Hussein Abdulkadhim Hasan, Saad M. Mahdi, Hanaa Addai Ali
A new complexes of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) have been synthesized from the reaction of Azo-Schiff base ligand (L1) that was prepared by the condensation firstly of salicylaldehyde with ethylene diamine in a 1:2 molar ratio and the prepared imine compound (S1) reacted with 2,5-dichloro aniline, and were employed in the preparation of complexes containing the metal ions Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II). The structural characteristics of the synthesized compounds were investigated using UV-Vis, IR and NMR, molar conductance, elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. The results of the elemental analysis point to a 1:1 [M:L] stoichiometry. According to molar conductance studies, none of the prepared end products are electrolytic in nature. The complexes of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) may have square planer geometry, according to spectral investigations. Then Pd(II), Ni(II), and Pt(II) complexes were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against different types strains of Gram-negative [Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)] and positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923)] and showed good significant against these bacteria. The cytotoxic effect of the palladium complex on the prostatic malignant cell was examined via the PC3 cell line studied against normal cell WRL-68. The molecular docking of target microorganisms of these complexes will be studied by using MOE software. KEY WORDS: Salen ligand, Nickel(II), Palladium(II), Platinum(II), Complexes, bis azo-Schiff base Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 99-111. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.8
{"title":"Tetradentate azo Schiff base Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes: Synthesis, spectral properties, antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and docking studies","authors":"Hussein Abdulkadhim Hasan, Saad M. Mahdi, Hanaa Addai Ali","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"A new complexes of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) have been synthesized from the reaction of Azo-Schiff base ligand (L1) that was prepared by the condensation firstly of salicylaldehyde with ethylene diamine in a 1:2 molar ratio and the prepared imine compound (S1) reacted with 2,5-dichloro aniline, and were employed in the preparation of complexes containing the metal ions Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II). The structural characteristics of the synthesized compounds were investigated using UV-Vis, IR and NMR, molar conductance, elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. The results of the elemental analysis point to a 1:1 [M:L] stoichiometry. According to molar conductance studies, none of the prepared end products are electrolytic in nature. The complexes of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) may have square planer geometry, according to spectral investigations. Then Pd(II), Ni(II), and Pt(II) complexes were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against different types strains of Gram-negative [Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)] and positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923)] and showed good significant against these bacteria. The cytotoxic effect of the palladium complex on the prostatic malignant cell was examined via the PC3 cell line studied against normal cell WRL-68. The molecular docking of target microorganisms of these complexes will be studied by using MOE software. KEY WORDS: Salen ligand, Nickel(II), Palladium(II), Platinum(II), Complexes, bis azo-Schiff base Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 99-111. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.8","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139213117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Uma Rajalakshmi, C. Esaivani, T. Anantha Kumar, R. Mariselvam, G. Tamil Selvan, Zhen Zhang, Nouf M. Alyam, P. Mariselvi
The present study evaluated the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. plant extracts, and the effects of plant based iron oxide nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells were investigated to elucidate their impact on cellular morphology, mitochondrial function, and apoptotic pathways. Spermacoce ocymoides plant based iron oxide nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray diffraction, Atomic force microscopy, FTIR, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Iron oxide nanoparticle treatment caused considerable morphological alterations in A549 cells, including cell shrinkage, detachment, membrane blabbing, and distorted shape, consistent with cellular stress and potential apoptotic events. MMP analysis revealed a dose-dependent decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, implying that nanoparticles have an effect on mitochondrial function. The presence of reactive oxygen species suggested that oxidative stress was involved in the cellular response to iron oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, DNA fragmentation analysis confirmed the activation of apoptotic pathways, with the nanoparticles themselves serving as a positive control for inducing apoptosis. The observed morphological changes, altered mitochondrial function, ROS production, and DNA fragmentation collectively point towards apoptotic cell death pathways being triggered by the nanoparticles. KEY WORDS: Spermacoce ocymoides, Iron oxide nanoparticles, A549 cells, Apoptotic Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 123-134. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.10
