One of the major environmental problems caused by stainless-steel industries is the liquid effluents generated during the production processes. It contains a high concentration of metal ions such as Fe (III), Cr (III), Cr (VI), and Ni (II) in HF and HNO3 mixture, oil, and rinse wastewater. The used pickling waste stream has a pH of 0.5, and Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) of 520g/L with a density of 1.20g/CC. The present work focused on the recycling of pickling effluent by applying a combination of filtration, resins, and neutralization for the efficient removal of metal ions and F- greater than 99.5%. Laboratory experiments were performed using micro and ultra-filters with a membrane area of 0.2m2 for the removal of TDS. Cr (VI) was removed using TulsionFSMP 6301 resin and desorption using NaNO3 and subsequent conversion into Na2Cr2O7 as a by-product. For neutralization, Ca(OH)2, NaOH were used to precipitate metal ions and the resulting filtrate was polished using ZrOCl2 for effective removal of F- to 0.12 mg/L. The nitrate was recovered as NaNO3. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were utilised for Cr (VI) from experimental data and a process flow diagram is developed, which can eventually be tested on a larger scale.
{"title":"A resins-neutralization coupled route for the treatment of stainless-steel pickling effluent: A research study","authors":"L.S. Bhadrinarayanan, C. Anand Babu","doi":"10.2298/ciceq221023007b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq221023007b","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major environmental problems caused by stainless-steel industries is the liquid effluents generated during the production processes. It contains a high concentration of metal ions such as Fe (III), Cr (III), Cr (VI), and Ni (II) in HF and HNO3 mixture, oil, and rinse wastewater. The used pickling waste stream has a pH of 0.5, and Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) of 520g/L with a density of 1.20g/CC. The present work focused on the recycling of pickling effluent by applying a combination of filtration, resins, and neutralization for the efficient removal of metal ions and F- greater than 99.5%. Laboratory experiments were performed using micro and ultra-filters with a membrane area of 0.2m2 for the removal of TDS. Cr (VI) was removed using TulsionFSMP 6301 resin and desorption using NaNO3 and subsequent conversion into Na2Cr2O7 as a by-product. For neutralization, Ca(OH)2, NaOH were used to precipitate metal ions and the resulting filtrate was polished using ZrOCl2 for effective removal of F- to 0.12 mg/L. The nitrate was recovered as NaNO3. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were utilised for Cr (VI) from experimental data and a process flow diagram is developed, which can eventually be tested on a larger scale.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This present work is aimed to optimize the machining parameters and study the effect of powder mixed dielectric fluid on EDM process. TOPSIS method of optimization is adopted to identify the optimal machining parameters. HCHCr die steel is preferred as machining material. Ni, Zr and Ni+Zr were selected as powder inclusion in dielectric fluid due to hard and ductile nature. L9 array Taguchi DOE is preferred to perform the experiments with parameters like peak off time, pulse off time and pulse current. TOPSIS study revealed that, third level of powder dielectric fluid (Ni+Zr), 7A peak current, 9 ?s pulse on time and 2 ?s pulse off time were specified as optimal condition. Pulse on time (Ton) was having high impact on MRR and Ra while performing machining operation on HCHCr die steel. SEM analysis was done to find the effect of powder mixed dielectric fluid while EDAX analysis was done to ensure the presence of powder inclusion.
{"title":"Optimization and effect of dielectric fluid with Zr and Ni on electrical discharge machining of die steel material","authors":"Srinivasan Appadurai, Saravanan Ganesan, Viswanathan Rangasamy, Karthikeyan Kanakasabapathi","doi":"10.2298/ciceq221215005a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq221215005a","url":null,"abstract":"This present work is aimed to optimize the machining parameters and study the effect of powder mixed dielectric fluid on EDM process. TOPSIS method of optimization is adopted to identify the optimal machining parameters. HCHCr die steel is preferred as machining material. Ni, Zr and Ni+Zr were selected as powder inclusion in dielectric fluid due to hard and ductile nature. L9 array Taguchi DOE is preferred to perform the experiments with parameters like peak off time, pulse off time and pulse current. TOPSIS study revealed that, third level of powder dielectric fluid (Ni+Zr), 7A peak current, 9 ?s pulse on time and 2 ?s pulse off time were specified as optimal condition. Pulse on time (Ton) was having high impact on MRR and Ra while performing machining operation on HCHCr die steel. SEM analysis was done to find the effect of powder mixed dielectric fluid while EDAX analysis was done to ensure the presence of powder inclusion.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several transition metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co) were inserted into the Ti-SBA-15 using two-step synthesis methods. XRD, SEM-EDX, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRF, and UV-DRS analysis were used for characterizations. The results confirm the preservation of an ordered mesoporous structure and well-dispersed Ti-metal, and enhanced the absorption of light compared with Ti-SBA-15. The photocatalytic performances were evaluated in the degradation of methylene blue under UV light. The results show that the Co-Ti-SBA-15 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity among the prepared photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue. The significant activity increase might be attributed to the increased reactant adsorption by the mesoporous structure of SBA-15, the good distribution of TiO2 in the pores of SBA-15, and the increased electron transfer mobility due to metal doping. In addition to efficiency, Co-Ti-SBA-15 is a suitable catalyst for dye degradation, exhibiting good stability in methylene blue degradation over five photocatalytic runs without any deviation of the structure.
