Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences最新文献

Objective: This pilot study evaluates and compares the effectiveness of two diode laser wavelengths (810 nm and 450 nm) in activating three tooth whitening agents-40% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 20% carbamide peroxide (CP), and 12% phthalimido-peroxy caproic acid (PAP), by analyzing the posttreatment color change (ΔE).

Methods: Thirty extracted human teeth were stained using a standardized tea solution and divided into three groups based on the whitening agent used. Each group was subdivided and treated with either 810 nm or 450 nm diode lasers. Color change was evaluated using a spectrophotometer at three stages: baseline (T0), post-staining (T1), and post-whitening (T2).

Results: All groups exhibited a decrease in ΔE post-whitening. Group 2B (20% CP+450 nm laser) showed the most significant improvement, with the highest ΔE reduction from T1 to T2 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: 450 nm diode laser in combination with 20% CP provided the most effective teeth whitening result. Laser wavelength significantly influenced the activation efficacy of teeth whitening agents.

Background: Prolonged digital device use is increasingly linked to ocular surface disorders, yet objective comparisons of tear film stability and meibomian gland function between users and nonusers remain limited.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 120 participants (60 digital device users: ≥4 hours/day; 60 nonusers: <1 hour/day). Tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer's test, meibomian gland expression (MGE) scoring, and meibography were performed. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and Chi-square tests (significance: P <0.05).

Results: Digital device users exhibited significantly lower TBUT (5.2 ± 1.8 vs. 8.5 ± 2.1 seconds, P < 0.001), reduced Schirmer's test results (10.3 ± 4.2 vs. 15.7 ± 5.1 mm, P < 0.001), higher MGE scores (5.8 ± 2.4 vs. 2.1 ± 1.5, P < 0.001), and greater meibomian gland dropout (2.1 ± 0.8 vs. 0.9 ± 0.6, P < 0.001). Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) prevalence was 68.3% in users versus 25.0% in nonusers (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Digital device use is associated with impaired tear film stability and meibomian gland function, indicating a higher risk of evaporative dry eye.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most common postoperative complications in pediatric abdominal surgeries. Understanding the incidence and risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and improved outcomes.

Materials and methods: A prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted over 18 months involving 600 pediatric patients (aged between one month and 14 years) undergoing abdominal surgeries. Data on patient demographics, surgical characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were collected and analyzed to identify SSI risk factors.

Results: The overall incidence of SSIs was 11.5%. Significant risk factors included contaminated surgical wounds (P < 0.001), operative duration > 2 h (P = 0.002), emergency surgery (P = 0.007), and presence of comorbidities such as malnutrition or immunosuppression (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: SSIs remain a significant burden in pediatric abdominal surgeries. Timely identification of modifiable risk factors can help reduce the incidence and improve patient outcomes.

Introduction: In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in research because of the changes that the extraction of premolars has caused to the structures surrounding of the upper airway. This is because it's thought that these therapies could have unforeseen detrimental effects on a patient's ability to breathe or put them at risk for diseases like obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Nevertheless, no research has looked into how the upper airway's dimensions are affected when a second premolar is extracted as part of orthodontic treatment.

Materials and methods: This retrospective study was carried out on the available Pre- and Post- orthodontic treatment records (Lateral cephalograms) in order to find the effect of upper and lower premolar extractions in orthodontic treatment, on the pharyngeal airway space. The statistical sample size was determined to be 80 patients whose radiographs were obtained from the archives of the Institution.

Results: Our study showed a significant increase in airway space where there was a loss in anchor and no or minimal change with maximum anchorage.

Conclusion: The findings in our study suggest that anchor loss after extraction significantly impacts PAS and skeletal parameters, potentially influencing airway dynamics and skeletal relationships. Further research is necessary to elucidate the medical implications of these changes and their long-term effects on patient outcomes in orthodontic treatment.

Background and objectives: The present study was conducted to study and associate the findings of imaging - ultrasound (USG), contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), and in some cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in acute pancreatitis (AP) at our institute.

Methods: An observational study was conducted for a duration of 18 months on 70 patients clinically diagnosed with AP. All patients underwent USG and CECT; MRI was performed in three cases.

Results: USG visualized the pancreas in 69 (98.57%) of cases and identified peripancreatic fluid in 56 (80%) and gallstones in 25 (35.71%). However, it failed to see the pancreas in one case due to bowel gases. CT visualized the pancreas in all cases and identified necrosis in 40 (57.14%) cases, peripancreatic fluid in 56 (80%), peripancreatic fat stranding in 53 (75.71%), pseudocysts in four (5.71%), ascites in 36 (51.43%), pleural effusion in 30 (42.86%), and hepatosplenomegaly in 28 (40%), but identified stones in only three (4.28%) cases. Significant association was seen between bulky pancreas on USG and CT (P < 0.0001). MRI/MRCP was conducted in three cases which showed features of AP and confirmed the findings of peripancreatic inflammation, with minimal peripancreatic fluid collection or minimal pleural effusion.

Conclusion: CT was the most reliable modality for assessing disease severity and local complications. USG proved to be a useful initial screening tool, especially for gallstone detection. MRI added value in selected patients.

Background and aim: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a debilitating premalignant condition affecting individuals across all age groups and both sexes. It is particularly prevalent in India and the South Asian subcontinent. Common clinical symptoms include reduced mouth opening and a burning sensation in the oral cavity.

