Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences最新文献

Background: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) in children is a significant clinical concern with diverse etiologies. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management, and endoscopy plays a critical role in identifying the underlying cause.

Materials and methods: This retrospective study included children aged from birth to 12 years who presented with LGIB and underwent endoscopy at Medical Trust Hospital, Kochi, between June 2018 and July 2019. Data were extracted from medical records, including demographics, symptoms, endoscopic findings, and histopathology.

Results: A total of 22 children (6 males [27.3%], 16 females [72.7%]) were included. The most common age group affected was 8-12 years (63.6%). The predominant symptom was fresh bleeding per rectum. Anal fissures were the most frequent cause of LGIB (40.9%), followed by proctitis/colitis (13.6%) and polyps (9.1%). Most diagnoses (72.7%) were established using sigmoidoscopy or limited colonoscopy. All procedures were well tolerated without major complications, and all patients were discharged within 5 days of hospitalization.

Conclusion: Anal fissures are the leading cause of acute LGIB in children in this South Indian population. Limited endoscopy is often sufficient for diagnosis and is safe in pediatric patients.

Background: Polymethyl methacrylate is the commonly used denture base material because of its esthetics and handling properties. However, its low flexural strength predisposes it to fractures. To overcome this limitation, reinforcement, such as cobalt-chromium metal frameworks and carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs), has been proposed.

Materials and methods: An in-vitro study was conducted using 33 standardized specimens (65 × 10 × 3 mm³), divided into three groups (n = 11). Group 1-high-impact acrylic resin, Group 2-cobalt-chromium, and Group 3-CFRC. Flexural strength was tested using a three-point bending method on a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was then done using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests.

Results: The mean flexural strength values for Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 were 129.73 MPa, 158.51 MPa, and 246.44 MPa, respectively. One-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference among groups (P < 0.001). Post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences between Groups 1 and 3 (P = 0.000) and Groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.005), but not between Groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.511).

Conclusion: Among the tested materials, the highest flexural strength was exhibited by CFRC, indicating that it is a superior alternative to traditional cobalt-chromium and high-impact acrylic denture bases. Its mechanical advantage, along with its esthetic properties and reduced weight, make CFRC a promising material for complete denture applications. Future clinical studies are necessary to confirm its long-term performance.

Introduction: Cervical cancer remains a major public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Early detection through effective screening is crucial. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and liquid-based cytology (LBC) in detecting cervical neoplasia among asymptomatic women.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 asymptomatic women aged 25-65 years. Each participant underwent both VIA and LBC tests. Histopathological examination following colposcopy served as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.

Results: Histopathology confirmed cervical neoplasia in 42 women (14%). VIA demonstrated higher sensitivity (80.95%) but lower specificity (89.11%) compared to LBC (sensitivity 71.43%, specificity 96.11%). VIA had a higher NPV (96.63%), while LBC had a higher PPV (75.00%).

Conclusion: VIA is a suitable screening tool in low-resource settings due to its high sensitivity and low cost, while LBC offers higher specificity and diagnostic precision. A tiered or combined approach may enhance overall screening efficiency for cervical neoplasia in asymptomatic populations.

Background: Periodontitis is initiated by the formation of plaque biofilm leading to loss of equilibrium between microbial organisms and host response, resulting in disease progression. Antioxidants such as uric acid (UA) found in saliva and serum provide protection against free radical. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an intracellular enzyme detected in cellular cytoplasm of the cells in human body, which becomes extracellular on cell death.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare salivary and serum levels of uric acid (UA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as specific biomarkers for periodontal tissue destruction among patients with periodontal disease.

Materials and methods: Ninety subjects were selected and placed in three groups comprising thirty subjects in each group. Group 1: Comprised of clinically healthy periodontium patients. Group 2: Comprised of patients with chronic generalized gingivitis. Group 3: Comprised of patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. Serum and salivary samples were collected and subjected to laboratory analysis to asses UA and LDH levels.

Results: Serum and salivary levels of LDH and UA were found to be within normal limits in healthy subjects while LDH level increased in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. UA level decreased in periodontitis patients.

Conclusion: LDH and UA may be considered as biochemical and diagnostic markers for periodontal diseases.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most usual causes of bacterial infections for pregnant women. They often result from bacteria, known as uropathogens, whose resistance to antibiotics is not constant.

Materials and methods: In all, we collected 300 samples of midstream urine from pregnant women at the antenatal clinic because their symptoms were suggestive of a UTI. Samples were first cultured on cystine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) and MacConkey agar, and biochemical tests were used to identify uropathogens. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion was used, according to CLSI standards, to determine which antibiotics were effective against the pathogen. Analysis of the data used descriptive statistics.

Results: From a collection of 300 urine samples, significant growth from bacteria was seen in 114 cases (38%). Almost half of the uropathogenic bacteria (52.6%) found were Escherichia coli, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (13.2%), and a lesser prevalence of Proteus mirabilis (7.9%). Resistance was found in about three-quarters of isolates to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, but most isolates were still sensitive to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin. Resistance to different antibiotics was found in 47.3% of the isolates, more commonly in E. coli strains.

Conclusion: It was shown in the study that a large number of pregnant women with UTIs are infected by bacteria resistant to many commonly used drugs.