{"title":"Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. plant extracts for targeted lung cancer A549 cell therapy","authors":"T. Uma Rajalakshmi, C. Esaivani, T. Anantha Kumar, R. Mariselvam, G. Tamil Selvan, Zhen Zhang, Nouf M. Alyam, P. Mariselvi","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The present study evaluated the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. plant extracts, and the effects of plant based iron oxide nanoparticles on A549 lung cancer cells were investigated to elucidate their impact on cellular morphology, mitochondrial function, and apoptotic pathways. Spermacoce ocymoides plant based iron oxide nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray diffraction, Atomic force microscopy, FTIR, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Iron oxide nanoparticle treatment caused considerable morphological alterations in A549 cells, including cell shrinkage, detachment, membrane blabbing, and distorted shape, consistent with cellular stress and potential apoptotic events. MMP analysis revealed a dose-dependent decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, implying that nanoparticles have an effect on mitochondrial function. The presence of reactive oxygen species suggested that oxidative stress was involved in the cellular response to iron oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, DNA fragmentation analysis confirmed the activation of apoptotic pathways, with the nanoparticles themselves serving as a positive control for inducing apoptosis. The observed morphological changes, altered mitochondrial function, ROS production, and DNA fragmentation collectively point towards apoptotic cell death pathways being triggered by the nanoparticles. KEY WORDS: Spermacoce ocymoides, Iron oxide nanoparticles, A549 cells, Apoptotic Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 123-134. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.10","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139214664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the present work was to prepare an activated carbon from new precursor Asphodelus microcarpus using KOH as an impregnating agent, in two steps and in the absence of nitrogen. Its preparation requires a pre-carbonization at 500 °C for 60 min in order to obtain the char. Then activation of the char is realized by using KOH using as activating agent variable impregnation ratio: char/activating agent. Calcination is then carried out at 750 °C and 850 °C for 1 hour without azote. The determination of the optimum conditions is carried out by measuring the iodine number and that of methylene blue. The characterization of the chosen product is carried out by the following techniques: BET, FTIR-ATR, SEM and DRX. Under optimum conditions with mass ratio 1:4 at 750 °C (the calcination temperature), the specific surface area is equal to 1025.75 m2.g-1 and we obtain micro-meso activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics of dye chosen agrees with the pseudo-second-order model, and it appears that Freundlich (two parameters model) and Redlich-Peterson (three parameters model) describe better the adsorption data. Error analysis also showed that the Freunlich model better described the adsorption of Eriochrome Black T compared with the three parameter models. KEY WORDS: Asphodelus microcarpus, Two-stage activation process, Chemical activation, Adsorption, Dye Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 199-212. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.15
本研究的目的是使用 KOH 作为浸渍剂，在无氮条件下分两步从新的前驱体 Asphodelus microcarpus 中制备活性炭。制备过程需要在 500 °C 下预碳化 60 分钟，以获得炭。然后使用 KOH 作为活化剂，以不同的浸渍比例（炭/活化剂）对炭进行活化。然后在 750 °C 和 850 °C 下煅烧 1 小时，不使用偶氮。通过测量碘值和亚甲基蓝的碘值来确定最佳条件。通过以下技术对所选产品进行表征：BET、FTIR-ATR、SEM 和 DRX。在 750 °C （煅烧温度）、质量比为 1:4 的最佳条件下，比表面积等于 1025.75 m2.g-1，我们得到了微米级活性炭。所选染料的吸附动力学符合伪二阶模型，Freundlich（二参数模型）和 Redlich-Peterson（三参数模型）似乎能更好地描述吸附数据。误差分析也表明，与三参数模型相比，Freundlich 模型能更好地描述褐变黑 T 的吸附情况。 关键词：Asphodelus microcarpus、两阶段活化过程、化学活化、吸附、染料 Bull.Chem.Soc.2024, 38(1), 199-212.DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.15
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from Asphodelus microcarpus in two steps","authors":"Ourred Mohammed, Kaid Mhamed, Merine Houaria","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.15","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present work was to prepare an activated carbon from new precursor Asphodelus microcarpus using KOH as an impregnating agent, in two steps and in the absence of nitrogen. Its preparation requires a pre-carbonization at 500 °C for 60 min in order to obtain the char. Then activation of the char is realized by using KOH using as activating agent variable impregnation ratio: char/activating agent. Calcination is then carried out at 750 °C and 850 °C for 1 hour without azote. The determination of the optimum conditions is carried out by measuring the iodine number and that of methylene blue. The characterization of the chosen product is carried out by the following techniques: BET, FTIR-ATR, SEM and DRX. Under optimum conditions with mass ratio 1:4 at 750 °C (the calcination temperature), the specific surface area is equal to 1025.75 m2.g-1 and we obtain micro-meso activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics of dye chosen agrees with the pseudo-second-order model, and it appears that Freundlich (two parameters model) and Redlich-Peterson (three parameters model) describe better the adsorption data. Error analysis also showed that the Freunlich model better described the adsorption of Eriochrome Black T compared with the three parameter models. KEY WORDS: Asphodelus microcarpus, Two-stage activation process, Chemical activation, Adsorption, Dye Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 199-212. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.15","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139209448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zi-Hang Zou, Ning Tan, Emmanuel N. Nfor, Zhao-Xi Wang
