Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences最新文献

Introduction: "Atopic dermatitis (AD)" is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects urban and rural populations at different frequencies probably because of environmental and lifestyle differences. These differences become evident and can help steer culturally sensitive individualized interventions.

Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the frequency and associated risk factors of AD in urbanised and rural areas. In our study, 500 Individuals were tested for various factors including environmental exposure, socioeconomic status, family history of AD and lifestyle. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables and statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

Results: Urban locality was seen as a strong predictor of AD, with almost threefold more cases in urban populations compared to rural (P = 0.01) and environmental pollution and lack of green areas very significant factors fighting against the health aspects. Rural populations had a lower prevalence of AD but a higher association with agricultural allergens and hygiene-related factors (P = 0.03). Socioeconomic status and family history were significant risk factors in both populations.

Conclusion: The prevalence of AD differs between urban and rural settings, with environmental and lifestyle factors playing a crucial role in its development. Tailored public health strategies are required to mitigate the risk of AD based on specific population characteristics.

Background: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to improve both efficiency and accuracy in the process of automating in vitro evaluation of therapeutic interventions. AIM: The purpose of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic agents for their anti-inflammatory effects on human microglial cells.

Methodology: The AI system was trained to recognize analyze digital cellular models and recognize inflammatory responses, generating treatment-related interpretations using a collection of one hundred experimental datasets. It was determined whether or not the results generated by AI were comparable to the evaluations made by qualified researchers.

Results: The technique obtained a high level of accuracy in inflammatory responses categorization, with sensitivity and specificity that were both greater than 90% in the majority of cases.

Conclusion: Despite the fact that these findings lend credence to the potential of AI in microglial cells, more clinical validation requires further investigation.

Introduction: "Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)" is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep, leading to reduced oxygenation and frequent arousals. "Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)" is the gold standard treatment, but many patients exhibit poor compliance. Surgical interventions, particularly combined ENT and oral surgical procedures, are often employed when CPAP fails or is intolerable.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with moderate to severe OSA who underwent combined ENT and oral surgical interventions. The study included multilevel surgeries such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and maxillomandibular advancement (MMA). Outcomes were assessed using parameters such as "apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)," "oxygen desaturation index (ODI)," and "quality of life (QoL)" which were measured before and after surgery.

Results: Postoperative results showed a significant reduction in AHI and ODI scores. QoL measures also improved substantially. The success rate, defined as a 50% reduction in AHI, was observed in 80% of the patients. The mean preoperative AHI was 45.3 ± 8.2, which reduced to 15.4 ± 5.1 postoperatively (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Combined ENT and oral surgical interventions effectively lower the severity of OSA and improve patients' QoL. These procedures offer a viable alternative for patients who cannot tolerate CPAP.

Introduction: Bone regeneration around implants is crucial for the performance of dental implants, particularly in areas where the bone is limited. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are known for their considerable regenerative and osteogenic properties. This investigation is the first to evaluate PDLSC's contribution toward peri-implant bone regeneration and assess their therapeutic role in regenerative strategies.

Materials and methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Control (implant alone), Scaffold (implant + biphasic calcium phosphate scaffold), and PDLSC + scaffold (implant + PDLSCs on scaffold). Dental implants were placed in standardized tibial critical-size bone defects. PDLSCs were isolated from rat incisors, characterized, and expanded. After 8 weeks, tissues were analyzed via histology, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography (μCT) for bone-to-implant contact (BIC), new bone formation (NBF), and bone volume/total volume (BV/TV).

Results: PDLSCs demonstrated characteristic mesenchymal stem cell markers (high CD73, CD90, CD105; low CD34, CD45, HLA-DR) and multipotency. μCT showed significantly higher BV/TV in the PDLSC + scaffold group (42.7 ± 4.5%) versus Scaffold (25.3 ± 3.2%) and Control (18.5 ± 2.1%) (P < 0.001). Histology revealed robust new bone formation and excellent integration in the PDLSC + scaffold group. Histomorphometry indicated significantly increased BIC (68.2 ± 5.3%) and NBF (75.6 ± 6.1%) in the PDLSC + scaffold group compared to Scaffold (BIC: 45.1 ± 4.8%; NBF: 55.4 ± 5.7%) and Control (BIC: 28.5 ± 3.9%; NBF: 35.2 ± 4.2%) groups (P < 0.001). Qualitative assessment showed mature lamellar bone and intimate bone-implant contact with PDLSCs.

Conclusion: Implanting PDLSCs with a scaffold proves beneficial in implant-placed bone restoration when compared to pure scaffold approaches. This study, together with previous findings, suggests that PDLSCs may be effective in promoting cell-based therapies aimed at enhanced osseointegration in bone-deficient areas surrounding dental implants. A lot of work still stands to be done before reaching the clinical phase.

Background: Orthodontics is a specialized profession of dentistry which is truly rewarding for the orthodontic professionals but not without some ill consequences. This study is aimed to estimate the occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in different anatomic locations among orthodontists of India and provide a starting point to direct ergonomic interventions among the professionals.

Materials and methods: This study was conducted among 150 orthodontists. A close-ended structured questionnaire had been formed, modifying the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. For observation of dental work station, a check list was prepared for the estimation of the work posture of the orthodontists. To determine the risk zone of the participant orthodontists, rapid upper limb assessment was also done. Different interventions like short break, posture change, hip bridge exercise, neck muscles, wrist strengthening, and fingers and thumbs strengthening exercises were given after assessment of the risk zone of the orthodontists.

