Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203143h
Marianna Hudcovičová
The article deals with the topic of the common European heritage in the English phraseology. When speaking about the European heritage, we speak about culture, history, traditions, ceremonies shared in the European continent. Subject to analysis in phraseology are quotations of well-known persons, books, works, myths and traditions of international origin that we share in Europe. Acculturation of people is related with the concept of native culture of each person. To know the culture of the homeland is enevitable for understanding the culture of other nations. Moreover, the article deals with connections between culture and the language because they influence each other. After analysing proverbs and sayings of the Slovak and English language, it can be postulated that in most cases their target language for the Slovak as well as the English was Latin language. The existence of cross-linguistic absolute equivalents can result from the fact that idioms or in general, phraseologisms, including paremiological units, come from the same source and are cross-linguistically or even internationally shared, usually as translation loans or calques, which is also a case of some English and Slovak phraseologisms. Absolute equivalents are based on the identical imagery, symbolisms, and literally or almost literally corresponding lexical components of their basic forms.
{"title":"ENHANCING ACCULTURATION VIA PHRASEOLOGY","authors":"Marianna Hudcovičová","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203143h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203143h","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the topic of the common European heritage in the English phraseology. When speaking about the European heritage, we speak about culture, history, traditions, ceremonies shared in the European continent. Subject to analysis in phraseology are quotations of well-known persons, books, works, myths and traditions of international origin that we share in Europe. Acculturation of people is related with the concept of native culture of each person. To know the culture of the homeland is enevitable for understanding the culture of other nations. Moreover, the article deals with connections between culture and the language because they influence each other. After analysing proverbs and sayings of the Slovak and English language, it can be postulated that in most cases their target language for the Slovak as well as the English was Latin language. The existence of cross-linguistic absolute equivalents can result from the fact that idioms or in general, phraseologisms, including paremiological units, come from the same source and are cross-linguistically or even internationally shared, usually as translation loans or calques, which is also a case of some English and Slovak phraseologisms. Absolute equivalents are based on the identical imagery, symbolisms, and literally or almost literally corresponding lexical components of their basic forms.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135722680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203105m
Branko Mladenovski
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the most important points that describe the international financial system as the framework that governs financial flows from movements of capital, goods and services. The international financial system encompasses financial markets and everything and everybody ranging from central banks to individual investors, with every possible variation of financial intermediary in the middle. Through analysis of source literature and contemporary body of research, the paper provides historical context of the evolution of the financial system, going from fixed to floating rates, and ultimately ending with managed floats. Moreover, it provides a synopsis how the system is working out exchange rates, and how it facilitates trade, investment, and financing, both short-term in the money markets or long-term in the capital markets. In this last iteration of the system, despite plentiful examples of financial crisis that have happened over the decades, most notably the Great Recession of 2008 and the Covid-19 pandemic induced crises, all financial markets have seen growth in volumes of trades and profits over the long-run. However, humanity is now faced with exceptionally tense geopolitical realignments and shifts in economic might among the economies that follow the USA. Before the US-China trade war, China was galloping toward reaching the top spot while Russia was banking heavily on Europe’s thirst for fossil fuels. What form will the international financial system ultimately take is uncertain, but worth pondering nonetheless. As long as the system remains rules-based in its essence, reforms are welcome.