Materials and methods: Study Design: Interventional Study Setting and Sample: This study was conducted at the outpatient department (OPD) of dental clinics and included patients clinically diagnosed with OSMF. A divider and scale were used to measure interincisal mouth opening at baseline and during follow-up intervals.

Results: Intragroup comparisons revealed a statistically significant improvement in mouth opening over the 45-day treatment period. Improvement from Day 1 to Day 15 was significant (P = 0.002), with continued progress from Day 15 to Day 30 (P = 0.003), and from Day 30 to Day 45 (P = 0.011). These findings suggest that the combination of lycopene and garlic was effective in enhancing mouth opening in OSMF patients over time.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated a significant improvement in mouth opening among OSMF patients treated with a 45-day regimen of lycopene capsules and garlic pearls. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of this antioxidant-based combination in the management of OSMF.

Background: Clear aligner therapy has become a preferred alternative to traditional fixed orthodontics due to its aesthetics and comfort. However, the slower rate of tooth movement remains a limitation. Incorporating built-in vibration technology within aligners is a recent innovation proposed to accelerate tooth movement by enhancing cellular activity and bone remodeling.

Materials and methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted involving 40 orthodontic patients aged 18-30 years requiring anterior teeth retraction. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A (n = 20) received conventional clear aligners, and Group B (n = 20) received aligners with built-in vibration features (frequency 30 Hz, 5 minutes/day usage). All participants underwent standardized treatment planning, and tooth movement was evaluated using digital models at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.

Results: The mean rate of tooth movement over 12 weeks was significantly higher in Group B (0.45 ± 0.08 mm/week) compared to Group A (0.29 ± 0.06 mm/week), with a P < 0.01. Group B also exhibited reduced overall treatment time by approximately 23%. No significant adverse effects or discomfort were reported in either group.

Conclusion: Aligners integrated with vibration features demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the rate of tooth movement compared to conventional aligners.

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a major cause of chronic liver disease, especially in obese individuals. Insulin resistance is a key pathophysiological mechanism linking obesity to NAFLD.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 240 obese adults (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) attending a tertiary care center. NAFLD was diagnosed using abdominal ultrasonography. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin, and lipid profiles were measured. Insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Statistical analysis included independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation, with P < 0.05 considered significant.

Results: The mean age was 44.2 ± 10.6 years, and 58.3% were women. NAFLD was diagnosed in 152 patients (63.3%). Patients with NAFLD had significantly higher BMI (34.7 ± 3.8 kg/m² vs. 32.5 ± 3.1 kg/m², P < 0.001), waist circumference (108.2 ± 9.5 cm vs. 102.6 ± 8.8 cm, P < 0.001), fasting insulin (18.6 ± 6.2 µIU/mL vs. 12.9 ± 4.7 µIU/mL, P < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (4.2 ± 1.6 vs. 2.8 ± 1.2, P < 0.001). A positive correlation was observed between HOMA-IR and hepatic steatosis grade (r = 0.61, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: NAFLD prevalence in obese patients was high and strongly associated with insulin resistance markers. Early screening and targeted lifestyle or pharmacological interventions are warranted to reduce metabolic and hepatic complications.

Background: An endodontic sealer creates a hermetic seal between the canal wall and core filling material which prevents regrowth of microorganism or apical or coronal leakage leading to reinfection. The most relevant prognostic factor for evaluation of the link between the sealer to the canal wall and the core material is push-out bond strength and it is considered an important property since it creates a fluid tight seal. It also provides resistance against dislocation of the root filling during tooth flexure and operative procedures.

Materials and methods: The materials used in the study are AH Plus sealer, Endosolv R, and Xylene. 90 mandibular premolars are obturated using an AH plus root canal sealer and retreatment is carried out using gutta percha solvents Endosolv R and Xylene. Specimens are grouped based on the used solvents and each group is subdivided based on irrigant activation technique. A 3-mm section of apical third is taken from the re-obturated specimens and push out bond strength is analyzed with universal testing machine.

Results: Analyzing the pushout bond strength of AH plus sealer after retreatment with 2 gutta percha solvents, it is found that AH Plus sealer has got highest pushout bond strength after using Endosolv R with ultrasonic irrigant activation.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that after 5 minutes, Endosolv-R was significantly more effective short-term gutta percha softener than xylene for the tested sealer-AH plus.

Background and objective: To compare the uptake of tea stain and the effectiveness of denture cleansers on computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing versus conventional acrylic dentures.

Materials and methods: This in vitro study used a total of 60 samples. Thirty samples from each group of CAD/CAM and conventional acrylic denture base samples. Then each group was divided into 3 subgroups of 10 samples. Each group was exposed to tea stains. After that, group A was exposed to water as the control group, group B to Corega, and group C to fittydent cleanser. Color measurements using a spectrophotometer were made at baseline, after tea staining, and then after immersion in the control group and denture cleansers. Statistical analysis involved t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results: Significant uptake of tea stain was seen in both types of denture bases. Corega denture cleanser showed better stain removal from both types of denture bases. CAD/CAM denture bases show significantly better stain removal when immersed in cleansers.

Conclusion: Alkaline peroxide-based denture cleansers are more effective in the removal of tea stain and CAD/CAM-based dentures, when immersed in cleansers, show better stain removal.