Results: From the findings, it was evident that maximum orthodontists felt pain occasionally in the region of upper back (86.7%), followed by neck and low back (53.3% each). Maximum pain was felt (often) in the region of shoulder which consists of 30%. After application of interventions in the specific population, the findings showed that the overall frequency of pain had been improved.

Conclusion: Orthodontists should perform exercises regularly, should get frequent breaks during work, and should obtain correct posture in their work station, all of which increase their efficiency and will also prolong their orthodontic careers.

Background: HIV TB is a rising challenge in India which a few studies have explored this association in Indian population. Recent studies are missing to help form policies and understand socio demographical factors which affect the prevalence and influence the treatment outcome.

Objective: This study assesses the sociodemographic and clinical profile of HIV TB co infection associated with the agent, host and environmental factors among HIV positive adults across the city of Pune, India.

Materials and methods: The study will be carried out in Pune city, across 5 ART centers among adult HIV positive patients. The sample size is 140 samples and convenience sampling will be used. All ethical norms will be duly followed. The data collection through a validated questionnaire will be related to gender/sexual orientation, socio economic status, education, occupation, life-style, height, weight, BMI, family and medical history, viral load, bacterial count, type of TB and duration of HIV, WHO staging of the disease. SPSS 24.0 IBM Analytics will be used for the analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be carried out.

Conclusion: The type of TB (pulmonary or extrapulmonary), WHO clinical staging of HIV, previous infection and associated medical history's effects on HIV TB coinfection will be explored.

Background: Dental health education is crucial for instilling good oral hygiene practices in children, with primary school teachers playing a pivotal role in its implementation. This study aimed to assess and compare the perceptions of male primary school teachers (public vs. private) and years of teaching experience in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, regarding dental health education.

Materials and methods: A sample size of 400 male teachers was determined, and a questionnaire comprising demographic details and ten perception-related questions was administered. The data were analyzed, using Chi-square tests and ANOVA.

Results: Overall, most teachers recognized the importance of oral health and supported its integration into the curriculum. Significant differences were observed based on school type, with public school teachers more likely to perceive dental health education. Moreover, experienced teachers (>10 years) demonstrated higher awareness of oral health programs compared to less experienced teachers (<5 years) (F = 4.561, P = 0.012).

Conclusion: Tailored support for public schools and targeted professional development programs are essential for overcoming barriers to dental health education. By addressing these challenges, policymakers and educators can foster a culture of oral health awareness in schools, ultimately leading to improved oral health outcomes among children.

Background: Epilepsy, marked by recurrent seizures, often arises from impaired inhibitory neurotransmission. Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA_A) receptors, particularly the α1 subunit encoded by GABRA1, are central to neuronal excitability. Although GABRA1 variants are linked to epilepsy, their molecular impact remains unclear. Objectives: To evaluate the structural and functional consequences of GABRA1 variants using computational approaches and clarify their role in epilepsy pathophysiology.

Materials and methods: A total of 137 GABRA1 missense variants were retrieved from ClinVar. Pathogenicity was assessed using ClinPred, REVEL, and FATHMM-XF. Conservation analysis was performed with ConSurf, and structural modeling with the HOPE server and UCSF Chimera. Functional domain mapping utilized UniProt and NCBI databases.

Results: Eight variants (L49H, P59L, W97R, D99G, G152S, V270G, T294R, P305L) were consistently predicted to be deleterious. These mutations, mostly at conserved residues, localized to extracellular, ligand-binding, and transmembrane domains. Structural modeling revealed disruptions in receptor folding, ligand binding, and ion channel gating, indicating impaired GABAergic signaling and possible links to drug resistance.

Conclusion: In silico analysis highlights critical GABRA1 variants that may drive epileptogenesis by altering receptor structure and function. These findings support integrating computational genomics into precision medicine strategies for epilepsy management.

Background: Osteopenia is a major precursor to osteoporosis and a growing public health concern in aging male populations, particularly in underserved tribal communities. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of osteopenia among adult tribal males in central India.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 1,923 tribal males from the BLOSSOM cohort. Osteopenia was defined as a T-score < -1.

Results: The prevalence of osteopenia was 43.3% (833/1923). Age >46 years (Odds Ration [OR]: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02-1.46, P = 0.02) and smoking (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03-1.50, P = 0.01) were significantly associated with osteopenia. Other factors such as alcohol use, low Body Mass Index (BMI), diabetes, and anemia showed elevated but nonsignificant odds.

Conclusion: Age and smoking emerged as key risk factors for osteopenia. Targeted screening and preventive strategies are warranted to mitigate bone health risks in tribal males.

Background: Emergence agitation (EA) is a common phenomenon observed in patients recovering from general anaesthesia, potentially leading to self-injury and compromised recovery quality.

Objectives: This research aims to evaluate the outcome of intravenous and inhalational maintenance anaesthesia on postoperative EA and other recovery parameters.

Materials and methods: This research was conducted with 100 patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anaesthesia. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I received intravenous maintenance with propofol, while Group II received inhalational maintenance with sevoflurane. EA was evaluated using the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale at predetermined intervals postoperatively. Recovery parameters such as time to extubating, orientation, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were also recorded.

Results: Group I demonstrated a considerably lower incidence of EA in comparison to Group II (10% vs. 30%, P < 0.05). The time to extubating and orientation was shorter in Group II, but the variation was not statistically considerable. The incidence of PONV was greater in Group II (25% vs. 10%, P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Intravenous maintenance anaesthesia with propofol is connected with a lower incidence of emergence agitation and PONV compared to inhalational maintenance with sevoflurane. These findings suggest that propofol may be a preferable agent for maintenance anaesthesia in terms of postoperative recovery quality.