{"title":"INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM AND CAPITAL MARKETS: A BRIEF OVERVIEW","authors":"Branko Mladenovski","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203105m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203105m","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to summarize the most important points that describe the international financial system as the framework that governs financial flows from movements of capital, goods and services. The international financial system encompasses financial markets and everything and everybody ranging from central banks to individual investors, with every possible variation of financial intermediary in the middle. Through analysis of source literature and contemporary body of research, the paper provides historical context of the evolution of the financial system, going from fixed to floating rates, and ultimately ending with managed floats. Moreover, it provides a synopsis how the system is working out exchange rates, and how it facilitates trade, investment, and financing, both short-term in the money markets or long-term in the capital markets. In this last iteration of the system, despite plentiful examples of financial crisis that have happened over the decades, most notably the Great Recession of 2008 and the Covid-19 pandemic induced crises, all financial markets have seen growth in volumes of trades and profits over the long-run. However, humanity is now faced with exceptionally tense geopolitical realignments and shifts in economic might among the economies that follow the USA. Before the US-China trade war, China was galloping toward reaching the top spot while Russia was banking heavily on Europe’s thirst for fossil fuels. What form will the international financial system ultimately take is uncertain, but worth pondering nonetheless. As long as the system remains rules-based in its essence, reforms are welcome.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203009i
Rositsa Ivanova
This publication highlights the methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue. It consistently presents an analysis of the deviation of production net sales revenue for the current period versus the previous period. This deviation is subject to the influence of three direct factors: 1) Changes in the natural volume of sold products. 2) Changes in the product range structure of sold products. 3) Changes in the net sales price of products. The impact of these direct factors may be established both in absolute and in relative terms. For this purpose, the author uses different elements of the method of the financial and business analysis: methods of comparison, adjustment of indicators, subsequent substitution, index method, etc. Analysis is made for the dynamics of production net sales revenue for more years in a row, by identifying both their average dynamics and the variation for the whole period of time. To this end, the author has used the dispersion analysis. The object of this article refers to the production net sales revenue with regard to the sales profitability and the enterprise’s level of business risk. The object of study is explained through the methodology for analysis, which is the subject matter of the study presented in the article. The author’s objective is to suggest improved methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue, profitability of sales and level of business risk for the enterprise. The author presents her vision being well aware that the methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue with regard to their effectiveness (sales profitability) and the level of business risk may be successfully used in the business practice for the management of enterprises and their business both in operating and in strategic aspect. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the following research tasks have been defined: 1) To carry out analysis of the dynamics of production net sales revenue for the analysed time period. 2) To analyse the average annual dynamics of production net sales revenue for the analysed period of 4 years. 3) To carry out analysis of the variation of production net sales revenue. 4) To analyse the sales profitability.
{"title":"A METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION NET SALES REVENUE WITH REGARD TO THE SALES PROFITABILITY AND THE ENTERPRISE’S LEVEL OF BUSINESS RISK","authors":"Rositsa Ivanova","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203009i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203009i","url":null,"abstract":"This publication highlights the methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue. It consistently presents an analysis of the deviation of production net sales revenue for the current period versus the previous period. This deviation is subject to the influence of three direct factors: 1) Changes in the natural volume of sold products. 2) Changes in the product range structure of sold products. 3) Changes in the net sales price of products. The impact of these direct factors may be established both in absolute and in relative terms. For this purpose, the author uses different elements of the method of the financial and business analysis: methods of comparison, adjustment of indicators, subsequent substitution, index method, etc. Analysis is made for the dynamics of production net sales revenue for more years in a row, by identifying both their average dynamics and the variation for the whole period of time. To this end, the author has used the dispersion analysis. The object of this article refers to the production net sales revenue with regard to the sales profitability and the enterprise’s level of business risk. The object of study is explained through the methodology for analysis, which is the subject matter of the study presented in the article. The author’s objective is to suggest improved methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue, profitability of sales and level of business risk for the enterprise. The author presents her vision being well aware that the methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue with regard to their effectiveness (sales profitability) and the level of business risk may be successfully used in the business practice for the management of enterprises and their business both in operating and in strategic aspect. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the following research tasks have been defined: 1) To carry out analysis of the dynamics of production net sales revenue for the analysed time period. 2) To analyse the average annual dynamics of production net sales revenue for the analysed period of 4 years. 3) To carry out analysis of the variation of production net sales revenue. 4) To analyse the sales profitability.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203075p
Snežana P. Perišić, Vesna Lj. Minić
This paper analyzes quality standards for didactic design of textbooks, using the example of readers for the third grade, published by Klett, before and after curriculum changes resulting from the alteration of legal frameworks defined by the Regulation on the Curriculum for the Third Grade of Primary Education: 5/2019-6, 1/2020-1, 6/2020-1. By means of content analysis, the reader published by Klett and used in teaching until the 2020/21 school year will be analyzed, as well as the reader approved for use in accordance with the new recommendations, serving as a Serbian Language textbook in the Republic of Serbia from the 2020/21 school year. The analysis of the quality standards for didactic design of textbooks has been carried out according to the general quality standards for textbooks (Ivić et al., 2009) and legislative regulations (Law on Textbooks, Official Gazette RS, Educational Gazette 68/2015, 27/2018–13, and the Regulation on Quality Standards for Textbooks and Guidelines for Their Use, Official Gazette RS, Educational Gazette: 42/2016-11, 45/2018–40), which define the quality framework for textbooks and textbook sets. This analysis is conducted using the example of the fable “The Tortoise and the Hare” by Aesop, which is part of the curriculum. A comparative analysis of the realization of standards within the domain of didactic design will provide insight into the alignment of curriculum requirements and textbooks, both the previous and newly approved ones, using the fable as an example. Additionally, it will examine the encountered qualitative didactic adequacy of the reader as a component of the textbook set. This paper will highlight possibilities for enhancing the existing didactic-methodological apparatus that accompanies the fable, aiming to expedite the process of educational interpretation of the work.