Background: Sutures are essential for wound closure but may facilitate microbial colonization, increasing the risk of surgical site infections. Antibacterial-coated sutures, such as triclosan (TCS) and chlorhexidine (CCS), have been developed to mitigate this concern.

Materials and methods: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 20 patients undergoing periodontal flap surgery, comparing TCS and CCS. Healing was assessed on postoperative day 8 using Landry's Healing Index; microbial burden was quantified through CFU enumeration and Gram staining.

Results: Healing scores were comparable between groups (TCS: 4.1 ± 0.7; CCS: 3.9 ± 0.7; P = 0.63). However, CCS exhibited significantly lower CFU counts (0.011 × 10⁶ ± 0.031 × 10⁶) than TCS (4.3 × 10⁶ ± 4.8 × 10⁶) (P < 0.001). Gram staining revealed polymicrobial oral flora in both groups.

Conclusion: Chlorhexidine-coated sutures exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy without compromising early wound healing.

Introduction: The goal of this study was to find out how SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists help persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) keep their blood sugar levels stable.

Methodology: There were 120 people in the trial. They were randomly given either empagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Ertugliflozin, Bexagliflozin, Sotagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor) or liraglutide, Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Alogliptin, Vildagliptin (n GLP-1 receptor agonist) to consume for 24 weeks. The major goal was to lower the levels of HbA1c. Some of the secondary outcomes included losing weight, markers of heart health, and adverse events.

Results: Both treatments brought down HbA1c levels a lot, although GLP-1 agonists brought them down a little bit more. Both groups' systolic blood pressure and LDL cholesterol levels improved, but the group that took GLP-1 agonists lost more weight. People who took SGLT2 inhibitors didn't have as many stomach problems, whereas people who took GLP-1 agonists got nauseated and threw up.

Conclusion: The study showed that both types of medicines do a decent job of keeping blood sugar levels steady. But GLP-1 agonists are better at helping people lose weight and keep their hearts healthy, so they are also a fantastic choice for people who have these problems. It's crucial to consider what each patient needs and what could go wrong while establishing treatment plans for them.

Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth, resulting in progressive attachment and bone loss. It is characterized by pocket formation or recession of the gingiva.

Methods: Ten patients suffering from chronic periodontitis, showing evidence of almost identical bilateral intrabony defects, were selected from amongst those reporting to the Department of Periodontology, Punjab Government Dental College and Hospital, Amritsar. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups, that is, Group 1 and Group 2. The defects designated as Group 1 were treated by Hyaluronic acid and bioresorbable membrane after open flap debridement, and Group 2 was treated by placement of bioresorbable membrane alone after open flap debridement.

Results: All treated sites showed remarkable reduction in probing depth, clinical attachment gain, and radiographic bone fill of periodontal defects. The combination of bioresorbable membrane and hyaluronic acid has shown better results in terms of clinical improvements and bone fill than the membrane alone.

Conclusion: It is concluded that the regenerative approach using hyaluronic acid in combination with GTR for the treatment of human intrabony defects resulted in a significant added benefit in terms of CAL gains, PPD reductions, and radiographic defect fill, as well as LBG, compared to the GTR alone.

Background: Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and bone metabolism, both critical in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, the direct influence of systemic Vitamin D levels on periodontal health remains underexplored.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 90 patients aged 30-60 years with chronic periodontitis. Participants were categorized based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels into three groups: Deficient (<20 ng/mL), Insufficient (20-30 ng/mL), and Sufficient (>30 ng/mL). Clinical parameters including Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) were recorded. Serum Vitamin D levels were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and Pearson correlation.

Results: Among the participants, 38.9% were Vitamin D deficient, 35.6% insufficient, and 25.5% sufficient. Mean PPD and CAL were significantly higher in the deficient group (PPD: 4.26 ± 0.61 mm, CAL: 4.81 ± 0.77 mm) compared to the sufficient group (PPD: 3.42 ± 0.48 mm, CAL: 3.91 ± 0.55 mm; P < 0.01). Negative correlations were observed between Vitamin D levels and PPD (r = -0.49, P < 0.001), and CAL (r = -0.52, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Lower systemic Vitamin D levels are associated with worse clinical periodontal parameters, suggesting its contributory role in periodontal disease progression. Monitoring and correction of Vitamin D deficiency may be beneficial as part of periodontal therapy.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma frequently necessitates maxillary surgical resection, resulting in defects that compromise speech, mastication, and facial esthetics. Aramany Class II defects, characterized by unilateral maxillary loss posterior to the canine, present unique challenges for prosthodontic rehabilitation. This report describes the rehabilitation of an Aramany Class II maxillary defect using an interim obturator in a patient following oncologic surgery. The prosthesis was designed to re-establish oronasal separation, preserve arch form, and restore essential oral functions during the healing phase. Clinical procedures included careful impression making, appropriate design planning, and selection of suitable materials for fabrication. The interim obturator provided immediate functional benefits, significantly improving speech intelligibility, mastication, and the patient's psychological comfort. Adaptation to the prosthesis was smooth, and follow-up assessments demonstrated stable performance and enhanced quality of life. This case underscores the critical role of interim obturators in early postoperative rehabilitation, emphasizing the need for a well-constructed prosthesis tailored to the specific defect classification. Early prosthodontic intervention facilitates functional recovery, prevents complications, and supports seamless progression toward definitive prosthetic management in patients with maxillary defects following OSCC resection.