{"title":"The effect of metal-titania interaction on photodegradation in SBA-15-supported metal-titania photocatalysts","authors":"S. Göl, Elif Akbay","doi":"10.2298/ciceq221017001g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq221017001g","url":null,"abstract":"Several transition metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co) were inserted into the Ti-SBA-15 using two-step synthesis methods. XRD, SEM-EDX, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRF, and UV-DRS analysis were used for characterizations. The results confirm the preservation of an ordered mesoporous structure and well-dispersed Ti-metal, and enhanced the absorption of light compared with Ti-SBA-15. The photocatalytic performances were evaluated in the degradation of methylene blue under UV light. The results show that the Co-Ti-SBA-15 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity among the prepared photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue. The significant activity increase might be attributed to the increased reactant adsorption by the mesoporous structure of SBA-15, the good distribution of TiO2 in the pores of SBA-15, and the increased electron transfer mobility due to metal doping. In addition to efficiency, Co-Ti-SBA-15 is a suitable catalyst for dye degradation, exhibiting good stability in methylene blue degradation over five photocatalytic runs without any deviation of the structure.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Doder, D. Djakovic, B. Stepanov, Nikola Milivojevic
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different regimes of immersion batch frying of peanuts on its specific energy consumption. The investigation was conducted via simulation, where energy consumption was calculated using various heat power / peanut mass ratios. As the result of the applied optimization procedure within the examined domain and calculation data, it estimated that regime where 24 kW of heating power and 28.6 kg of peanuts were involved gave the minimum specific energy consumption. Besides that, the resulting surface could serve as a basis for designing and operating the frying equipment in more favorable regimes in terms of energy efficiency.
{"title":"Optimization of energy consumption during immersion frying of peanuts","authors":"D. Doder, D. Djakovic, B. Stepanov, Nikola Milivojevic","doi":"10.2298/ciceq230116018d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq230116018d","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different regimes of immersion batch frying of peanuts on its specific energy consumption. The investigation was conducted via simulation, where energy consumption was calculated using various heat power / peanut mass ratios. As the result of the applied optimization procedure within the examined domain and calculation data, it estimated that regime where 24 kW of heating power and 28.6 kg of peanuts were involved gave the minimum specific energy consumption. Besides that, the resulting surface could serve as a basis for designing and operating the frying equipment in more favorable regimes in terms of energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To design and operate various equipment of the solids control system in offshore drilling platforms, it is important to establish how the moisture content influences the characteristics of drilled cuttings to form packed beds and flow over solid surfaces. The current study provides a comprehensive analysis of how moisture content, primarily composed of water and representing Water-based muds (WBMs), influences the properties of bed packing and flowability of drilled cuttings. The particle aggregation/disaggregation dynamics, loose and tapped bulk densities and porosities, compaction dynamics of packed beds, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose of drilled cuttings with ten distinct moisture contents (1.4-44.0 wt%) were analyzed. It was noticed that the increment of moisture content up to 15.2% promoted the formation of looser interparticle structures. However, these structures were steadier, showing greater difficulty to flow and release air/liquid. The continuous increment of moisture content beyond 15.2%, promoted a complete change in the material behavior. The interparticle structures became denser. The material could flow and release air/liquid more easily. In addition, it was possible to establish a classification of the different behaviors of drilled cuttings according to the moisture content. Predictive models were proposed to describe the influence of the moisture content on the bed packing and flowability properties of drilled cuttings.