本文以Klett出版的《小学三年级课程条例:5/2019-6、1/2020-1、6/2020-1》所定义的法律框架发生变化而导致课程变化前后的教材教学设计质量标准为例进行了分析。通过内容分析，将分析由Klett出版并在2020/21学年之前用于教学的读物，以及根据新建议批准使用的读物，从2020/21学年开始作为塞尔维亚共和国的塞尔维亚语教科书。教科书教学设计质量标准的分析是根据教科书一般质量标准(iviki et al.， 2009)和立法法规(教科书法，官方公报RS，教育公报68/2015,27/2018-13，教科书质量标准及其使用指南条例，官方公报RS，教育公报:42/2016- 11,45 /2018 - 40)进行的，这些法规定义了教科书和教材集的质量框架。本文以课程中的伊索寓言《龟兔赛跑》为例进行分析。对教学设计领域内标准实现的比较分析将提供对课程要求和教科书(包括以前的和新批准的)的一致性的洞察，以寓言为例。此外，它将检查读者遇到的定性教学充分性作为教材集的一个组成部分。本文将强调加强现有的伴随寓言的教学方法装置的可能性，旨在加快对工作的教育解释过程。
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF QUALITY STANDARDS FOR DIDACTIC DESIGN OF TEXTBOOKS USING THE EXAMPLE OF A FABLE IN THIRD GRADE PRIMARY SCHOOL READERS","authors":"Snežana P. Perišić, Vesna Lj. Minić","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203075p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203075p","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes quality standards for didactic design of textbooks, using the example of readers for the third grade, published by Klett, before and after curriculum changes resulting from the alteration of legal frameworks defined by the Regulation on the Curriculum for the Third Grade of Primary Education: 5/2019-6, 1/2020-1, 6/2020-1. By means of content analysis, the reader published by Klett and used in teaching until the 2020/21 school year will be analyzed, as well as the reader approved for use in accordance with the new recommendations, serving as a Serbian Language textbook in the Republic of Serbia from the 2020/21 school year. The analysis of the quality standards for didactic design of textbooks has been carried out according to the general quality standards for textbooks (Ivić et al., 2009) and legislative regulations (Law on Textbooks, Official Gazette RS, Educational Gazette 68/2015, 27/2018–13, and the Regulation on Quality Standards for Textbooks and Guidelines for Their Use, Official Gazette RS, Educational Gazette: 42/2016-11, 45/2018–40), which define the quality framework for textbooks and textbook sets. This analysis is conducted using the example of the fable “The Tortoise and the Hare” by Aesop, which is part of the curriculum. A comparative analysis of the realization of standards within the domain of didactic design will provide insight into the alignment of curriculum requirements and textbooks, both the previous and newly approved ones, using the fable as an example. Additionally, it will examine the encountered qualitative didactic adequacy of the reader as a component of the textbook set. This paper will highlight possibilities for enhancing the existing didactic-methodological apparatus that accompanies the fable, aiming to expedite the process of educational interpretation of the work.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203137a
Gergana Avramova-Todorova
Walking tourism, among the most attractive manners to observe a destination and satisfy the growing demand of visitors for outdoor activities, allows tourists to interact closely with local nature, people, tradition, culture, and heritage. Walking tourism needs low investments and can be developed anywhere. The impacts of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health contribute to the accelerated development of this form of tourism. By better understanding users, it is more likely to develop a product or service that works for them. Despite the efforts of urban areas to become greener and more attractive (Callaghan et al., 2021), rural areas have unique and pristine natural resources that cannot be created artificially. In addition, life in the village is still traditional, peaceful, and easy, customs are respected, and the cultural heritage has been preserved from the influence of the modern, high-tech age and global market trends (Štetić & Šimičević, 2017). When developing a nature tourism product, the focal question is related to real user needs. Such as the lack of information about user needs accounts for 35% of total reasons for start-ups’ failures (CBInsights, 2021), this logic can also easily apply to tourism destinations. To learn about user needs, the starting point is to research users and their motivations, triggers, and context for using the product or service. Considering the impact of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health, countryside walking tourism (CWT), with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism. Properly developed and managed, walking tourism brings social-economic benefits to destinations and gains a significant place in regional sustainable development (Milojković et al., 2023a). CWT, with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism (Milojković et al., 2023b). Understanding users and their needs-based CWT management reduces the risk of expensive failures, ensures timely delivery, sets up and manages a team to design, build, and maintain a product or service, and opens space for innovations. The research purpose is to perceive users of the countryside walking tours and their needs during those tours. Among the general scientific methods, the statistical method and the hypothetico-deductive method were used. The research data were collected using the questionnaire-based survey technique and processed by SPSS. The general results indicated that the management of CWT should target meeting user needs for visiting hidden and original places with a local guide, consuming and buying authentic food and drinks, and raising awareness and building communicative capacities of the local population. The research contribution is to improve the management of rural tourism destinations based on understanding users and their needs for countryside walking tours.
