Current drug delivery最新文献

Mannose, an isomer of glucose, exhibits a distinct molecular structure with the same formula but a different atom arrangement, contributing to its specific biological functions. Widely distributed in body fluids and tissues, particularly in the nervous system, skin, testes, and retinas, mannose plays a crucial role as a direct precursor for glycoprotein synthesis. Glycoproteins, essential for immune regulation and glycosylation processes, underscore the significance of mannose in these physiological activities. The clinical and biomedical applications of mannose are diverse, encompassing its anti-inflammatory properties, potential to inhibit bacterial infections, role in metabolism regulation, and suggested involvement in alleviating diabetes and obesity. Additionally, mannose shows promise in antitumor effects, immune modulation, and the construction of drug carriers, indicating a broad spectrum of therapeutic potential. The article aims to present a comprehensive review of mannose, focusing on its molecular structure, metabolic pathways, and clinical and biomedical applications, and also to emphasize its status as a promising therapeutic agent.

Background: Although nucleation kinetic data is quite important for the concept of supersaturation behavior, its part in rationalizing the crystallization inhibitor has not been well understood.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the nucleation kinetic profile of Dextromethorphan HBr (as an ideal drug, BCS-II) by measuring liquid-liquid phase segregation, nucleation induction time, and Metastable Zone width.

Methods: Surfeit action was examined by a superfluity assay of the drug. The concentration was scrutinized by light scattering techniques (UV spectrum (novel method) and Fluorometer (CL 53)).

Results: The drug induction time was 20 min without polymer and 90 and 110 min with polymers, such as HPMC K15M and Xanthan Gum, respectively. Therefore, the order of the polymer's ability to inhibit nucleation was Xanthan Gum > HPMC K15M in the medium (7.4 pH). Similarly, the drug induction time was 30 min without polymer and 20, 110, and 90 min with polymers, such as Sodium CMC, HPMC K15M, and Xanthan Gum, respectively. Therefore, the order of the polymer's ability to inhibit nucleation was HPMC K15M > Xanthan Gum > Sodium CMC in SIFsp (6.8 pH), which synchronizes the polymer's potentiality to interdict the drug precipitation.

Conclusion: The HPMC K15M and xanthan Gum showed the best crystallization inhibitor effect for the maintenance of superfluity conditions till the drug absorption time. The xanthan gum is based on the "glider" concept, and this shows the novelty of this preliminary research. The screening methodology used for rationalizing the best polymers used in the superfluity formulations development successfully.

Currently, fungal infections are becoming more prevalent worldwide. Subsequently, many antifungal agents are available to cure diseases like pemphigus, athlete's foot, acne, psoriasis, hyperpigmentation, albinism, and skin cancer. Still, they fall short due to pitfalls in physiochemical properties. Conventional medications like lotion, creams, ointments, poultices, and gels are available for antifungal therapy but present many shortcomings. They are associated with drug retention and poor penetration problems, resulting in drug resistance, hypersensitivity, and diminished efficacy. On the contrary, nanoformulations have gained tremendous potential in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional delivery. Furthermore, the potential breakthroughs of nanoformulations are site-specific targeting. It has improved bioavailability, patient-tailored approach, reduced drug retention and hypersensitivity, and improved skin penetration. Nowadays, nanoformulations are gaining popularity for antifungal therapy against superficial skin infections. Nanoformulations-based liposomes, niosomes, nanosponges, solid lipid nanoparticles, and potential applications have been explored for antifungal therapy due to enhanced activity and reduced toxicity. Researchers are now more focused on developing patient-oriented target-based nano delivery to cover the lacunas of conventional treatment with higher immune stimulatory effects. Future direction involves the construction of novel nanotherapeutic devices, nanorobotics, and robust methods. In addition, for the preparations of nanoformulations for clinical studies, animal modeling solves the problems of antifungal therapy. This review describes insights into various superficial fungal skin infections and their potential applications, nanocarrier-based drug delivery, and mechanism of action. In addition, it focuses on regulatory considerations, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, clinical trials, patents, challenges, and future inputs for researchers to improve antifungal therapy.

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and aggressive malignant tumor that affects the central nervous system, with high mortality and low survival. Glioblastoma multiforme treatment includes resection tumor surgery, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy adjuvants. However, the drugs used in chemotherapy present some limitations, such as the difficulty of crossing the bloodbrain barrier and resisting the cellular mechanisms of drug efflux. The use of polymeric nanoparticles has proven to be an effective alternative to circumvent such limitations, as it allows the exploration of a range of polymeric structures that can be modified in order to control the biodistribution and cytotoxic effect of the drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles are nanometric in size and allow the incorporation of targeting ligands on their surface, favoring the transposition of the blood-brain barrier and the delivery of the drug to specific sites, increasing the selectivity and safety of chemotherapy. The present review has described the characteristics of chitosan, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(lactic-coglycolic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(β-amino ester), and poly(ε-caprolactone), which are some of the most commonly used polymers in the manufacture of nanoparticles for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. In addition, some of the main targeting ligands used in these nanosystems are presented, such as transferrin, chlorotoxin, albumin, epidermal growth factor, and epidermal growth factor receptor blockers, explored for the active targeting of antiglioblastoma agents.

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