Two new cadmium(II) coordination polymers [Cd(HL)(H2O)]·1.5H2O (1) and [Cd(HL)(4-bpmp)0.5]·2H2O (2) (H3L = 4,4'-phosphinicobis-dibenzoic acid, and 4-bpmp = N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) have been synthesized by self-assembly of CdCl2 with 4,4'-phosphinicobis-dibenzoate, and N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine through solvothermal/hydrothermal method. Their structures were confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction, infrared spectrometer (IR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and TGA techniques. Both compounds are in Pī space group and exhibited a 2D networks constructed from dinuclear [Cd2(POO)2] or paddle-wheel [Cd2(COO)2(POO)2] units, respectively. In 2, the Cd2+ is five-coordinated and shows a rare tetragonal pyramidal geometry. At room temperature, the compounds exhibit moderately intense blue and green fluorescence emission with peaks at 381 nm and 509 nm, respectively. KEY WORDS: Cadmium(II) compounds, Photoluminescence, Carboxyphosphinate ligand Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 85-98. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.7
{"title":"Assembly of two luminescent cadmium(II) 4,4'-phosphini Co-dibenzoate coordination polymers","authors":"Zi-Hang Zou, Ning Tan, Emmanuel N. Nfor, Zhao-Xi Wang","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Two new cadmium(II) coordination polymers [Cd(HL)(H2O)]·1.5H2O (1) and [Cd(HL)(4-bpmp)0.5]·2H2O (2) (H3L = 4,4'-phosphinicobis-dibenzoic acid, and 4-bpmp = N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) have been synthesized by self-assembly of CdCl2 with 4,4'-phosphinicobis-dibenzoate, and N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine through solvothermal/hydrothermal method. Their structures were confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction, infrared spectrometer (IR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and TGA techniques. Both compounds are in Pī space group and exhibited a 2D networks constructed from dinuclear [Cd2(POO)2] or paddle-wheel [Cd2(COO)2(POO)2] units, respectively. In 2, the Cd2+ is five-coordinated and shows a rare tetragonal pyramidal geometry. At room temperature, the compounds exhibit moderately intense blue and green fluorescence emission with peaks at 381 nm and 509 nm, respectively. KEY WORDS: Cadmium(II) compounds, Photoluminescence, Carboxyphosphinate ligand Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 85-98. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.7","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139209985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two HPLC methods were developed for the determination of torasemide in pharmaceutical products. In the first method, a C18 column whose temperature was kept constant at 25 °C was used. A combination of 0.1% formic acid solution in water and acetonitrile (50/50, v/v) was used as the mobile phase, and isocratic elution was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Detection was carried out at 288 nm using the UV detector. Although all other conditions are the same as in the first method, the only difference in the second method is that ethanol is used instead of acetonitrile as the organic modifier in the mobile phase. HPLC methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 in the concentration range of 5-30 mg mL-1. Later, HPLC methods were applied to pharmaceutical formulations. Results were compared using the student (t) test for means and the Fischer (F) test for standard deviations. No significant differences were observed between methods. Additionally, a greenness evaluation of the developed methods was carried out using AGREE software. As a result, the latter method was proposed as an excellent eco-friendly alternative for the determination of torasemide in pharmaceuticals. KEY WORDS: Green HPLC, Analytical method, Torasemide, Pharmaceuticals Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 11-25. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.2
{"title":"A green HPLC method for the determination of torasemide in pharmaceutical dosage forms: Development, validation, and greenness assessment","authors":"Erten Akbel, I. Bulduk, Süleyman Gökçe","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Two HPLC methods were developed for the determination of torasemide in pharmaceutical products. In the first method, a C18 column whose temperature was kept constant at 25 °C was used. A combination of 0.1% formic acid solution in water and acetonitrile (50/50, v/v) was used as the mobile phase, and isocratic elution was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Detection was carried out at 288 nm using the UV detector. Although all other conditions are the same as in the first method, the only difference in the second method is that ethanol is used instead of acetonitrile as the organic modifier in the mobile phase. HPLC methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 in the concentration range of 5-30 mg mL-1. Later, HPLC methods were applied to pharmaceutical formulations. Results were compared using the student (t) test for means and the Fischer (F) test for standard deviations. No significant differences were observed between methods. Additionally, a greenness evaluation of the developed methods was carried out using AGREE software. As a result, the latter method was proposed as an excellent eco-friendly alternative for the determination of torasemide in pharmaceuticals. KEY WORDS: Green HPLC, Analytical method, Torasemide, Pharmaceuticals Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 11-25. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.2","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139211296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. J. Golden, Renjith Nimal, D. F. Melvin, K. Balasubramanian, J. Sunil