徒步旅游是观赏目的地和满足游客日益增长的户外活动需求的最具吸引力的方式之一，它使游客能够与当地的自然、人民、传统、文化和遗产密切互动。徒步旅游投资少，可以在任何地方开发。绿色空间对人们身心健康的影响促进了这种旅游形式的加速发展。通过更好地了解用户，它更有可能开发出适合他们的产品或服务。尽管城市地区努力变得更加绿色和更具吸引力(Callaghan et al.， 2021)，但农村地区拥有独特而原始的自然资源，无法人为创造。此外，村里的生活仍然是传统的、和平的、轻松的，习俗受到尊重，文化遗产受到现代、高科技时代和全球市场趋势的影响(Štetić &Šimič增强型植被指数ć,2017)。在开发自然旅游产品时，重点问题是与实际用户需求有关。例如，缺乏用户需求的信息占初创企业失败的总原因的35% (CBInsights, 2021)，这一逻辑也很容易适用于旅游目的地。要了解用户需求，首先要研究用户及其使用产品或服务的动机、触发因素和环境。考虑到绿地对人们身心健康的影响，乡村徒步旅游是一种发展迅速的乡村旅游形式，以村庄为旅游活动的支点。如果开发和管理得当，徒步旅游给目的地带来社会经济效益，在区域可持续发展中占有重要地位(milojkoviki et al.， 2023a)。CWT是一种发展迅速的乡村旅游形式，以村庄为旅游活动的支点(milojkoviki et al.， 2023b)。了解用户及其基于需求的CWT管理可以降低昂贵的故障风险，确保及时交付，建立和管理团队来设计、构建和维护产品或服务，并为创新开辟空间。研究的目的是了解乡村徒步旅游的使用者及其在旅游过程中的需求。在一般的科学方法中，使用了统计方法和假设演绎法。研究数据采用问卷调查法收集，SPSS软件处理。总体结果表明，CWT的管理应以满足用户在当地导游的带领下参观隐蔽和原始的地方、消费和购买正宗的食物和饮料、提高当地人口的意识和建立沟通能力为目标。研究的贡献在于通过对乡村徒步旅游用户及其需求的了解，改善乡村旅游目的地的管理。
{"title":"THE WIMMELBOOK – ARTISTIC PERCEPTION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AESTHETIC IMPACT THROUGH FINE ART ACTIVITIES IN THE PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS","authors":"Gergana Avramova-Todorova","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203137a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203137a","url":null,"abstract":"Walking tourism, among the most attractive manners to observe a destination and satisfy the growing demand of visitors for outdoor activities, allows tourists to interact closely with local nature, people, tradition, culture, and heritage. Walking tourism needs low investments and can be developed anywhere. The impacts of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health contribute to the accelerated development of this form of tourism. By better understanding users, it is more likely to develop a product or service that works for them. Despite the efforts of urban areas to become greener and more attractive (Callaghan et al., 2021), rural areas have unique and pristine natural resources that cannot be created artificially. In addition, life in the village is still traditional, peaceful, and easy, customs are respected, and the cultural heritage has been preserved from the influence of the modern, high-tech age and global market trends (Štetić & Šimičević, 2017). When developing a nature tourism product, the focal question is related to real user needs. Such as the lack of information about user needs accounts for 35% of total reasons for start-ups’ failures (CBInsights, 2021), this logic can also easily apply to tourism destinations. To learn about user needs, the starting point is to research users and their motivations, triggers, and context for using the product or service. Considering the impact of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health, countryside walking tourism (CWT), with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism. Properly developed and managed, walking tourism brings social-economic benefits to destinations and gains a significant place in regional sustainable development (Milojković et al., 2023a). CWT, with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism (Milojković et al., 2023b). Understanding users and their needs-based CWT management reduces the risk of expensive failures, ensures timely delivery, sets up and manages a team to design, build, and maintain a product or service, and opens space for innovations. The research purpose is to perceive users of the countryside walking tours and their needs during those tours. Among the general scientific methods, the statistical method and the hypothetico-deductive method were used. The research data were collected using the questionnaire-based survey technique and processed by SPSS. The general results indicated that the management of CWT should target meeting user needs for visiting hidden and original places with a local guide, consuming and buying authentic food and drinks, and raising awareness and building communicative capacities of the local population. The research contribution is to improve the management of rural tourism destinations based on understanding users and their needs for countryside walking tours.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135722684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203097d
Miljana Đurčević Cucić
Since 2004, the European Union’s (EU) transformation and integration potential has been evident and limited. An unusual pattern of perceived threats and challenges precluded the EU’s enlargement. One country from the Western Balkans’ (WB) fold was found suitable over the last ten years to join the EU. The rest of the WB are still queuing in front of the gates of the EU family. The purpose of this paper is to assess how recent changes in the international arena, including suffering on Ukraine’s soil and providing candidate status for Ukraine at the same time, affected the EU “red lines” in the enlargement process, together with the lessons learned from the considerable enlargement in 2004. Does the EU enlargement policy as primarily part of the EU foreign policy still have the effect of a “screwdriver,” or has it eventually become a “hammer” of hard power and force by hitting suddenly foreign policy problems that look like nails (Kagan, 2003), as it seems in Ukraine’s example? Did the Lisbon Treaty bring profound transformation to enlargement policy, and is it still one of the EU’s successful stories? This article aims to answer these questions. The assessment method is based on the International practice theory approach and Christian Bueger’s and Frank Gadinger’s definition and determinants of practice known as the Commitments of International Practice Theory (relying on elements of practice defined by Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot). This approach judges whether or not the EU is a global actor that fulfills all inquiries of creating international practice from the enlargement policy. Based on the results, it is confirmed that the EU is a worldwide actor surviving in times of global transformations and that the enlargement policy is a valuable international practice. However, changes in the conditionality policy in the EU accession process could lead to several scenarios, and one of them is the loss of interest in some of the candidate countries, which could cause perceiving the enlargement policy as a dysfunctional transformation in the future.
