecules depends on their structural features. Here, we constructed and simulated a model of InfHS, aiming to characterize its molecular properties. We observed increased intramolecular interactions as additional repeating units were added to the model, alongside folding of the structure. The branched structure and high sulfation also lead to a more pronounced polarization around the molecule in comparison to linear sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The findings demonstrate the unique properties of InfHS and provide a rationale for understanding its bioactivity.
{"title":"Modeling highly sulfated infernan","authors":"Jacob A. Clark , Agata Zykwinska , Sylvia Colliec-Jouault , Sergey A. Samsonov","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a large family of linear and highly negatively charged polysaccharides with many roles in tissue structure and physiology. Interest in glycosaminoglycans and molecules with mimetic properties has led to the discovery of a number of exopolysaccharides (EPS), such as the highly sulfated infernan (Inf<sub>HS</sub>). Understanding of the bioactivity of these molecules depends on their structural features. Here, we constructed and simulated a model of Inf<sub>HS</sub>, aiming to characterize its molecular properties. We observed increased intramolecular interactions as additional repeating units were added to the model, alongside folding of the structure. The branched structure and high sulfation also lead to a more pronounced polarization around the molecule in comparison to linear sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The findings demonstrate the unique properties of Inf<sub>HS</sub> and provide a rationale for understanding its bioactivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"559 ","pages":"Article 109759"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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