This work uses the sonochemical method to represent synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4) and analysed using different techniques. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) examinations of the synthesized nanoparticles confirmed their cubic structure and average crystallite size of 21.3 nm. The spherical surface shape and presence of components with a particle size of 25.3 nm were revealed. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods analysed the Co3O4 coated plates' surface characteristics, including roughness and topographical ideas. An aqueous electrolyte medium (6 M KOH) was used to investigate the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Co3O4-coated plates. According to the Tafel plot, coating Zn plates with a high surface area and mesoporous Co3O4 in KOH electrolytes greatly reduced the corrosion of the plates. The coated plates are thermally treated up to 600℃. The temperature-dependent anticorrosive properties of Co3O4 NPs are evaluated. KEY WORDS: Co3O4, Zn plate, Tafel plot, Linear sweep voltammetry, Anti-corrosive performance, Nanoindentation Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 241-253. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.18
{"title":"Evaluation of improved corrosion resistance of Zn alloy as electrode material by Co3O4 coatings","authors":"R. J. Golden, Renjith Nimal, D. F. Melvin, K. Balasubramanian, J. Sunil","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.18","url":null,"abstract":"This work uses the sonochemical method to represent synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4) and analysed using different techniques. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) examinations of the synthesized nanoparticles confirmed their cubic structure and average crystallite size of 21.3 nm. The spherical surface shape and presence of components with a particle size of 25.3 nm were revealed. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods analysed the Co3O4 coated plates' surface characteristics, including roughness and topographical ideas. An aqueous electrolyte medium (6 M KOH) was used to investigate the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Co3O4-coated plates. According to the Tafel plot, coating Zn plates with a high surface area and mesoporous Co3O4 in KOH electrolytes greatly reduced the corrosion of the plates. The coated plates are thermally treated up to 600℃. The temperature-dependent anticorrosive properties of Co3O4 NPs are evaluated. KEY WORDS: Co3O4, Zn plate, Tafel plot, Linear sweep voltammetry, Anti-corrosive performance, Nanoindentation Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 241-253. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.18","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139212483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dolphene Okoth, Stephen Otieno, Francis Kiema, David Onyango, C. Kowenje
Bio-ethanol is a promising renewable energy but its production is expensive from high cost of feedstocks. In this study, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stalk juice was investigated for bio-ethanol production. Most reports on bio-ethanol productions use commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae as yeast. However, this study used finger millet (Eleusine coracana) malt with already high adaptation to local conditions and high economic viability as it is being utilized by the indigenous communities. Five sweet sorghum varieties of IESV-92001-DL (V1), NTJ (V2), 15233-IESV (V3), 92008-DJ (V4) and IESV-92028-DL (V5) were planted at 0°3'45.4644" North, 34°17'16.1052" South, in Kenya. °Brix content of juice was determined at 11th to 16th weeks after sowing. Highest °Brix for all varieties were at 15th week where V1 was highest at 22.07. V1 was then harvested for the juice. Factors affecting fermentation; temperature, time, pH and yeast to substrate ratio were optimized using Taguchi method and were obtained as 30 ℃, 48 hours, pH 5 and 5 g/L, respectively. Kinetics parameters of Vmax and Km were 0.35 g/L/h and 12.56 g/L, respectively. The optimized and kinetic parameters were within literature values and therefore finger millet malt has a great potential, as a substitute yeast source, in commercial bio-ethanol production. KEY WORDS: Bio-ethanol, Sweet sorghum juice, Taguchi method Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 55-67. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.5