{"title":"THE EUROPEAN UNION’S ENLARGEMENT POLICY CHANGES IN THE LAST DECADE – A SUCCESSFUL INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE OR DYSFUNCTIONAL TRANSFORMATION?","authors":"Miljana Đurčević Cucić","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203097d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203097d","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2004, the European Union’s (EU) transformation and integration potential has been evident and limited. An unusual pattern of perceived threats and challenges precluded the EU’s enlargement. One country from the Western Balkans’ (WB) fold was found suitable over the last ten years to join the EU. The rest of the WB are still queuing in front of the gates of the EU family. The purpose of this paper is to assess how recent changes in the international arena, including suffering on Ukraine’s soil and providing candidate status for Ukraine at the same time, affected the EU “red lines” in the enlargement process, together with the lessons learned from the considerable enlargement in 2004. Does the EU enlargement policy as primarily part of the EU foreign policy still have the effect of a “screwdriver,” or has it eventually become a “hammer” of hard power and force by hitting suddenly foreign policy problems that look like nails (Kagan, 2003), as it seems in Ukraine’s example? Did the Lisbon Treaty bring profound transformation to enlargement policy, and is it still one of the EU’s successful stories? This article aims to answer these questions. The assessment method is based on the International practice theory approach and Christian Bueger’s and Frank Gadinger’s definition and determinants of practice known as the Commitments of International Practice Theory (relying on elements of practice defined by Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot). This approach judges whether or not the EU is a global actor that fulfills all inquiries of creating international practice from the enlargement policy. Based on the results, it is confirmed that the EU is a worldwide actor surviving in times of global transformations and that the enlargement policy is a valuable international practice. However, changes in the conditionality policy in the EU accession process could lead to several scenarios, and one of them is the loss of interest in some of the candidate countries, which could cause perceiving the enlargement policy as a dysfunctional transformation in the future.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203147v
Marta Vejseli
On June 29, 2023, the judgment concerning the case C-211/22, Super Bock v. Portuguese Competition Authority, was released by the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”). This judgment delivers a comprehensive review of fundamental competition law principles pertaining to vertical agreements. In this judgement was examined the business approach of Super Bock, a manufacturing Portuguese company. The preliminary ruling emphasizes to the court referring the case the vital distinction between hardcore restrictions as defined by the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) and competition-constraining practices falling within the purview of Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Furthermore, the ruling clarifies the expansive scope of the term “agreement” according to Article 101(1) of the TFEU, while also highlighting the array of (both direct and indirect) evidence that can substantiate the identification of an agreement. In alignment with established legal precedents, ECJ reinforces the principle that an agreement encompassing nearly the entire geographical expanse, though not entirely exhaustive, of a Member State can still impact the inter-member trade. Vertical agreements involve relationships between entities at various levels of the supply chain, such as manufacturers and distributors. The key aspects addressed in this judgment have direct relevance to how manufacturers interact with their distribution networks and set pricing policies, which in turn can affect market dynamics and competition within the manufacturing industry. The Super Bock v. Portuguese Competition Authority judgment serves as a pivotal milestone in clarifying the legal framework governing vertical agreements in the European Union. Its comprehensive analysis of competition law principles provides valuable guidance to businesses operating within the EU, ensuring a more transparent and predictable regulatory environment for vertical agreements and, consequently, fostering healthy competition in the market. The ECJ confirmed for the first time the established EU law principles regarding vertical price-fixing agreements. It emphasizes that an agreement should not rigidly be classified by actions without considering the broader context. Although deviating from stricter framework centered on the primary purpose and severe restrictions may complicate the application of the law, this ruling encourages a more thoughtful evaluation of vertical agreements and their overlap with competition law.