{"title":"The influence of moisture content on drilled cuttings’ properties of bed packing and flowability","authors":"H. Altino, G. Lourenço, C. Ataíde, C. Duarte","doi":"10.2298/ciceq230424023a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq230424023a","url":null,"abstract":"To design and operate various equipment of the solids control system in offshore drilling platforms, it is important to establish how the moisture content influences the characteristics of drilled cuttings to form packed beds and flow over solid surfaces. The current study provides a comprehensive analysis of how moisture content, primarily composed of water and representing Water-based muds (WBMs), influences the properties of bed packing and flowability of drilled cuttings. The particle aggregation/disaggregation dynamics, loose and tapped bulk densities and porosities, compaction dynamics of packed beds, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose of drilled cuttings with ten distinct moisture contents (1.4-44.0 wt%) were analyzed. It was noticed that the increment of moisture content up to 15.2% promoted the formation of looser interparticle structures. However, these structures were steadier, showing greater difficulty to flow and release air/liquid. The continuous increment of moisture content beyond 15.2%, promoted a complete change in the material behavior. The interparticle structures became denser. The material could flow and release air/liquid more easily. In addition, it was possible to establish a classification of the different behaviors of drilled cuttings according to the moisture content. Predictive models were proposed to describe the influence of the moisture content on the bed packing and flowability properties of drilled cuttings.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fertilizer coatings are seen as mandatory to protect the physical quality of fertilizer granules and they continue to be developed due to compliance with novel fertilizer types and most importantly with future regulations in environment and animal-plant health. As known, the bio-based contents are sustainable and eco-friendly compared to petroleum-based materials. However, there are common many types of coatings composed of unsustainable, costly and can be ecologically toxic contents such as paraffine or mineral oil. In this article, a comparative research study is presented to provide eco-friendly anticaking coatings composed of lignosulfonate-modified biopolymer and vegetable waxes instead of the conventional coatings. The main purpose of this research is to find out the alternative ingredients instead of a petroleum-derivatives in the conventional coatings. According to the results, anticaking coating containing lignosulfonate modified biopolymer showed improvements on granule structure of calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer and showed the best anticaking performance compared to other coating types. Vegetable-based coatings, on the other hand, gave results in appropriate intervals, especially at low concentrations, and showed a valuable way to develop better versions in future studies. As a result, it is seen that biopolymers can replace paraffin-based products.
{"title":"Eco-friendly coatings composed of lignosulfonate-modified biopolymer and vegetable waxes for nitrogenous fertilizers","authors":"Aysu Kayalıoğlu","doi":"10.2298/ciceq230214019k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq230214019k","url":null,"abstract":"Fertilizer coatings are seen as mandatory to protect the physical quality of fertilizer granules and they continue to be developed due to compliance with novel fertilizer types and most importantly with future regulations in environment and animal-plant health. As known, the bio-based contents are sustainable and eco-friendly compared to petroleum-based materials. However, there are common many types of coatings composed of unsustainable, costly and can be ecologically toxic contents such as paraffine or mineral oil. In this article, a comparative research study is presented to provide eco-friendly anticaking coatings composed of lignosulfonate-modified biopolymer and vegetable waxes instead of the conventional coatings. The main purpose of this research is to find out the alternative ingredients instead of a petroleum-derivatives in the conventional coatings. According to the results, anticaking coating containing lignosulfonate modified biopolymer showed improvements on granule structure of calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer and showed the best anticaking performance compared to other coating types. Vegetable-based coatings, on the other hand, gave results in appropriate intervals, especially at low concentrations, and showed a valuable way to develop better versions in future studies. As a result, it is seen that biopolymers can replace paraffin-based products.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cumene is used as precursor for production of many organic chemicals and as thinner in paints & lacquers. Its production process involves one of the large-scale manufacturing processes with complex kinetics. Different classical control strategies have been implemented and compared for the cumene reactor in this process. As a system with large degrees of freedom a novel approach for extracting the state space model from the COMSOL Multiphysics implementation of the system is adopted here. Internal Modern Control (IMC) based PI and PID controllers are derived for the system. To derive the controller setting the system is reduced to the FOPDT and SOPDT model structure using Skogestad half rules. The integral time is modified to obtain the excellent set point tracking and faster disturbance rejection. From the analysis it can be stated that PI controller suits more for this specific process. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, an evolutionary computation technique is also used to tune the PI settings. The PI controllers with IMC, Zeigler Nichols and PSO tuning are compared and it can be concluded that PSO PI controller settles at 45s without any oscillations and settles down faster for the disturbance of magnitude 0.5 applied at t=800s, through it is computationally intensive compared to other controller strategies.