{"title":"Optimization of parameters for bio-ethanol production from sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stalk juice and finger millet malt using Taguchi method","authors":"Dolphene Okoth, Stephen Otieno, Francis Kiema, David Onyango, C. Kowenje","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-ethanol is a promising renewable energy but its production is expensive from high cost of feedstocks. In this study, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stalk juice was investigated for bio-ethanol production. Most reports on bio-ethanol productions use commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae as yeast. However, this study used finger millet (Eleusine coracana) malt with already high adaptation to local conditions and high economic viability as it is being utilized by the indigenous communities. Five sweet sorghum varieties of IESV-92001-DL (V1), NTJ (V2), 15233-IESV (V3), 92008-DJ (V4) and IESV-92028-DL (V5) were planted at 0°3'45.4644\" North, 34°17'16.1052\" South, in Kenya. °Brix content of juice was determined at 11th to 16th weeks after sowing. Highest °Brix for all varieties were at 15th week where V1 was highest at 22.07. V1 was then harvested for the juice. Factors affecting fermentation; temperature, time, pH and yeast to substrate ratio were optimized using Taguchi method and were obtained as 30 ℃, 48 hours, pH 5 and 5 g/L, respectively. Kinetics parameters of Vmax and Km were 0.35 g/L/h and 12.56 g/L, respectively. The optimized and kinetic parameters were within literature values and therefore finger millet malt has a great potential, as a substitute yeast source, in commercial bio-ethanol production. KEY WORDS: Bio-ethanol, Sweet sorghum juice, Taguchi method Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 55-67. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.5","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139214518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new bis amide N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(3-nitrobenzamide) benzamide was synthesized from a ring-opening reaction of 2-(3-nitrophenyl)-4H-benzoxazin-4-one, with 4-methyl aniline in a shorten reaction time (1.0 min) and characterized using different spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the crystal lattice, the molecules are linked by N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds. The Hirshfeld surface analysis mapped over shape index, curvedness indices, dnorm revealed strong H...H and H...O/O...H and intermolecular connections a key contributors to crystal packing structure. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied with B3LYP/6-311G(d) level to provide theoretical data along with HOMO-LUMO electronic energy with the MEP map. KEY WORDS: Benzamide, Crystal structure, DFT calculation, Hirshfeld surface Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 229-239. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.17
{"title":"Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT calculation and Hirshfeld surface analysis of N-(4-methyl phenyl)-2-(3-nitro-benzamido) benzamide","authors":"Mzgin Mohammed Ayoob, Farouq Emam Hawaiz","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.17","url":null,"abstract":"A new bis amide N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(3-nitrobenzamide) benzamide was synthesized from a ring-opening reaction of 2-(3-nitrophenyl)-4H-benzoxazin-4-one, with 4-methyl aniline in a shorten reaction time (1.0 min) and characterized using different spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the crystal lattice, the molecules are linked by N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds. The Hirshfeld surface analysis mapped over shape index, curvedness indices, dnorm revealed strong H...H and H...O/O...H and intermolecular connections a key contributors to crystal packing structure. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied with B3LYP/6-311G(d) level to provide theoretical data along with HOMO-LUMO electronic energy with the MEP map. KEY WORDS: Benzamide, Crystal structure, DFT calculation, Hirshfeld surface Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 229-239. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.17","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139209831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yilma Hunde Gonfa, Mesfin Getachew Tadesse, Samuel Abicho Kabeto, Fekade Beshah Tessema, Archana Bachheti, Kundan Kumar Chaubey, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti
The focus of this research was to synthesize biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the essential oil of the aerial part of Cyclospermum leptophyllum (CLEO) and investigate their colorimetric determination of metallic ions. In the synthesis of CLEO mediated AgNPs (CLEO-AgNPs), the one-factor-at-a-time method was used to optimize the reaction parameters. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) peak of CLEO-AgNPs was determined at 426 nm. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis identified the functional groups participating in the bio-reducing, capping, and stabilizing processes in the CLEO-AgNPs synthesis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image demonstrated the predominately spherical shape and the average size of 70.86+1.80 nm of CLEO-AgNPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) peak profile depicted the presence of Ag elements in CLEO-AgNPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks observed at 38.5°, 44°, 65°, and 77° which represent Ag(111), Ag(200), Ag(220), and Ag(311) lattice faces, respectively. The average zeta nanosize, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of CLEO-AgNPs were determined as 69.70 nm, -43.5 mV, and 0.256, respectively. The stability test exhibited the prolonged storage stability of CLEO-AgNPs for over six months at room temperature. CLEO-AgNPs demonstrated the potential colorimetric detection of K+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cr6+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ ions in the real samples. KEY WORDS: Cyclospermum leptophyllum, Essential oil, Biogenic silver nanoparticles, Bio-reductants, Colorimetric detection Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 213-228. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.16