2023年6月29日，欧洲法院(“ECJ”)发布了关于C-211/22, Super Bock诉葡萄牙竞争管理局一案的判决。本判决对与垂直协议有关的基本竞争法原则进行了全面审查。在这一判断中，审查了葡萄牙制造公司Super Bock的商业方法。初步裁决向提交案件的法院强调了垂直区块豁免条例(VBER)定义的核心限制与属于《欧洲联盟运作条约》(TFEU)第101(1)条范围内的竞争限制做法之间的重要区别。此外，该裁决根据TFEU第101(1)条澄清了“协议”一词的广泛范围，同时也强调了可以证实协议的一系列(直接和间接)证据。与现有的法律先例一致，欧洲法院强调了一项原则，即一项协议几乎涵盖了一个成员国的整个地理范围，尽管不是完全详尽的，但仍然可以影响成员国之间的贸易。垂直协议涉及供应链上不同层次的实体之间的关系，例如制造商和分销商。本判决中涉及的关键方面与制造商如何与其分销网络互动和制定定价政策直接相关，这反过来又会影响制造业的市场动态和竞争。超级银行诉葡萄牙竞争管理局的判决是澄清欧盟纵向协议法律框架的关键里程碑。它对竞争法原则的全面分析为在欧盟内经营的企业提供了宝贵的指导，确保垂直协议的监管环境更加透明和可预测，从而促进市场的健康竞争。欧洲法院首次确认了有关垂直价格垄断协议的既定欧盟法律原则。它强调，不应在不考虑更广泛背景的情况下，将协议严格地按行动分类。尽管偏离以主要目的为中心的更严格的框架和严格的限制可能使法律的适用复杂化，但这一裁决鼓励对垂直协议及其与竞争法的重叠进行更深思熟虑的评估。
{"title":"ANTICOMPETITIVE PRICE FIXING IN DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENTS – ECJ C-211/22, SUPER BOCK V. PORTUGUESE COMPETITION AUTHORITY","authors":"Marta Vejseli","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203147v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203147v","url":null,"abstract":"On June 29, 2023, the judgment concerning the case C-211/22, Super Bock v. Portuguese Competition Authority, was released by the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”). This judgment delivers a comprehensive review of fundamental competition law principles pertaining to vertical agreements. In this judgement was examined the business approach of Super Bock, a manufacturing Portuguese company. The preliminary ruling emphasizes to the court referring the case the vital distinction between hardcore restrictions as defined by the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) and competition-constraining practices falling within the purview of Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Furthermore, the ruling clarifies the expansive scope of the term “agreement” according to Article 101(1) of the TFEU, while also highlighting the array of (both direct and indirect) evidence that can substantiate the identification of an agreement. In alignment with established legal precedents, ECJ reinforces the principle that an agreement encompassing nearly the entire geographical expanse, though not entirely exhaustive, of a Member State can still impact the inter-member trade. Vertical agreements involve relationships between entities at various levels of the supply chain, such as manufacturers and distributors. The key aspects addressed in this judgment have direct relevance to how manufacturers interact with their distribution networks and set pricing policies, which in turn can affect market dynamics and competition within the manufacturing industry. The Super Bock v. Portuguese Competition Authority judgment serves as a pivotal milestone in clarifying the legal framework governing vertical agreements in the European Union. Its comprehensive analysis of competition law principles provides valuable guidance to businesses operating within the EU, ensuring a more transparent and predictable regulatory environment for vertical agreements and, consequently, fostering healthy competition in the market. The ECJ confirmed for the first time the established EU law principles regarding vertical price-fixing agreements. It emphasizes that an agreement should not rigidly be classified by actions without considering the broader context. Although deviating from stricter framework centered on the primary purpose and severe restrictions may complicate the application of the law, this ruling encourages a more thoughtful evaluation of vertical agreements and their overlap with competition law.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135722681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203157k
Saša Kukolj, Nemanja Deretić, Alen Kamiš
The quality of work life and motivation are essential for the success of companies. Research into these topics provides insights for improving the conditions and motivation of workers. The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors that most influence the quality of work life and motivation within a team of an IT company, to determine whether there are significant differences in the perception of the quality of work life and motivation among different groups of employees and how the working conditions and motivation of employees can be improved. The research sample was purposive sampling, employees in an IT company in the Republic of Serbia (n = 70). The research results show that investing in modern infrastructure, support for career development and continuous learning, as well as providing a mentorship program, can be key factors in achieving a successful work environment that stimulates and satisfies employees.