{"title":"Internal model control of cumene process using analytical rules and evolutionary computation","authors":"Vinila Mundakkal Lakshmanan, Aparna Kallingal, Sreepriya Sreekumar","doi":"10.2298/ciceq220711014m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq220711014m","url":null,"abstract":"Cumene is used as precursor for production of many organic chemicals and as thinner in paints & lacquers. Its production process involves one of the large-scale manufacturing processes with complex kinetics. Different classical control strategies have been implemented and compared for the cumene reactor in this process. As a system with large degrees of freedom a novel approach for extracting the state space model from the COMSOL Multiphysics implementation of the system is adopted here. Internal Modern Control (IMC) based PI and PID controllers are derived for the system. To derive the controller setting the system is reduced to the FOPDT and SOPDT model structure using Skogestad half rules. The integral time is modified to obtain the excellent set point tracking and faster disturbance rejection. From the analysis it can be stated that PI controller suits more for this specific process. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, an evolutionary computation technique is also used to tune the PI settings. The PI controllers with IMC, Zeigler Nichols and PSO tuning are compared and it can be concluded that PSO PI controller settles at 45s without any oscillations and settles down faster for the disturbance of magnitude 0.5 applied at t=800s, through it is computationally intensive compared to other controller strategies.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68462895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jasim I. Humadi, M. Shihab, Ghazwan S. Ahmed, Mustafa A. Ahmed, Zeyad Abdullah, Shankar Sehgal
In the present paper, a gamma alumina (?-Al2O3) loaded zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-catalyst (ZnO/?-Al2O3) has been synthesized and used to accelerate the removal of sulfur compounds from light gas oil by oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process. The synthesized nano-catalysts have been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The ODS process has been conducted in batch reactor at various reaction temperatures and batch times varying between 30 to 90?C and 20 to 80 min respectively. DBT removal was highest (93.781%) while using synthesized nano-catalyst (9% ZnO/?-Al2O3) at 90?C and 80 min reaction time. A new mathematical modeling technique has been then performed for the ODS operation under mild experimental conditions in order to evaluate the most appropriate kinetic variables for the new synthesized nano-catalysts based on the obtained experimental data. Simulation results indicate a high good match with experimental observations with less than 5% absolute average error for all runs. The optimization procedure of the process condition displays that > 98% DBT could be eliminated within 200 min, at 87?C in the existence of synthesized nano-catalyst (9% ZnO/?-Al2O3).
{"title":"Process modeling and kinetic estimation for desulfurization of diesel fuel using nano - ZnO/Al2O3","authors":"Jasim I. Humadi, M. Shihab, Ghazwan S. Ahmed, Mustafa A. Ahmed, Zeyad Abdullah, Shankar Sehgal","doi":"10.2298/ciceq230208020h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq230208020h","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, a gamma alumina (?-Al2O3) loaded zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-catalyst (ZnO/?-Al2O3) has been synthesized and used to accelerate the removal of sulfur compounds from light gas oil by oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process. The synthesized nano-catalysts have been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The ODS process has been conducted in batch reactor at various reaction temperatures and batch times varying between 30 to 90?C and 20 to 80 min respectively. DBT removal was highest (93.781%) while using synthesized nano-catalyst (9% ZnO/?-Al2O3) at 90?C and 80 min reaction time. A new mathematical modeling technique has been then performed for the ODS operation under mild experimental conditions in order to evaluate the most appropriate kinetic variables for the new synthesized nano-catalysts based on the obtained experimental data. Simulation results indicate a high good match with experimental observations with less than 5% absolute average error for all runs. The optimization procedure of the process condition displays that > 98% DBT could be eliminated within 200 min, at 87?C in the existence of synthesized nano-catalyst (9% ZnO/?-Al2O3).","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Tambun, Dwita Burmana, B. Haryanto, V. Alexander
This study aims to examine the operating pressure effect on the manufacture of biodiesel from Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate (PKFAD) by using para-Toluene Sulfonic Acid (PTSA) catalyst. The operating pressures studied are the vacuum pressures of 70 kPa, 80 kPa, 90 kPa, and 100 kPa, which varied with PTSA concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and the molar ratios of methanol and PKFAD are 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1. Biodiesel production from PKFAD is carried out with reaction duration of 120 minutes and reaction temperature at 50 0C. The amounts of fatty acids converted to biodiesel are calculated based on the initial acid number and the acid number after the esterification reaction. The results obtained show that a vacuum pressure of 70 kPa to 100 kPa provides a conversion above 96% for all catalyst concentrations and all molar ratios of methanol and PKFAD. The highest conversion of PKFAD to biodiesel of 98.6% is obtained at an operating pressure of 80 kPa, a catalyst concentration of 25%, and the molar ratio of methanol and PKFAD is 10:1. The biodiesel characteristics obtained in this study have met the standards of the American Society for Testing Materials.