{"title":"Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using essential oil of aerial part of cyclospermum leptophyllum and their application in colorimetric determination of metallic ions","authors":"Yilma Hunde Gonfa, Mesfin Getachew Tadesse, Samuel Abicho Kabeto, Fekade Beshah Tessema, Archana Bachheti, Kundan Kumar Chaubey, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.16","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this research was to synthesize biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the essential oil of the aerial part of Cyclospermum leptophyllum (CLEO) and investigate their colorimetric determination of metallic ions. In the synthesis of CLEO mediated AgNPs (CLEO-AgNPs), the one-factor-at-a-time method was used to optimize the reaction parameters. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) peak of CLEO-AgNPs was determined at 426 nm. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis identified the functional groups participating in the bio-reducing, capping, and stabilizing processes in the CLEO-AgNPs synthesis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image demonstrated the predominately spherical shape and the average size of 70.86+1.80 nm of CLEO-AgNPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) peak profile depicted the presence of Ag elements in CLEO-AgNPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks observed at 38.5°, 44°, 65°, and 77° which represent Ag(111), Ag(200), Ag(220), and Ag(311) lattice faces, respectively. The average zeta nanosize, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of CLEO-AgNPs were determined as 69.70 nm, -43.5 mV, and 0.256, respectively. The stability test exhibited the prolonged storage stability of CLEO-AgNPs for over six months at room temperature. CLEO-AgNPs demonstrated the potential colorimetric detection of K+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cr6+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ ions in the real samples. KEY WORDS: Cyclospermum leptophyllum, Essential oil, Biogenic silver nanoparticles, Bio-reductants, Colorimetric detection Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 213-228. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.16","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139212591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rima Ayad, R. Ayad, Latifa Zineddine, Nour El Houda Berghida
The main purpose of this study was to determine the proximate composition and physicochemical properties of Algerian wild green carob collected from three separate locations in Jijel province (northeast of Algeria), as well as to investigate its antioxidant potency. The results showed that the three samples were substantially comparable in terms of proximate compositions and physicochemical attributes. They have an acidic pH range and a very low fat content. In terms of phytochemical properties, Texenna green pods had the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and flavonols, with concentrations of 87.10 ± 0.07 μg GAE/mg DM, 4.90 ± 0.06 μg QE/mg DM, and 37.0 ± 0.19 μg QE/mg DM, respectively. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extracts was determined using the phosphomolybdate method and found to be 154.62 µg AAE/mg DM. These promising findings revealed that unripe Ceratonia siliqua L. from the Texenna region is a rich source of natural antioxidants that could be employed more broadly in functional food formulations. KEY WORDS: Ceratonia siliqua L., Unripe pods, Proximate composition, Physicochemical properties, Bioactive compounds, Antioxidant potency Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 187-198. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.14
{"title":"Algerian wild green carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.): Physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potency","authors":"Rima Ayad, R. Ayad, Latifa Zineddine, Nour El Houda Berghida","doi":"10.4314/bcse.v38i1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.14","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this study was to determine the proximate composition and physicochemical properties of Algerian wild green carob collected from three separate locations in Jijel province (northeast of Algeria), as well as to investigate its antioxidant potency. The results showed that the three samples were substantially comparable in terms of proximate compositions and physicochemical attributes. They have an acidic pH range and a very low fat content. In terms of phytochemical properties, Texenna green pods had the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and flavonols, with concentrations of 87.10 ± 0.07 μg GAE/mg DM, 4.90 ± 0.06 μg QE/mg DM, and 37.0 ± 0.19 μg QE/mg DM, respectively. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extracts was determined using the phosphomolybdate method and found to be 154.62 µg AAE/mg DM. These promising findings revealed that unripe Ceratonia siliqua L. from the Texenna region is a rich source of natural antioxidants that could be employed more broadly in functional food formulations. KEY WORDS: Ceratonia siliqua L., Unripe pods, Proximate composition, Physicochemical properties, Bioactive compounds, Antioxidant potency Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 187-198. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.14","PeriodicalId":9501,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139214091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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