{"title":"RESEARCH ON THE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AND EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN IT COMPANY","authors":"Saša Kukolj, Nemanja Deretić, Alen Kamiš","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203157k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203157k","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of work life and motivation are essential for the success of companies. Research into these topics provides insights for improving the conditions and motivation of workers. The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors that most influence the quality of work life and motivation within a team of an IT company, to determine whether there are significant differences in the perception of the quality of work life and motivation among different groups of employees and how the working conditions and motivation of employees can be improved. The research sample was purposive sampling, employees in an IT company in the Republic of Serbia (n = 70). The research results show that investing in modern infrastructure, support for career development and continuous learning, as well as providing a mentorship program, can be key factors in achieving a successful work environment that stimulates and satisfies employees.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203165a
Laureta Alili
Discrimination is considered any unjustifiable difference or non-equal treatment - exclusion, limitation or advantage directed against certain individuals or groups, as well as family members or other persons closely related to them, whether openly or covertly, on the basis gender, skin color, nationality, ancestry, national or ethnic origin, language, religious or political beliefs, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, property status or other factors. The purpose of non-discrimination legislation is to give everyone an equitable chance to take advantage of opportunities that are available in a society. This paper aims to explore the application of non-discrimination in international law within the context of the Republic of North Macedonia. The Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) is discussed in the paper as an example of how the idea has been used domestically. The purpose of this study is to construct a framework for the idea of non-discrimination and to bridge disparate conceptions of it to establish a range of contexts. The principles of equality and non-discrimination as part of rule of law and the paper’s specific objectives include identifying non-discrimination law organizations, the background of various statutes, and other facets of this law like The Republic of North Macedonia’s legal system and policy. The purpose of this study will be to examine the non-discrimination in international law, specifically within the context of North Macedonia, which serves the broader purpose of promoting human rights, equality, and social justice within the country and providing valuable insights for similar efforts globally. It helps assess the state’s commitment to upholding non-discrimination principles and identifies areas for improvement to ensure that the rights of all individuals are protected and respected. As a conclusion, we will reaffirm a few of the recommendations given in order to encourage the Republic of North Macedonia’s dedication to equality and non-discrimination.