{"title":"The effect of vacuum process on biodiesel production from Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate","authors":"R. Tambun, Dwita Burmana, B. Haryanto, V. Alexander","doi":"10.2298/ciceq221026012t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq221026012t","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine the operating pressure effect on the manufacture of biodiesel from Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate (PKFAD) by using para-Toluene Sulfonic Acid (PTSA) catalyst. The operating pressures studied are the vacuum pressures of 70 kPa, 80 kPa, 90 kPa, and 100 kPa, which varied with PTSA concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and the molar ratios of methanol and PKFAD are 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1. Biodiesel production from PKFAD is carried out with reaction duration of 120 minutes and reaction temperature at 50 0C. The amounts of fatty acids converted to biodiesel are calculated based on the initial acid number and the acid number after the esterification reaction. The results obtained show that a vacuum pressure of 70 kPa to 100 kPa provides a conversion above 96% for all catalyst concentrations and all molar ratios of methanol and PKFAD. The highest conversion of PKFAD to biodiesel of 98.6% is obtained at an operating pressure of 80 kPa, a catalyst concentration of 25%, and the molar ratio of methanol and PKFAD is 10:1. The biodiesel characteristics obtained in this study have met the standards of the American Society for Testing Materials.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Wahyuningsih, Muslimah Muslimah, Yusnawati Yusnawati
The various purification methods have been developed to improve the quality local salt, the NaCl content > 94%. Bentonite is one of materials used as binder impurities in purification. The purpose of the study was to synthesis a modified bentonite using alkaline solution, which includes natrium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) with various concentrations (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 M) and determined level of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ metals using AAS. The bentonite and activating agent 1 M (1:10) were stirred for three hours. Then, the bentonite was dried for two hours in an oven at 110?C. The activated bentonite was dried for four hours at 170?C. The activated bentonite was characterized using analytical techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The basal spacing d001 on the diffractogram bentonite was significantly unaffected by alkaline activation. FTIR analysis represents the stretching vibration of -OH shifts towards a lower wavenumber. Alkaline activation reduced impurities from bentonite and increase the pore surface's porosity. NaCl levels in people's salt increased after being activated using alkaline. The increase in Na+ levels was followed by decrease content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ metals. KOH-activated bentonite had a higher NaCl level than NaOH-activated bentonite.
{"title":"Purification local salt in Aceh Timur regency using alkaline (KOH and NaOH) activated bentonite","authors":"P. Wahyuningsih, Muslimah Muslimah, Yusnawati Yusnawati","doi":"10.2298/ciceq220922008w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ciceq220922008w","url":null,"abstract":"The various purification methods have been developed to improve the quality local salt, the NaCl content > 94%. Bentonite is one of materials used as binder impurities in purification. The purpose of the study was to synthesis a modified bentonite using alkaline solution, which includes natrium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) with various concentrations (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 M) and determined level of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ metals using AAS. The bentonite and activating agent 1 M (1:10) were stirred for three hours. Then, the bentonite was dried for two hours in an oven at 110?C. The activated bentonite was dried for four hours at 170?C. The activated bentonite was characterized using analytical techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The basal spacing d001 on the diffractogram bentonite was significantly unaffected by alkaline activation. FTIR analysis represents the stretching vibration of -OH shifts towards a lower wavenumber. Alkaline activation reduced impurities from bentonite and increase the pore surface's porosity. NaCl levels in people's salt increased after being activated using alkaline. The increase in Na+ levels was followed by decrease content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ metals. KOH-activated bentonite had a higher NaCl level than NaOH-activated bentonite.","PeriodicalId":9716,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68463273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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