{"title":"NONDISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA","authors":"Laureta Alili","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203165a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203165a","url":null,"abstract":"Discrimination is considered any unjustifiable difference or non-equal treatment - exclusion, limitation or advantage directed against certain individuals or groups, as well as family members or other persons closely related to them, whether openly or covertly, on the basis gender, skin color, nationality, ancestry, national or ethnic origin, language, religious or political beliefs, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, property status or other factors. The purpose of non-discrimination legislation is to give everyone an equitable chance to take advantage of opportunities that are available in a society. This paper aims to explore the application of non-discrimination in international law within the context of the Republic of North Macedonia. The Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) is discussed in the paper as an example of how the idea has been used domestically. The purpose of this study is to construct a framework for the idea of non-discrimination and to bridge disparate conceptions of it to establish a range of contexts. The principles of equality and non-discrimination as part of rule of law and the paper’s specific objectives include identifying non-discrimination law organizations, the background of various statutes, and other facets of this law like The Republic of North Macedonia’s legal system and policy. The purpose of this study will be to examine the non-discrimination in international law, specifically within the context of North Macedonia, which serves the broader purpose of promoting human rights, equality, and social justice within the country and providing valuable insights for similar efforts globally. It helps assess the state’s commitment to upholding non-discrimination principles and identifies areas for improvement to ensure that the rights of all individuals are protected and respected. As a conclusion, we will reaffirm a few of the recommendations given in order to encourage the Republic of North Macedonia’s dedication to equality and non-discrimination.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203113t
Nataša Tančić, Jelena Đermanov
The current reform processes of modern school systems have been going on for decades with the aim of implementing inclusive education. Accordingly, modern pedeutological research in recent decades has focused on the study and modeling of the system of professional development of teachers. A professional development teacher represents a long-term and consistent process of developing teacher awareness of what he does, why he does it, but also identifies mechanisms by which he can improve his work and himself personally (Hargreaves & Fullan, 1992; Day, 1999; Kostović, 2003). In this continuous process of development, from primary education and throughout the working life, professional development is a way through which teachers improve their work, progress and expand their roles in the modern school. Professional development in work is seen as a complex, continuous process of acquisition, enrichment and systematic adoption of new knowledge, skills and necessities necessary for the realization of increasingly complex teaching roles. The aim of this paper is to look at the dominant characteristics of professional development (teacher preferences, diversity and representation of certain forms of professional development) from the perspective of teachers themselves. The sample consists of 265 primary school teachers in the Republic of Serbia, Vojvodina province. A questionnaire was constructed for the needs of the research. The results of research on the parameter of participation and experience with numerous forms of professional development show that most teachers have experience with each of the forms of professional development defined by the Rulebook on Continuing Professional Development and Advancement as Teachers, Educators and Professional Associates in the Republic of Serbia (Sl. Glasnik RS, No. 48/2018). The ranking of the prevalence of forms of professional development of teachers in the sample shows that the most common forms are: participation in current school projects and seminars. In assessing the usefulness of certain forms of professional development, all forms are generally highly rated. Teachers, however, find it somewhat more useful to take forms of training with a dominant practical dimension: consultation, exchange of experience or solving current problems with colleagues; attendance at demonstration classes of colleagues and professional and study visits to schools. The final part of the paper emphasizes the importance of the obtained results in the context of contributing to a more purposeful and efficient system of professional development of teachers, its adaptation and revision according to the needs of teachers and achieving quality education for all children.
{"title":"PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHERS IN AN INCLUSIVE SCHOOL-PREFERENCES, PARTICIPATION AND EXPERIENCE WITH DIFFERENT FORMS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING","authors":"Nataša Tančić, Jelena Đermanov","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203113t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203113t","url":null,"abstract":"The current reform processes of modern school systems have been going on for decades with the aim of implementing inclusive education. Accordingly, modern pedeutological research in recent decades has focused on the study and modeling of the system of professional development of teachers. A professional development teacher represents a long-term and consistent process of developing teacher awareness of what he does, why he does it, but also identifies mechanisms by which he can improve his work and himself personally (Hargreaves & Fullan, 1992; Day, 1999; Kostović, 2003). In this continuous process of development, from primary education and throughout the working life, professional development is a way through which teachers improve their work, progress and expand their roles in the modern school. Professional development in work is seen as a complex, continuous process of acquisition, enrichment and systematic adoption of new knowledge, skills and necessities necessary for the realization of increasingly complex teaching roles. The aim of this paper is to look at the dominant characteristics of professional development (teacher preferences, diversity and representation of certain forms of professional development) from the perspective of teachers themselves. The sample consists of 265 primary school teachers in the Republic of Serbia, Vojvodina province. A questionnaire was constructed for the needs of the research. The results of research on the parameter of participation and experience with numerous forms of professional development show that most teachers have experience with each of the forms of professional development defined by the Rulebook on Continuing Professional Development and Advancement as Teachers, Educators and Professional Associates in the Republic of Serbia (Sl. Glasnik RS, No. 48/2018). The ranking of the prevalence of forms of professional development of teachers in the sample shows that the most common forms are: participation in current school projects and seminars. In assessing the usefulness of certain forms of professional development, all forms are generally highly rated. Teachers, however, find it somewhat more useful to take forms of training with a dominant practical dimension: consultation, exchange of experience or solving current problems with colleagues; attendance at demonstration classes of colleagues and professional and study visits to schools. The final part of the paper emphasizes the importance of the obtained results in the context of contributing to a more purposeful and efficient system of professional development of teachers, its adaptation and revision according to the needs of teachers and achieving quality education for all children.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135722685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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